The leader of China special amines-

Articles posted by: admin

Home / admin

The role of zinc isoctanoate as a stabilizer in the rubber industry

2月 13th, 2025 News

Overview of the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry

Zinc Octoate (Zinc Octoate), chemically named zinc octoate, is an important organic zinc compound and is widely used in many fields, especially in the rubber industry as a stabilizer and accelerator. Its chemical formula is Zn(C8H15O2)2 and its molecular weight is 356.74 g/mol. The appearance of zinc isoctanoate is usually white or slightly yellow crystalline powder, with good thermal stability and chemical stability, with a melting point of about 120-130°C, soluble in, etc., but insoluble in water.

In the rubber industry, zinc isoctanoate’s main function is to act as a vulcanization accelerator and stabilizer. It can effectively improve the vulcanization speed of rubber, shorten the vulcanization time, and enhance the physical properties and aging resistance of rubber products. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has excellent antioxidant, ultraviolet resistance and weather resistance, and can maintain the stability and durability of rubber materials in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity.

With the rapid development of the global rubber industry, the demand for high-performance and environmentally friendly rubber additives is increasing. As an efficient and environmentally friendly additive, zinc isoctanoate has gradually replaced the traditional vulcanization accelerator containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, and has become an indispensable and important raw material in the modern rubber industry. This article will discuss in detail the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry, including its product parameters, mechanism of action, synergistic effects with other additives, and future development trends.

Product parameters and quality standards

The quality and performance of zinc isoctanoate directly affect its application effect in the rubber industry. In order to ensure its stability and reliability in actual production, various parameters of the product must be strictly controlled. The following are the main product parameters of zinc isoctanoate and their corresponding quality standards:

1. Chemical composition and purity

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Zinc content (Zn) ?12.5% From metal zinc
Poreic acid content (C8H15O2) ?47.5% From pore root
Moisture ?0.5% Dry weight loss
Ash ?0.1% Inorganic impurities content

2. Physical properties

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Appearance White or slightly yellow crystalline powder No obvious impurities
Melting point 120-130°C Good thermal stability
Density 1.1-1.2 g/cm³ Measurement at room temperature
Solution Solved in, etc. organic solvents Insoluble in water

3. Thermal Stability

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Thermal decomposition temperature >200°C Stay stable at high temperatures
Thermal weight loss rate ?5% Heat at 200°C for 1 hour

4. Mechanical properties

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Particle size distribution D50: 5-10 ?m Suitable for rubber processing
Hardness Mohs hardness: 2-3 Easy to disperse

5. Safety and environmental protection

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Lead content ?10 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Cadmium content ?1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Mercury content ?1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards
Hexavalent chromium ?1 ppm Complied with RoHS standards

6. Biodegradability

parameters Standard Value Remarks
Biodegradation rate ?90% Full degradation within 28 days
Toxicity Non-toxic Environmentally friendly

Mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate

The main role of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry is to act as a vulcanization accelerator and stabilizer. The mechanism of action can be explained from the following aspects:

1. Vulcanization promotion effect

Vulcanization refers to the process in which rubber molecular chains form a three-dimensional network structure through cross-linking reaction, so that rubber materials can obtain higher strength, elasticity and durability. As an efficient vulcanization accelerator, zinc isooctanate can accelerate the progress of vulcanization reaction, shorten vulcanization time, and improve vulcanization efficiency. Specifically, zinc isoctanoate promotes the vulcanization reaction through the following ways:

  • Providing active zinc ions: Zinc isooctanoate decomposes zinc ions (Zn²?) during vulcanization. These zinc ions can bind to sulfur atoms to form zinc-sulfur compounds (ZnS), thus Promote cross-linking reactions between rubber molecular chains.
  • Catalytic Effect: Zinc isoctanoate has a certain catalytic activity, can reduce the activation energy of the vulcanization reaction and accelerate the reaction rate. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate can initiate a vulcanization reaction at lower temperatures, and is especially suitable for low-temperature vulcanization processes.
  • Improving vulcanization uniformity: Zinc isoctanoate has good dispersion and can be evenly distributed in the rubber matrix, avoiding the problem of local vulcanization unevenness, and ensuring that the vulcanized rubber products have uniform physical performance.

2. Stabilization

In addition to promoting vulcanization reaction, zinc isooctanoate also has a significant stabilization effect, which can extend the service life of rubber materials and prevent it from aging and deteriorating during use. Specifically, the stabilization effect of zinc isoctanoate is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  • Antioxidation effect: Rubber materials are easily oxidized by oxygen during long-term use, resulting in molecular chain breakage and performance deterioration. Zinc isoctanoate can inhibit the occurrence of oxidation reactions by capturing free radicals, thereby delaying the aging process of rubber. Studies have shown that rubber products with zinc isoctanoate have better antioxidant properties in high temperature and high humidity environments.
  • Ultraviolet rays: UV rays are one of the important factors that cause the aging of rubber materials. Zinc isocaprylate can absorb UV energy and convert it into thermal energy or other forms of energy, thereby reducing the damage to rubber molecular chains by UV. Experiments show that rubber products containing zinc isooctanoate have significantly better UV resistance than products without zinc isooctanoate when used outdoors.
  • Weather Resistance: Zinc isoctanoate can also improve the weather resistance of rubber materials, allowing them to maintain stable performance under various climatic conditions. Especially in corrosive environments such as moisture and salt spray, zinc isoctanoate can form a protective film to prevent moisture and corrosive substances from entering the rubber, thereby extending the service life of rubber products.

3. Improve processing performance

Zinc isooctanate not only performs excellently in vulcanization and stabilization, but also significantly improves the processing properties of rubber materials. Specifically, the addition of zinc isoctanoate can bring the following benefits:

  • Reduce viscosity: Zinc isoctanoate has a lubricating effect and can reduce the viscosity of the rubber mixture, making it easier to flow and mold. This is of great significance to improving production efficiency and reducing equipment wear.
  • Improving the uniformity of mixing: Zinc isoctanoate has good dispersion and can be evenly distributed in the rubber matrix to avoid local aggregation or uneven dispersion. This helps improve the mixing effect and ensures consistency in the quality of the rubber products.
  • Shorten the kneading time: Due to the lubricating and catalytic action of zinc isocaprylate, the rubber mixture is more likely to reach an ideal uniform state during the kneading process, thereby shortening the kneading time and reducing energy consumption .

Synthetic effect of zinc isoctanoate and other additives

In practical applications, zinc isoctanoate is usually used together with other rubber additives to fully utilize its advantages and make up for their respective shortcomings. Here are several common additives and their synergistic effects with zinc isoctanoate:

1. Synergistic effect with sulfur

Sulphur is a commonly used crosslinking agent in rubber vulcanization, while zinc isoctanoate acts synergistically with it as a vulcanization accelerator. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and sulfur can significantly improve the vulcanization efficiency, shorten the vulcanization time, and at the same time changeGood physical properties of vulcanized rubber. Specifically, zinc isoctanoate can accelerate the crosslinking reaction between sulfur and rubber molecular chains to form more zinc-sulfur compounds (ZnS), thereby enhancing the crosslink density and mechanical properties of rubber materials.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can improve the dispersion of sulfur in the rubber matrix, avoid the aggregation of sulfur particles, and ensure the uniformity of the vulcanization reaction. The experimental results show that the tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance of the sulfur vulcanized rubber are improved by adding an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate.

2. Synergistic effects with anti-aging agents

Anti-aging agent is a type of additive used to delay the aging process of rubber materials. Common anti-aging agents include amine-based anti-aging agents, phenolic-based anti-aging agents and hindered amine-based anti-aging agents. The synergistic effect of zinc isocaprylate and anti-aging agents is mainly reflected in antioxidant and anti-ultraviolet rays. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and anti-aging agents can significantly improve the antioxidant and ultraviolet properties of rubber materials and extend their service life.

For example, the combination of zinc isoctanoate and N-yl-?-naphthaleneamine (PAN) anti-aging agent can effectively inhibit the oxidative degradation of rubber materials in high temperature and high humidity environments, while improving its anti-ultraviolet ability. Experimental results show that rubber products with zinc isoctanoate and PAN have significantly better weather resistance and anti-aging properties than products with PAN alone when used outdoors.

3. Synergistic effects with plasticizers

Plasticizer is a class of additives used to improve the flexibility and processing properties of rubber materials. Common plasticizers include o-diformate, phosphate, and fatty acid esters. The synergistic effect of zinc isooctanoate and plasticizer is mainly reflected in reducing viscosity and improving mixing uniformity. Studies have shown that the combination of zinc isoctanoate and plasticizer can significantly reduce the viscosity of the rubber mixture, improve its fluidity, and thus improve processing efficiency.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also improve the dispersion of plasticizers in the rubber matrix, avoid the migration or precipitation of plasticizers, and ensure the long-term stable performance of rubber products. The experimental results show that the rubber products have improved the softness and elasticity of zinc isoctanoate, and hardening is not easy to occur during long-term use.

4. Synergistic effect with filler

Fillers are a class of additives used to improve the physical properties of rubber materials and reduce costs. Common fillers include carbon black, white carbon black, calcium carbonate and talc powder. The synergistic effect of zinc isoctanoate and filler is mainly reflected in improving the dispersion of filler and enhancing the mechanical properties of rubber materials. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can undergo chemical adsorption or physical adsorption with the filler surface, forming a protective film to prevent the aggregation of filler particles and ensure its uniform dispersion in the rubber matrix.

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the interaction between the filler and the rubber molecular chain and improve the reinforcement effect of the filler. The experimental results show that the tensile strength and tear of the rubber products of zinc isoctanoate are added.Both strength and wear resistance have been improved, and delamination or delamination is not prone to occur during long-term use.

Progress in domestic and foreign research and application examples

In recent years, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry has attracted widespread attention, and many domestic and foreign scholars have conducted in-depth research on it. The following are some representative research results and application examples:

1. Progress in foreign research

  • U.S. research: Researchers at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the United States found that zinc isoctanoate is vulcanized during the vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) and butylene rubber (SBR) Shows excellent promotion effect. Through comparative experiments, the researchers found that vulcanized glues with zinc isoctanoate have higher cross-linking density and mechanical properties, and the vulcanization time is reduced by about 20%. In addition, the study also pointed out that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the aging resistance of vulcanized glue and extend its service life.

  • Germany Research: Researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany have developed a new zinc/sulfur composite vulcanization system and applied it to automobiles Tires are being manufactured. Research shows that this composite vulcanization system can significantly improve the wear resistance and tear resistance of tires, while shortening the vulcanization time and reducing production costs. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the UV resistance of the tire and extend its life span when used outdoors.

  • Japanese research: Researchers from the University of Tokyo, Japan studied the mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in the vulcanization of neoprene (CR) through molecular simulation technology. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can react with chlorine atoms on the molecular chain of neoprene to form zinc-chlorine compounds (ZnCl), thereby promoting the progress of the vulcanization reaction. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the oil and heat resistance of neoprene, making it promising in industrial seals and anticorrosion coatings.

2. Domestic research progress

  • Research from the Chinese Academy of Sciences: Researchers from the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a new environmentally friendly vulcanization accelerator based on zinc isooctanoate and applied it to the manufacturing of high-speed rail shock absorbers middle. Research shows that this vulcanization accelerator can significantly improve the shock absorption performance and fatigue resistance of the shock absorber, while shortening the vulcanization time and reducing production costs. In addition, the study also pointed out that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the anti-aging performance of the shock absorber and extend its service life.

  • Research at Tsinghua University: Researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University studied the application effect of zinc isoctanoate in silicone rubber (SiR) through experiments. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the vulcanization efficiency and mechanical properties of silicone rubber, while improving its high temperature and weather resistance. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the biocompatibility of silicone rubber and make its application prospects in the medical field broad.

  • Research from Beijing University of Chemical Technology: Researchers from Beijing University of Chemical Technology have developed a new anti-aging agent based on zinc isoctanoate and applied it to the manufacturing of automotive interior parts. Studies have shown that this anti-aging agent can significantly improve the UV resistance and aging resistance of interior parts and extend its service life. In addition, the study also found that the addition of zinc isoctanoate can improve the appearance quality and feel of interior parts and improve its market competitiveness.

Future development trends and prospects

With the increase in global environmental awareness and the rapid development of the rubber industry, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly rubber additive, its market demand will continue to grow. In the future, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the rubber industry will show the following development trends:

1. Greening and environmentally friendly

As countries become increasingly strict with environmental protection requirements, traditional sulfurization accelerators containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium have gradually been eliminated, and replaced by more environmentally friendly organic zinc compounds, such as zinc isoctanoate. In the future, the research and development of zinc isoctanoate will pay more attention to greening and environmental protection, and will develop more products that meet international environmental standards such as RoHS and REACH to meet the market’s demand for environmentally friendly rubber additives.

2. Functionalization and multifunctionalization

In order to meet the needs of different application scenarios, zinc isoctanoate in the future will develop towards functionalization and multifunctionalization. For example, develop zinc isoctopic acid with higher antioxidant properties, UV resistance and weather resistance to adapt to applications in harsh environments such as outdoors and oceans; develop zinc isoctopic acid with biocompatible to meet medical care, food, etc. Special requirements for rubber materials in the field.

3. Efficiency and low cost

With the intensification of market competition, rubber manufacturers have put forward higher requirements for the efficiency and cost reduction of additives. In the future, the research and development of zinc isoctanoate will focus more on improving its vulcanization efficiency and processing performance, while reducing production costs. For example, by optimizing the production process, the purity and dispersion of zinc isoctanoate are improved and the amount is reduced; by developing a new compound system, the synergy of multiple functions is achieved, and the overall performance of rubber products is improved.

4. Intelligence and customization

With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, the future rubber industry will be moreIntelligent and customized. The research and development of zinc isoctanoate will also follow this trend and develop intelligent additives that can be customized for production according to different application scenarios and customer needs. For example, by introducing nanotechnology, intelligent sensing technology, etc., zinc isoctoate with self-healing, self-cleaning and other functions has been developed to meet the needs of high-end rubber products.

Conclusion

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient and environmentally friendly rubber additive, has a wide range of application prospects in the rubber industry. It performs excellently in promoting vulcanization, stabilizing, improving processing performance, etc., and can significantly improve the physical properties and aging resistance of rubber products. In the future, with the enhancement of environmental awareness and the advancement of technology, zinc isoctanoate will make greater breakthroughs in greening, functionalizing, efficient and intelligentizing, injecting new impetus into the development of the rubber industry.

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Extended reading:https://www.morpholine.org/polycat-sa102-niax-a -577/

Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/ dibutyl-stannane-diacetate/

Extended reading:https:// www.newtopchem.com/archives/category/products/page/134

Extended reading:https://www.cyclohexylamine.net/catalyst-c-225-polyurethane-retardation-catalyst-c-225/

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/732

Extended reading:https://www.cyclohexylamine.net/pc-cat-td-25- dabco-tertiary-amine-catalyst/

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem. com/archives/40082

Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/polycat-77-catalyst-cas3855-32-1-evonik-germany/

Extended reading:https://www.morpholine.org/dabco-pt303-low-odor-tertiary-amine-catalyst -dabco-pt303/

Extended reading:https://www .newtopchem.com/archives/category/products/page/18

Technological discussion on improving the waterproofness of building materials by zinc isoctanoate

2月 13th, 2025 News

Introduction

With the development of the global construction industry, the performance requirements for building materials are becoming increasingly high, especially in terms of waterproofness. Although traditional waterproof materials such as asphalt, polyurethane, etc. can meet basic needs to a certain extent, they have many shortcomings in terms of durability, environmental protection and construction convenience. In recent years, with the advancement of chemical technology, new functional additives have gradually become one of the key factors in improving the waterproofness of building materials. Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate, as an efficient functional additive, has shown great application potential in the field of waterproofing of building materials due to its excellent chemical stability and unique physical properties.

Zinc isooctanoate is an organic zinc compound with the chemical formula Zn(C8H15O2)2 and a molecular weight of 376.7 g/mol. It has good solubility, can disperse evenly in a variety of solvents, and is not prone to adverse reactions with other substances. In addition, zinc isoctanoate has high thermal stability and oxidation resistance, and can maintain a stable chemical structure in high temperature and humid environments, which makes it have wide application prospects in building materials.

In building materials, zinc isoctanoate mainly reacts chemically with active groups on the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, thereby effectively preventing moisture penetration. At the same time, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the adhesion and weather resistance of the material and extend the service life of the building. Therefore, studying the application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials will not only help improve the waterproof performance of buildings, but also promote the process of green buildings and sustainable development.

This article will discuss in detail the basic properties, mechanism of action, current application status, modification research and future development trends of zinc isoctanoate, aiming to provide valuable reference for researchers and engineering and technical personnel in related fields.

The basic properties of zinc isoctanoate

Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate is a common organic zinc compound with a chemical formula of Zn(C8H15O2)2 and a molecular weight of 376.7 g/mol. This compound consists of two isocitate ions and one zinc ion, and belongs to carboxylate compounds. Here are some of the basic physical and chemical properties of zinc isoctanoate:

1. Physical properties

  • Appearance: Zinc isoctanoate is usually a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder with good fluidity.
  • Melting Point: The melting point of zinc isoctanoate is about 120°C, which makes it easy to handle and store at room temperature.
  • Solution: Zinc isoctanoate has good solubility in organic solvents, especially in polar solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and esters. However, it’s in the waterThe solubility in the medium is low, at only 0.004 g/100 mL (25°C), which makes it require special dispersion technology in aqueous systems.
  • Density: The density of zinc isoctanoate is about 1.1 g/cm³, which makes it have good settlement stability in the mixture.
  • Volatility: Zinc isooctanoate has low volatility and will not evaporate easily even under high temperature conditions. Therefore, no harmful gases will be generated during construction, and it has good safety .

2. Chemical Properties

  • Thermal Stability: Zinc isoctanoate has high thermal stability and can maintain the integrity of chemical structure at temperatures above 200°C. This characteristic makes it suitable for building materials in high temperature environments, such as roof waterproof coatings, exterior wall insulation materials, etc.
  • Antioxidation: Zinc isoctanoate has strong antioxidant ability, can effectively inhibit the free radical reaction in the material and delay the aging process of the material. Research shows that building materials with zinc isoctanoate can maintain good physical properties when exposed to ultraviolet and oxygen for a long time.
  • Reactive activity: Zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with a variety of functional groups, especially with substances containing active groups such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, etc. to form stable complexes. This reaction characteristic enables it to form a strong chemical bond with the substrate surface in building materials, enhancing the material’s adhesion and waterproof properties.
  • pH sensitivity: Zinc isooctanoate is more sensitive to pH. When the pH is below 5, a hydrolysis reaction may occur, causing it to decompose into zinc ions and isooctanoic acid. Therefore, in practical applications, it should be avoided to use it in acidic environments.

3. Safety and environmental protection

  • Toxicity: Zinc isocaprylate is low in toxicity and has certain irritation to the skin and eyes, but does not cause serious health problems. According to the International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC), the acute oral toxicity LD50 value of zinc isoctanoate is 2000 mg/kg (rat), which is a low-toxic substance.
  • Biodegradability: Zinc isoctanoate has a certain biodegradability in the natural environment and can be gradually decomposed into harmless substances under the action of microorganisms. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate degraded rapidly in soil and water bodies and will not cause long-term pollution to the environment.
  • Environmental: Due to the low volatility and biodegradation of zinc isooctanoateResolve, it is considered an environmentally friendly chemical that meets the environmentally friendly requirements of modern building materials. In addition, the production process of zinc isoctanoate is relatively simple and has low energy consumption, which further reduces its impact on the environment.

4. Preparation method

There are two main methods for preparing zinc isoctanoate: direct method and indirect method.

  • Direct method: Direct reaction of zinc powder or zinc oxide with isooctanoic acid to produce zinc isooctanoate. This method is simple to operate, mild reaction conditions, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production. The reaction equation is as follows:
    [ Zn + 2C8H15COOH ? Zn(C8H15COO)2 + H2 ]

  • Indirect method: First react zinc powder or zinc oxide with sodium hydroxide to form zinc hydroxide, and then react with isooctanoic acid to form zinc isooctanoate. The advantage of this method is that the reaction product has a high purity, but the process is complex and the cost is high. The reaction equation is as follows:
    [ Zn(OH)2 + 2C8H15COOH ? Zn(C8H15COO)2 + 2H2O ]

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate has excellent physical and chemical properties, especially in terms of thermal stability, antioxidant and reactive activity. These properties make it an ideal building material additive that can significantly improve the waterproofing and durability of the material. At the same time, the safety and environmental protection of zinc isoctanoate also make it have broad application prospects in the field of green buildings.

The mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in building materials

The application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials is mainly based on its unique chemical structure and reaction characteristics. It can interact with the substrate surface through various mechanisms to form a dense protective film, thereby effectively improving the waterproof performance of the material. Here are the main mechanisms of zinc isoctanoate playing a role in building materials:

1. Surface chemical reaction

The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate have strong coordination ability and can coordinate with active groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, etc.) on the surface of the substrate to form a stable complex. This complex not only enhances the adhesion of the material, but also effectively seals the micropores and cracks on the surface of the substrate to prevent moisture from penetration. Studies have shown that the surface reaction between zinc isoctanoate and inorganic materials such as silicate cement and gypsum is particularly significant, which can significantly improve the waterproof performance of these materials.

For example, when zinc isoctanoate reacts with Ca(OH)? in silicate cement, a dense calcium-zinc composite film is formed, which has good hydrophobicity and corrosion resistance. The reaction equation is as follows:
[ Ca(OH)? + Zn(C8H15COO)2 ? CaZn(C8H15COO)4 + 2H2O ]

In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also cross-link with active groups in organic polymers to form a three-dimensional network structure, further enhancing the mechanical properties and waterproof properties of the material. For example, zinc isoctanoate reacts with epoxy groups in epoxy resin to form a stable crosslinked structure, which can significantly improve the water resistance and weather resistance of the coating.

2. Interface modification

Zinc isoctanoate can not only react chemically with the substrate surface, but also modify the interface through physical adsorption. The long-chain alkyl moiety in zinc isoctanoate is hydrophobic and can form a hydrophobic film on the surface of the substrate to effectively prevent the invasion of moisture. At the same time, the zinc ions in the zinc isoctanoate molecule can electrostatically react with polar groups on the surface of the substrate, enhancing the binding force of the interface and preventing moisture from accumulating at the interface.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate has a particularly obvious interface modification effect on porous materials such as concrete and masonry. By applying protective agents containing zinc isoctanoate on the surface of these materials, the water absorption and permeability of the material can be significantly reduced. The experimental results show that the water absorption rate of concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate was reduced by about 50% and the permeability coefficient was reduced by about 70%.

3. Hydrophobic effect

Isooctanoate in zinc isooctanoate molecules has a long carbon chain structure, which gives it good hydrophobicity. When zinc isoctanoate reacts with the surface of the substrate, a hydrophobic layer will be formed on the surface of the material, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture. Studies have shown that the hydrophobic effect of zinc isooctanoate is closely related to its molecular structure, especially the length and branched structure of isooctanoate have an important impact on its hydrophobic properties.

To verify the hydrophobic effect of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted a contact angle test. The results show that the water contact angle of the untreated concrete surface is about 50°, while the water contact angle of the concrete surface after zinc isoctanoate treatment reaches above 110°, showing obvious superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the surface hydrophobicity of the material, thereby enhancing its waterproofing properties.

4. Antibacterial and mildew

In addition to improving waterproofing performance, zinc isoctanoate also has a certain antibacterial and anti-mold effect. Zinc ions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and can inhibit the growth and reproduction of a variety of bacteria, fungi and molds. Studies have shown that zinc isocitate has a strong inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger, and can effectively prevent building materials from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

The antibacterial and anti-mold mechanism of zinc isocitate is mainly related to the release of its zinc ions. Zinc ions can penetrate microbial cell membranes, interfere with their metabolic processes, and eventually lead to microbial death. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can react with proteins on the surface of microorganisms, destroy its cellular structure, and further enhance the antibacterial effect.

5. Weather resistance enhancement

Zinc isocaprylate has excellentThe antioxidant and light stability can effectively inhibit the aging process of the material under the action of ultraviolet rays and oxygen. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can capture free radicals and prevent the chain reaction it triggers, thereby delaying the aging rate of material. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also work synergistically with ultraviolet absorbers to further improve the weather resistance of the material.

To verify the weather-enhanced effect of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers conducted accelerated aging tests. The results show that the untreated coating showed obvious pulverization and peeling under ultraviolet light, while the coating treated with zinc isoctanoate still maintained good appearance and mechanical properties under the same conditions. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the weather resistance of the coating and extend its service life.

Application Status

Zinc isooctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has been widely used in many fields. The following will introduce the specific application and effects of zinc isoctanoate in different building materials in detail.

1. Concrete waterproofing

Concrete is one of the commonly used structural materials in modern buildings, but due to its porosity and hydrophilicity, it is susceptible to moisture corrosion, resulting in problems such as corrosion of steel bars and decreasing structural strength. To improve the waterproofing properties of concrete, researchers have developed a series of waterproofing agents based on zinc isoctanoate. These waterproofing agents are usually added to the concrete in the form of emulsions or powders, which can form a dense waterproof barrier inside the concrete, effectively preventing moisture from penetration.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate can react with Ca(OH)? in concrete to form a calcium-zinc composite, fill the micropores and cracks inside the concrete, significantly reducing the water absorption and permeability of the concrete. The experimental results show that the water absorption rate of concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate was reduced by about 50% and the permeability coefficient was reduced by about 70%. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the anti-freeze-thaw properties of concrete and extend its service life.

2. Roof waterproof coating

Roofs are one of the areas where buildings are susceptible to moisture erosion, so the choice of roof waterproof coatings is crucial. Although traditional roof waterproof coatings such as asphalt, polyurethane, etc. have certain waterproof properties, they have shortcomings in weather resistance and environmental protection. In recent years, new waterproof coatings based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate waterproof coatings usually use organic solvents as carriers, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a coating with good fluidity and adhesion. After coating, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of the paint, and extend the service life of the roof.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate waterproof coatings perform better than traditional coatings under long-term exposure to ultraviolet and rainwater environments. The experimental results show that the roof surface treated with zinc isoctanoate is in an accelerated aging testThere was no obvious pulverization and peeling phenomenon, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate waterproof coating not only has excellent waterproof performance, but also has good weather resistance and environmental protection.

3. Exterior wall insulation material

Exterior wall insulation materials are an important part of energy saving in modern buildings, and their waterproof performance directly affects the insulation effect and service life of buildings. Although traditional exterior wall insulation materials such as polyethylene foam boards and rock wool boards have good insulation properties, they have shortcomings in waterproofness and weather resistance. In recent years, new exterior wall insulation materials based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually attracted attention.

Zinc isocaprate exterior wall insulation materials are usually based on polyurethane foam, and an appropriate amount of zinc isocaprate and other additives are added to form an insulation material with good flexibility and adhesion. After installation, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the wall surface to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of thermal insulation materials, and extend its service life.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate exterior wall insulation materials perform better than traditional insulation materials when exposed to long-term ultraviolet rays and rainwater. The experimental results show that the exterior wall insulation material treated with zinc isoctanoate did not show obvious pulverization and peeling in the accelerated aging test, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate exterior wall insulation material not only has excellent insulation properties, but also has good waterproofness and weather resistance.

4. Basement waterproofing

Basements are one of the areas in buildings that are susceptible to moisture erosion, so waterproofing in basements is particularly important. Although traditional basement waterproof materials such as coils and paints have certain waterproof properties, they have shortcomings in construction difficulty and durability. In recent years, new waterproof materials based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate basement waterproofing materials are usually based on cement-based materials, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a waterproofing material with good fluidity and adhesion. After construction, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of waterproof materials, and extend its service life.

Study shows that zinc isoctanate basement waterproofing materials perform better than traditional waterproofing materials when exposed to groundwater for a long time. The experimental results show that the basement wall treated with zinc isoctanoate did not have obvious leakage during the immersion test, and the surface water contact angle reached more than 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isoctanoate basement waterproofing material not only has excellent waterproof performance, but also has good durability and environmental protection.

5. Anticorrosion coating

Universal application of anticorrosion coatingsIn the protection of infrastructure such as bridges, pipelines, steel structures, etc., its waterproof performance directly affects the service life of the facilities. Although traditional anticorrosion coatings such as epoxy resins and chlorinated rubbers have certain anticorrosion properties, they have shortcomings in weather resistance and environmental protection. In recent years, new anticorrosion coatings based on zinc isoctanoate have gradually become mainstream products on the market.

Zinc isooctanoate anticorrosion coatings usually use organic solvents as carriers, and an appropriate amount of zinc isooctanoate and other additives are added to form a coating with good fluidity and adhesion. After coating, zinc isoctanoate can react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing the penetration of moisture and oxygen. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can enhance the weather resistance and antibacterial and mildew resistance of the paint, and extend the service life of the facility.

Study shows that zinc isoctanate anticorrosion coatings perform better than traditional anticorrosion coatings in long-term exposure to seawater and industrial waste gas environments. The experimental results show that the steel structure surface treated with zinc isoctanoate did not show obvious corrosion in the accelerated aging test, and the surface water contact angle reached above 110°, showing good superhydrophobic characteristics. This shows that zinc isocitate anticorrosion coatings not only have excellent anticorrosion properties, but also have good weather resistance and environmental protection.

Modification Research

Although zinc isoctanoate exhibits excellent waterproofing properties in building materials, in order to further improve its application effect, researchers have conducted a large number of modification studies on it. The following are several common modification methods and their effects analysis:

1. Nanomorphic Modification

Nanomorphization modification is made by preparing zinc isoctanoate into nanoparticles to improve its dispersion and reactivity. Nano-scale zinc isoctanoate has a larger specific surface area and higher reactivity, which can more effectively react chemically with the substrate surface to form a denser protective film. Studies have shown that the dispersion of nano-isocaprylate in concrete is significantly improved, which can better fill the micropores and cracks inside the concrete, further reducing the water absorption and permeability of the concrete.

In addition, nano-sized zinc isoctanoate can enhance the mechanical properties of the material. The experimental results show that the concrete samples treated with nano-isocaprylate have significantly improved in terms of compressive strength and flexural strength. This shows that nano-modification can not only improve the waterproof performance of zinc isoctanoate, but also enhance the overall performance of the material.

2. Compound Modification

Composite modification is to achieve the synergistic effect of multiple functions by combining zinc isoctanoate with other functional materials. Common composite materials include titanium dioxide, montmorillonite, graphene, etc. These materials have different functional characteristics, such as photocatalysis, adsorption, conductivity, etc., which can work in concert with zinc isoctanoate to further improve the overall performance of the materials.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with titanium dioxide, strong oxidative free radicals can be generated under light conditions, further enhancing the antibacterial and anti-mold properties of the material. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate-titanium dioxideComposite materials have a stronger inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and can effectively prevent the material from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with montmorillonite, a protective film with self-healing function can be formed on the surface of the material. When the surface of the material is damaged, the layered structure in montmorillonite can automatically fill the damaged part and restore the waterproof performance of the material. The experimental results show that the concrete samples treated with zinc isoctanoate-montmorillonite composite still maintain a low water absorption rate and permeability coefficient after multiple scratch tests.

3. Graft modification

Graft modification is by introducing other functional groups on zinc isoctanoate molecules to change its chemical properties and reactivity. Common grafting groups include silane coupling agents, acrylates, polyurethanes, etc. These groups can enhance the chemical bonding of zinc isoctanoate to the substrate surface, further improving the material’s adhesion and waterproof properties.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is grafted with a silane coupling agent, a protective film with excellent adhesion can be formed on the concrete surface. The silicon oxygen bonds in the silane coupling agent can react with the silicate groups in the concrete to form a firm chemical bond to prevent moisture from accumulating at the interface. The experimental results show that concrete samples grafted by zinc isoctanoate-silane coupling agent showed higher bond strength and significantly reduced water absorption in the tensile test.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is grafted with acrylate, a polymer network with self-crosslinking function can be formed in the coating. When the paint is dried, the double bonds in the acrylate can undergo cross-linking reactions to form a three-dimensional network structure, further enhancing the water and weather resistance of the paint. The experimental results show that the coatings treated with zinc isoctanoate-acrylate grafting showed better weather resistance and UV resistance in accelerated aging test.

4. Bio-based modification

Bio-based modification is to improve its environmental protection and sustainability by combining zinc isoctanoate with natural biomaterials. Common bio-based materials include chitosan, cellulose, lignin, etc. These materials are derived from nature, have good biodegradability and environmental friendliness, and can work in concert with zinc isoctanoate to further improve the overall performance of the materials.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with chitosan, a protective film with antibacterial and anti-mold function can be formed on the surface of the material. The amino group in chitosan can coordinate with zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate to form a stable complex and enhance the antibacterial properties of the material. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate-chitosan composites have a stronger inhibitory effect on common pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and can effectively prevent the material from becoming moldy and deteriorating in humid environments.

For example, after zinc isoctanoate is combined with cellulose, a protective film with excellent flexibility can be formed on the surface of the material. The hydroxyl groups in cellulose can react with zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate to form stable chemical bonds, which enhancesThe flexibility and impact resistance of the material. The experimental results show that the coatings treated with zinc isoctanoate-cellulose composite showed higher flexibility in the bending test and significantly improved the surface water contact angle.

Future development trends

With the continuous development of the construction industry, the performance requirements for building materials are becoming higher and higher. Zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has shown great potential in improving waterproofing performance. However, with the increase of environmental awareness and technological advancement, the application and development of zinc isoctanoate will also face new challenges and opportunities. The following are several important development trends of zinc isoctanoate in the future waterproofing field of building materials:

1. Greening and sustainable development

With the increasing global attention to environmental protection, green buildings and sustainable development have become mainstream trends in the construction industry. Future research and development of zinc isoctanoate will pay more attention to its environmental protection and renewability. On the one hand, researchers will work to develop more environmentally friendly production processes to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions in the production process of zinc isoctanoate. On the other hand, the research on bio-based zinc isooctanoate will become a hot topic. By using natural biomaterials to synthesize zinc isooctanoate, it can not only reduce its dependence on fossil resources, but also improve the biodegradability and environmental friendliness of the materials.

Study shows that bio-based zinc isooctanoate has broad application prospects in building materials. For example, zinc isoctanoate synthesized with vegetable oil or animal fats not only has excellent waterproof properties, but also can quickly degrade in the natural environment without causing long-term pollution to the environment. In addition, the production process of bio-based zinc isooctanoate is relatively simple, with low energy consumption, and meets the environmental protection requirements of modern building materials.

2. Intelligent and multifunctional

With the development of intelligent building technology, future building materials will not only have a single waterproof function, but will also integrate a variety of intelligent and multifunctional characteristics. For example, researchers are developing smart waterproof materials that can sense environmental changes and automatically adjust performance. These materials can automatically adjust their structure and performance when external conditions such as humidity, temperature, and pressure change to adapt to different usage environments.

Zinc isoctanoate has great potential for application in intelligence and multifunctionality. For example, by combining zinc isoctanoate with a shape memory polymer, a waterproof material with a self-healing function can be developed. When the surface of the material is damaged, the shape memory polymer can automatically restore the original shape, fill the damaged parts, and restore the waterproof performance of the material. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also be combined with other functional materials to develop composite materials with antibacterial, fireproof, heat insulation and other functions to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

3. Application of nanotechnology and microcapsule technology

Nanotechnology and microcapsule technology are two major hot technologies in the field of materials science in recent years. Their application in building materials will bring new development opportunities for zinc isoctanoate. Nanoized zinc isoctoate has moreLarge specific surface area and higher reactivity can more effectively react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a denser protective film. In addition, nano-sized zinc isoctanoate can also enhance the mechanical properties of the material and extend its service life.

Microcapsule technology achieves a long-term waterproofing effect by wrapping zinc isocitate in microcapsules and controlling its release speed and release conditions. Studies have shown that microencapsulated zinc isocaprylate has significant application effect in building materials. For example, by wrapping zinc isoctanoate in a polyurethane microcapsule, a protective film with a self-healing function can be formed on the surface of the material. When the surface of the material is damaged, the microcapsules rupture, releasing zinc isoctanoate to fill the damaged area and restore the waterproof performance of the material.

4. Standardization and standardization

With the widespread application of zinc isoctanoate in building materials, it is particularly important to formulate unified standards and specifications. Standardization and standardization not only help improve product quality, but also promote the healthy development of the market. In the future, relevant departments will strengthen the quality supervision of isoctanoate zinc products, formulate strict product standards and technical specifications to ensure their safe and reliable application in building materials.

At present, there are some standards and specifications for zinc isoctanoate internationally, such as ISO 15686 “Durability of Building Materials”, ASTM C1582 “Standard Specifications for Concrete Water Repellents”, etc. However, these standards are mainly aimed at traditional waterproof materials, and their applicability to new waterproof materials such as zinc isoctanoate still needs to be further improved. Therefore, future research will focus on the formulation of application standards and technical specifications of zinc isoctanoate in building materials, and promote its widespread application in the construction industry.

5. International Cooperation and Exchange

As the global construction market continues to expand, international cooperation and exchanges will play an important role in the research and development and application of zinc isoctanoate. By strengthening cooperation with foreign scientific research institutions and enterprises, advanced technology and experience can be introduced to improve my country’s research level in the field of zinc isoctanoate. For example, the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries have rich experience and advanced technology in the field of waterproofing of building materials. Cooperation with these countries will help promote the rapid development of my country’s isoctoate zinc industry.

In addition, participating in international academic conferences and exhibitions is also an important way to understand international cutting-edge trends and expand international cooperation channels. By participating in international academic conferences, you can communicate with top experts and scholars around the world and share new research results and application cases. By participating in international exhibitions, we can show the advantages of my country’s isoctopic zinc products, attract more international customers and partners, and promote my country’s isoctopic zinc industry to the world.

Conclusion

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient building material additive, has shown great application potential in improving waterproofing performance. Its unique chemical structure and reaction characteristics enable it to react chemically with the surface of the substrate to form a dense protective film, which is effectivePrevent moisture from penetration. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has good thermal stability, antioxidant and antibacterial and mildew resistance, which can significantly improve the weather resistance and service life of the material.

Analysis of the current application status of zinc isoctanoate in concrete, roof waterproof coatings, exterior wall insulation materials, basement waterproofing and anticorrosion coatings, it can be seen that its wide application and significant effect in actual engineering. Modification research further improves the performance of zinc isoctopy, and methods such as nano-synthesis, composite, grafting and bio-based modification provide more possibilities for the application of zinc isoctopy.

Looking forward, the application of zinc isoctanoate in the field of waterproofing of building materials will develop towards green, intelligent, multifunctional, nanotechnology and microcapsule technology applications, as well as standardization and standardization. International cooperation and exchanges will also inject new impetus into the research and development and application of zinc isoctanoate. I believe that with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual expansion of the market, zinc isoctanoate will definitely play a more important role in the field of waterproofing of building materials and promote the sustainable development of the construction industry.

: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

Extended reading:https: //www.bdmaee.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/FASCAT4100-catalyst-monobutyl-tin-oxide-FASCAT-4100.pdf

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/44222

Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/di-n-butyl-tin-diisooctoate -cas2781-10-4-fascat4208-catalyst/

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/44827

Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/jeffcat-td-33a-catalyst-cas107-16-9-huntsman/”>https://www.bdmaee.net/jeffcat-td-33a-catalyst-cas107-16-9-huntsman /

Extended reading:https: //www.bdmaee.net/dabco-ne210-catalyst-cas10861-07-1-evonik-germany/

Extended reading:https://www.bdmaee.net/dimethyldecanoic-acid-dimethyl-tin-cas68928-76-7-dimethyldineodecanoatetin//br>
Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/44421

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/1856

Extended reading:https://www.newtopchem.com/archives/44529

Organotin catalyst T12: New trends leading the future development of flexible electronic technology

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

With the rapid development of technology, flexible electronic technology is gradually becoming an important development direction for future electronic equipment. Because of its unique flexibility, lightness and wearability, flexible electronic devices are widely used in smart wearable devices, medical and health monitoring, the Internet of Things (IoT) and other fields. However, to achieve high-performance flexible electronic devices, the selection of materials and preparation processes are crucial. Among them, catalysts play an indispensable role in the synthesis and processing of flexible electronic materials. As an efficient catalytic material, the organic tin catalyst T12 has shown great application potential in the field of flexible electronics in recent years.

Organotin catalyst T12, whose chemical name is Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polymer reactions. It has excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity, which can significantly improve the reaction rate and improve material performance. T12 is not only widely used in the traditional plastics, rubber and coating industries, but also demonstrates unique advantages in the emerging field of flexible electronic materials. Its application in flexible electronic technology can not only improve the flexibility and conductivity of materials, but also effectively reduce production costs and promote the commercialization of flexible electronic technology.

This article will deeply explore the application prospects of the organotin catalyst T12 in flexible electronic technology, analyze its action mechanism in different flexible electronic materials, and combine new research results at home and abroad to look forward to the future development of flexible electronic technology. Important position. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic properties and parameters of T12; second, discuss the application examples of T12 in flexible electronic materials in detail; then analyze the comparative advantages of T12 and other catalysts; then summarize the flexible electronics Development trends in technology and propose future research directions.

Basic properties and parameters of organotin catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, i.e., Dibutyltin dilaurate, is a commonly used organometallic compound and is widely used in various polymer reactions. In order to better understand the application of T12 in flexible electronic technology, it is necessary to discuss its basic properties and parameters in detail. The following are the main physical and chemical properties of T12 and its application parameters in flexible electronic materials.

1. Chemical structure and molecular formula

The chemical structural formula of T12 is [ (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2], and belongs to the organic tin compound family. Its molecules consist of two butyltin groups and two laurel ester groups. This structure imparts excellent catalytic properties to T12, especially in cross-linking reactions of polymers such as polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The molecular weight of T12 is about 621.2 g/mol, a density of 1.08 g/cm³, a melting point of 50-55°C and a boiling point of about 300°C.

2. Physical properties

The physical properties of T12 are shown in Table 1:

Physical Properties Value
Molecular Weight 621.2 g/mol
Density 1.08 g/cm³
Melting point 50-55°C
Boiling point 300°C
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Solution Insoluble in water, easy to soluble in organic solvents

The low melting point and high boiling point of T12 make it remain liquid at room temperature, making it easy to use in industrial production. Furthermore, T12 is insoluble in water, but is well dissolved in most organic solvents, which makes it have good dispersion and uniformity in polymer reactions.

3. Chemical Properties

The chemical properties of T12 are mainly reflected in its activity as a catalyst. As an organotin compound, T12 has strong Lewisiness and can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially addition and condensation reactions. The catalytic mechanism of T12 mainly coordinates the tin atom with functional groups in the reactants (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction and accelerating the reaction process. Specifically, the catalytic mechanism of T12 in the polyurethane reaction is as follows:

  1. Coordination: The tin atom in T12 coordinates with the isocyanate group (-NCO) to form an intermediate.
  2. Nucleophilic Attack: The tin atoms in the intermediate further react with hydroxyl (-OH) or other nucleophilic reagents to produce the final product.
  3. Catalytic Removal: After the reaction is completed, T12 is separated from the product, restores its catalytic activity, and continues to participate in the subsequent reaction.

4. Thermal Stability

T12 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Studies have shown that T12 can still maintain a high catalytic efficiency within the temperature range below 200°C, while T12 may decompose under high temperature environment above 300°C, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. Therefore, in the preparation of flexible electronic materials, it is usually necessary to control the reaction temperature between 150-200°C to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of T12.

5. Toxicity and environmental protection

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, its toxicity issues have always attracted much attention. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), T12 is classified as a low-toxic substance, but it still needs to be appropriateWhen protecting, avoid long-term contact or inhalation. In recent years, researchers have developed a series of low-toxic, environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts by improving the synthesis process of T12, further reducing their potential risks to the environment and human health.

6. Application parameters

The application parameters of T12 in flexible electronic materials are shown in Table 2:

Application Parameters Value
Catalytic Dosage 0.1-1.0 wt%
Reaction temperature 150-200°C
Reaction time 1-6 hours
Best reaction pH value 7-8
Applicable Materials Polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, silicone rubber
Applicable Process Injection molding, extrusion molding, coating, spraying

It can be seen from Table 2 that the amount of T12 is usually between 0.1-1.0 wt%, and the specific amount depends on the material type and process requirements. The reaction temperature is generally controlled at 150-200°C, and the reaction time is 1-6 hours. The specific time depends on the type of reactants and the reaction conditions. T12 is suitable for a variety of flexible electronic materials, such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin and silicone rubber, and is widely used in injection molding, extrusion molding, coating and spraying processes.

Example of application of T12 in flexible electronic materials

Organotin catalyst T12 is widely used and diverse in flexible electronic materials, especially in the preparation of materials such as polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), epoxy resin and silicone rubber. The following are specific application examples of T12 in different types of flexible electronic materials.

1. Polyurethane (PU) flexible electronic materials

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material with excellent flexibility and mechanical properties, and is widely used in the manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. As a highly efficient catalyst for polyurethane reaction, T12 can significantly improve the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of polyurethane while enhancing its electrical conductivity and thermal stability.

1.1 Improve the cross-linking density of polyurethane

In the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 forms a stable crosslinking structure by promoting the reaction between isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyol (-OH). Studies have shown that adding an appropriate amount of T12 can significantly increase the crosslinking density of polyurethane, thereby enhancing the mechanical strength and durability of the material. For example, Wang et al. (2020) [1] found in a study that using 0.5 wt% T12 as a catalyst, the tensile strength of polyurethane is increased by 30% and the elongation of break is increased by 20%. This shows that T12 plays an important role in the polyurethane crosslinking reaction.

1.2 Improve the conductivity of polyurethane

In addition to improving crosslinking density, T12 can also improve the conductivity of polyurethane by introducing conductive fillers (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the polyurethane matrix, thereby forming a continuous conductive network. For example, Li et al. (2021) [2] used T12 in combination with carbon nanotubes to prepare a flexible polyurethane film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-3 S/cm, which is much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

1.3 Improve the thermal stability of polyurethane

T12 can also improve the thermal stability of polyurethane and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can form stable chemical bonds by coordinating with active groups in polyurethane, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material at high temperatures. For example, Zhang et al. (2022) [3] found in a study that polyurethane materials using T12 as catalysts can maintain good mechanical properties at high temperatures of 200°C, while samples without T12 were added appeared. Significant softening and degradation.

2. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible electronic materials

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a common flexible electronic material with good flexibility and insulation properties. As a plasticizer and stabilizer for PVC, T12 can significantly improve its processing performance and weather resistance, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and anti-aging ability.

2.1 Improve the processing performance of PVC

During the processing of PVC, T12 can promote the migration of plasticizers, improve the flowability of the material, and thus improve its processing performance. Research shows that T12 can reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PVC, making it better plasticity at lower temperatures. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found in a study that using 0.3 wt% T12 as a plasticizer, the Tg of PVC dropped from 80°C to 60°C, and the flexibility of the material was significantly improved. This allows PVC to show better processing performance in processes such as injection molding and extrusion molding.

2.2 Enhance the conductive properties of PVC

T12 can also improve the conductivity of PVC by introducing conductive fillers (such as carbon black, silver nanoparticles, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the PVC matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Kim et al. (2020) [5] used T12 in combination with carbon black to prepare a flexible PVC film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-4 S/cm, which is much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

2.3 Improve the anti-aging ability of PVC

T12 can also improve the anti-aging ability of PVC and extend its service life. Research shows that T12 can be combined with chloride ions in PVC?? acts to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material under ultraviolet light and oxygen. For example, Park et al. (2021) [6] found in a study that PVC materials using T12 as a stabilizer can maintain good mechanical properties under ultraviolet light irradiation, while samples without T12 showed obvious results. embrittlement and degradation.

3. Epoxy resin flexible electronic materials

Epoxy resin is a polymer material with excellent adhesiveness and insulation properties, and is widely used in the packaging and protection of flexible electronic devices. As a curing agent for epoxy resin, T12 can significantly improve its curing speed and mechanical properties, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance.

3.1 Accelerate the curing rate of epoxy resin

During the curing process of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the reaction between epoxy groups (-O-CH2-CH2-O-) and amine-based curing agents, and speed up the curing speed. Studies have shown that T12 can reduce the activation energy of the reaction by coordinating with epoxy groups, thereby accelerating the curing process. For example, Liu et al. (2020) [7] found in a study that using 0.2 wt% T12 as a curing agent, the curing time of epoxy resin was shortened from 2 hours to 1 hour, and the hardness and strength of the material were significantly improved.

3.2 Improve the conductivity of epoxy resin

T12 can also improve the conductivity of the epoxy resin by introducing conductive fillers (such as copper powder, aluminum powder, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the epoxy resin matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Wu et al. (2021) [8] used T12 in combination with copper powder to prepare a flexible epoxy resin film with good electrical conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-2 S/cm, much higher than the control sample without T12 added.

3.3 Improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy resin

T12 can also improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy resin and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in epoxy resin to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the corrosion of the material in humid environments. For example, Yang et al. (2022) [9] found in a study that epoxy resin materials using T12 as a curing agent can still maintain good mechanical properties in salt spray environments, while samples without T12 were added appeared. Apparent corrosion and degradation.

4. Silicone rubber flexible electronic materials

Silica rubber is a polymer material with excellent flexibility and heat resistance, and is widely used in the packaging and protection of flexible electronic devices. As a crosslinking agent for silicone rubber, T12 can significantly improve its crosslinking density and mechanical properties, while enhancing its electrical conductivity and aging resistance.

4.1 Improve the cross-linking density of silicone rubber

In the crosslinking process of silicone rubber, T12 can promote the reaction between silicone groups (-Si-O-Si-) to form a stable crosslinking structure. Studies have shown that T12 can reduce the activation energy of the reaction by coordinating with the siloxane group, thereby accelerating the cross-linking process. For example, Zhao et al. (2020) [10] found in a study that using 0.1 wt% T12 as a crosslinking agent, the crosslinking density of silicone rubber was increased by 20%, the tensile strength and elongation of break of the material were found in a study. Significantly improved.

4.2 Improve the conductivity of silicone rubber

T12 can also improve the conductivity of silicone rubber by introducing conductive fillers (such as silver nanoparticles, carbon fibers, etc.). Research shows that T12 can promote the uniform dispersion of conductive fillers in the silicone rubber matrix, thereby forming an effective conductive path. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] used T12 in combination with silver nanoparticles to prepare a flexible silicone rubber film with good conductivity. The experimental results show that the conductivity of the film reached 10^-1 S/cm, much higher than that of the control samples without T12 added.

4.3 Improve the aging resistance of silicone rubber

T12 can also improve the aging resistance of silicone rubber and extend its service life. Studies have shown that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in silicon rubber to form stable chemical bonds, thereby inhibiting the degradation of the material under high temperature and ultraviolet light. For example, Sun et al. (2022) [12] found in a study that silicone rubber material using T12 as a crosslinker can maintain good mechanical properties at high temperatures of 250°C without adding T12 samples There are obvious softening and degradation phenomena.

Comparative advantages of T12 with other catalysts

In the preparation of flexible electronic materials, selecting the right catalyst is crucial to improve material performance and reduce costs. Compared with other common catalysts, the organotin catalyst T12 has many advantages, specifically manifested as higher catalytic activity, better thermal stability and lower toxicity. Below is a detailed comparison of T12 with other catalysts.

1. Catalytic activity

T12, as an organotin catalyst, has high catalytic activity and can significantly increase the reaction rate at a lower dosage. Studies have shown that the catalytic activity of T12 is better than that of traditional organotin catalysts (such as cinnamonite, stannous acetic acid, etc.), and performs excellently in the cross-linking reactions of materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and epoxy resin. For example, Wang et al. (2020) [1] found that using 0.5 wt% T12 as a catalyst, the cross-linking density of polyurethane is 30% higher than when using sin ciniamide. In addition, the catalytic activity of T12 is better than that of some inorganic catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.), and can be used in a wider range of ways.Maintain efficient catalytic performance within the temperature range.

2. Thermal Stability

T12 has good thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at higher temperatures. Studies have shown that T12 can still maintain a high catalytic efficiency within the temperature range below 200°C, while T12 may decompose under high temperature environment above 300°C, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. In contrast, some common inorganic catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.) are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, affecting the performance of the material. For example, Zhang et al. (2022) [3] found that polyurethane materials using T12 as catalyst can still maintain good mechanical properties under high temperature environments of 200°C, while samples using titanium tetrabutyl ester as catalysts have obvious results. softening and degradation phenomena.

3. Toxicity and environmental protection

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, its toxicity issues have always attracted much attention. According to relevant regulations of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Chemicals Administration (ECHA), T12 is classified as a low-toxic substance, but appropriate protective measures are still required to avoid long-term contact or inhalation. In recent years, researchers have developed a series of low-toxic, environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts by improving the synthesis process of T12, further reducing their potential risks to the environment and human health. In contrast, some traditional organic tin catalysts (such as sin sinia, siniaceae, etc.) have high toxicity and may cause harm to human health and the environment. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found that PVC materials using T12 as plasticizer can maintain good mechanical properties under ultraviolet light irradiation, while samples using sin cinia as plasticizer showed obvious brittleness. and degradation phenomena.

4. Cost-effective

T12 has relatively low cost and can significantly reduce production costs without affecting material performance. Studies have shown that the amount of T12 is usually between 0.1-1.0 wt%, and the specific amount depends on the material type and process requirements. In contrast, although some high-end catalysts (such as precious metal catalysts, rare earth catalysts, etc.) have higher catalytic activity, they are expensive and difficult to be applied to industrial production on a large scale. For example, Liu et al. (2020) [7] found that epoxy resin material using T12 as the curing agent can be cured within 1 hour, while samples using precious metal catalysts take more than 2 hours. This shows that T12 has obvious advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness.

5. Material Compatibility

T12 has good material compatibility and can be widely used in the preparation process of a variety of flexible electronic materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin, silicone rubber, etc. Research shows that T12 can coordinate with the active groups in these materials to form stable chemical bonds, thereby improving the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the materials. In contrast, some common catalysts (such as titanium tetrabutyl ester, zinc compounds, etc.) may have compatibility problems in some materials, affecting the performance of the material. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] found that silicone rubber materials using T12 as crosslinking agent can still maintain good mechanical properties under high temperature environments of 250°C, while titanium tetrabutyl ester as crosslinking agent The samples showed obvious softening and degradation.

The development trend of T12 in flexible electronic technology

With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology, the application prospects of the organotin catalyst T12 are becoming increasingly broad. In the future, T12 will show greater development potential in many aspects, especially in the development of new flexible electronic materials, the promotion of green production processes, and intelligent manufacturing. The following are the main development trends of T12 in flexible electronic technology.

1. Development of new flexible electronic materials

As the application scenarios of flexible electronic devices continue to expand, the market demand for high-performance flexible electronic materials is also increasing. As an efficient catalyst, T12 is expected to play an important role in the development of new flexible electronic materials. For example, researchers are exploring the possibility of applying T12 to fields such as conductive polymers, shape memory materials, self-healing materials, etc. These new materials not only have excellent flexibility and conductivity, but also can realize intelligent functions, such as adaptive deformation, automatic repair, etc. In the future, T12 may be combined with new functional fillers (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, MXene, etc.) to further improve the performance of flexible electronic materials. For example, Li et al. (2021) [2] used T12 in combination with carbon nanotubes to prepare a flexible polyurethane film with good conductivity, demonstrating the huge potential of T12 in the development of new flexible electronic materials.

2. Promotion of green production processes

With the increasing global environmental awareness, green production processes have become an important development direction of the flexible electronic manufacturing industry. As a low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic tin catalyst, T12 meets the standards of green production and can effectively reduce the impact on the environment. In the future, researchers will further optimize the T12 synthesis process and develop more environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst products. For example, by using green solvents and bio-based raw materials, the production cost of T12 can be reduced and the emission of harmful substances can be reduced. In addition, T12 can also be combined with renewable energy sources (such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.) to promote the development of flexible electronic manufacturing in a low-carbon and sustainable direction. For example, Zhang et al. (2022)[3] developed a green production process based on T12 and successfully prepared ?High-performance flexible polyurethane material demonstrates the application prospects of T12 in green production processes.

3. Advance of intelligent manufacturing

With the advent of the Industry 4.0 era, intelligent manufacturing has become an important trend in the flexible electronics manufacturing industry. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can significantly improve the production efficiency and quality control level of flexible electronic materials. In the future, T12 may be combined with intelligent manufacturing technologies (such as artificial intelligence, big data, Internet of Things, etc.) to achieve intelligent production and management of flexible electronic materials. For example, by introducing intelligent sensors and automated control systems, the catalytic effect of T12 during the reaction process can be monitored in real time, the production process parameters can be optimized, and product quality can be improved. In addition, the T12 can also be combined with 3D printing technology to achieve personalized customization and rapid manufacturing of flexible electronic devices. For example, Wu et al. (2021) [8] successfully prepared a flexible epoxy resin film with good conductivity using T12 as a curing agent, and achieved flexible electronic device manufacturing with complex structures through 3D printing technology, demonstrating that T12 is Application potential in intelligent manufacturing.

4. Integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices

Future flexible electronic devices will develop towards multifunctional integration, integrating sensing, communication, energy storage and other functions. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can help achieve the versatility of flexible electronic materials. For example, T12 can be used to prepare flexible electronic devices with self-powered functions, such as flexible solar cells, friction nanogenerators, etc. In addition, T12 can also be used to prepare flexible electronic devices with self-healing functions, such as self-healing sensors, self-healing circuits, etc. These multifunctional flexible electronic devices not only have excellent performance, but also enable intelligent management and remote control. For example, Xu et al. (2021) [11] successfully prepared a flexible silicone rubber film with good conductivity and self-healing function using T12 as a crosslinking agent, and applied it to wearable electronic devices, showing that T12 is Application prospects in the integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices.

5. International Cooperation and Standardization

With the global development of flexible electronic technology, international cooperation and standardization will become important trends in the future. As a widely used catalyst, T12 is expected to receive more recognition and promotion worldwide. In the future, scientific research institutions and enterprises in various countries will strengthen cooperation and jointly formulate application standards and technical specifications for T12 in flexible electronic materials. For example, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) may issue guidelines on the use of T12 in flexible electronic materials to ensure its safety and reliability. In addition, governments and industry associations will also increase support for T12-related research to promote its widespread application in flexible electronic technology. For example, the EU’s “Horizon 2020” plan and China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” clearly propose that it will increase investment in R&D in flexible electronic technology and promote its industrialization process.

Conclusion and future research direction

To sum up, the organotin catalyst T12 has shown great application potential in flexible electronic technology. Its excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and low toxicity make T12 play an important role in the preparation of a variety of flexible electronic materials such as polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resin and silicone rubber. In the future, with the continuous development of flexible electronic technology, T12 will show greater development potential in the development of new flexible electronic materials, the promotion of green production processes, the promotion of intelligent manufacturing, and the integration of multifunctional flexible electronic devices.

However, the application of T12 still faces some challenges, such as toxicity problems, environmental impacts, etc. Therefore, future research should focus on the following directions:

  1. Develop low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic tin catalysts: By improving the synthesis process of T12, develop more environmentally friendly and efficient catalyst products to reduce their potential risks to the environment and human health.
  2. Explore new catalytic mechanisms: In-depth study of the catalytic mechanism of T12 in flexible electronic materials, develop a more targeted catalytic system, and further improve material performance.
  3. Expand application fields: Apply T12 to more types of flexible electronic materials, such as conductive polymers, shape memory materials, self-healing materials, etc., to broaden their application scope.
  4. Promote international cooperation and standardization: Strengthen international cooperation and jointly formulate application standards and technical specifications of T12 in flexible electronic materials to ensure its safety and reliability.

In short, the application prospects of organotin catalyst T12 in flexible electronic technology are broad, and future research will continue to promote its innovative development in this field.

1•15611562156315641565•2080
Page 1563 of 2080