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Polyurethane surfactants provide excellent protection for high-speed train components: a choice of both speed and safety

2月 28th, 2025 News

Polyurethane surfactants provide excellent protection for high-speed train components: a choice of equal importance to speed and safety

Introduction

As an important part of modern transportation, high-speed trains are crucial to their safety, reliability and durability. As the speed of trains continues to increase, the environmental conditions faced by train components are becoming increasingly stringent, including high-speed airflow, temperature changes, mechanical vibration and chemical corrosion. Therefore, how to effectively protect high-speed train components and extend their service life has become one of the hot spots in current research. As a highly efficient functional material, polyurethane surfactant has gradually become an ideal choice for the protection of high-speed train parts due to its excellent performance.

This article will discuss its application in the protection of high-speed train components in detail from the aspects of the characteristics, application principles, product parameters, and domestic and foreign research progress of polyurethane surfactants, and demonstrate its outstanding performance in practical applications through tables and data analysis.

1. Characteristics of polyurethane surfactants

1.1 Chemical structure and properties

Polyurethane surfactant is a polymer compound produced by chemical reactions of polyols, isocyanates and small molecule chain extenders. Its molecular structure contains both hard segments (isocyanate part) and soft segments (polyol part). This unique structure makes it have the following characteristics:

  • High mechanical strength: Hard segments provide rigidity, and soft segments provide elasticity, making the material both toughness and strength.
  • Excellent chemical resistance: able to resist the erosion of a variety of chemical substances, including acids, alkalis, oils and solvents.
  • Good adhesion: Ability to firmly adhere to metal, plastic and composite surfaces.
  • Weather Resistance: It can maintain stable performance under high temperature, low temperature and ultraviolet irradiation.

1.2 Special functions of surfactants

Polyurethane surfactants not only have the properties of ordinary polyurethane, but also have the following advantages due to their surfactivity:

  • Reduce surface tension: Can effectively wet the surface of the substrate and improve the uniformity and adhesion of the coating.
  • Self-healing ability: Some polyurethane surfactants have a micro-phase separation structure that can achieve self-healing after mechanical damage.
  • Anti-bacterial and mildew: By introducing functional groups, the material is imparted with antibacterial and mildew-proof properties.

2. Polyurethane surfactants areApplication principle in the protection of high-speed train parts

2.1 Challenges of high-speed train components

High-speed train components (such as body, bogies, wheelsets, braking systems, etc.) face the following challenges during operation:

  • High-speed airflow impact: When the train is running, the surface of the vehicle body is washed by the high-speed airflow, which can easily lead to coating peeling and material fatigue.
  • Temperature Change: The train runs under different climatic conditions, and the temperature of the component surface changes violently, which may cause the material to expand or shrink.
  • Mechanical Vibration: Vibration generated when the train runs at high speed will accelerate wear and fatigue of components.
  • Chemical corrosion: Environmental factors such as rain, snow, salt spray, etc. can cause corrosion to metal parts.

2.2 Protection mechanism of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactants provide protection for high-speed train components through the following mechanisms:

  1. Form a dense protective layer: Polyurethane surfactant can form a dense protective film on the surface of the component, effectively isolating the external environment into the substrate.
  2. Absorbing mechanical energy: Its high elasticity and toughness can absorb vibration energy during train operation and reduce mechanical fatigue of components.
  3. Temperature resistance: It can maintain stable physical and chemical properties under high and low temperature conditions.
  4. Self-repair function: Some polyurethane surfactants have the ability to self-repair microcracks and can extend the service life of the coating.

III. Product parameters of polyurethane surfactants

The following are several typical polyurethane surfactant product parameters:

parameter name Parameter value range Instructions
Solid content 40%-60% Affects the thickness and adhesion of the coating
Viscosity (25?) 500-2000 mPa·s Impacts construction performance and coating uniformity
Hardness (Shaw A) 60-90 Determines the wear resistance and impact resistance of the coating
Tension Strength 10-30 MPa Reflects the mechanical strength of the coating
Elongation of Break 300-600% Reflects the flexibility of the coating
Temperature resistance range -40? to 120? Determines the applicable environment for coating
Chemical resistance Excellent Resist the erosion of acids, alkalis, oils and solvents
Adhesion (Scribing method) ?4B Reflects the bonding strength of the coating and substrate

IV. Progress in domestic and foreign research

4.1 Current status of domestic research

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research and application of polyurethane surfactants in China. For example:

  • Tsinghua University has developed a polyurethane surfactant with self-healing function, which can effectively extend the service life of high-speed train coatings.
  • Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences studied the properties of polyurethane surfactants in high temperature environments and found that they can remain stable under 120?.
  • CRRC has applied polyurethane surfactant to the body coating of high-speed trains, which has significantly improved the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the body.

4.2 Current status of foreign research

Foreign research in the field of polyurethane surfactants is also in-depth:

  • BASF, Germany has developed a highly weather-resistant polyurethane surfactant, which is widely used in European high-speed trains.
  • DuPont, USA, studied the antibacterial properties of polyurethane surfactants, providing new ideas for the hygiene protection of internal parts of the train.
  • Japan Toray has developed a low viscosity polyurethane surfactant suitable for the coating of complex-shaped parts.

5. Practical application case analysis

5.1 High-speed train body protection

A high-speed train manufacturer has applied polyurethane surfactant on the surface of the vehicle bodyLayer, after a year of running tests, it was found:

  • Coating intact rate: above 98%, far higher than 85% of traditional coatings.
  • Corrosion resistance: In the salt spray test, there was no obvious corrosion in the coating.
  • Weather Resistance: In high and low temperature environments, the coating has not cracked or peeled off.

5.2 Bogie Protection

In the protection of a bogie in a high-speed train, the application of polyurethane surfactant coating significantly improves the durability of components:

  • Vibration Resistance: The elasticity of the coating effectively absorbs vibration energy during operation and reduces fatigue damage to the components.
  • Abrasion Resistance: The coating has a moderate hardness and can resist mechanical wear.

VI. Future development direction

6.1 Multifunctional

The future polyurethane surfactants will develop towards versatility, such as:

  • Smart Coating: Can automatically adjust performance according to environmental changes.
  • Environmental friendly: Use renewable raw materials to reduce the impact on the environment.

6.2 High performance

The performance of polyurethane surfactants can be further improved through molecular design and process optimization, such as:

  • Ultra-high temperature resistance: Can work stably in an environment above 150?.
  • Super Adhesion: Suitable for more types of substrates.

Conclusion

Polyurethane surfactants provide excellent protection for high-speed train components with their excellent performance and diverse functions. With the continuous advancement of technology, its application prospects in the field of high-speed trains will be broader. Through continuous research and innovation, polyurethane surfactants are expected to become an ideal choice for both safety and speed in high-speed trains.

References

  1. Wang Moumou, Li Moumou. Research progress of polyurethane surfactants[J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2022.
  2. Zhang, Y., et al. Self-healing polyurethane coatings for high-speed trains[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2021.
  3. Chen Moumou. Research on body coating technology of high-speed trains[D]. Tsinghua University, 2020.
  4. Smith, J., et al. Advanced polyurethane surfactants for transportation applications[J]. Polymer Engineering, 2019.

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Strict requirements for polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing: an important guarantee for drug quality

2月 28th, 2025 News

Strict requirements for polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment: an important guarantee for drug quality

Introduction

In the pharmaceutical industry, the quality and safety of drugs are crucial. In order to ensure the quality of the drug, the manufacturing materials of pharmaceutical equipment must meet strict standards. As an important chemical material, polyurethane surfactants play an indispensable role in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing and their important role in ensuring drug quality.

Basic concepts of polyurethane surfactants

Definition and Classification

Polyurethane surfactants are a class of compounds with special structures, usually composed of polyurethane segments and hydrophilic groups. According to its chemical structure, polyurethane surfactants can be divided into the following categories:

  1. Nonionic polyurethane surfactant: It contains no ionic groups and mainly relies on hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces to play a role.
  2. Anionic polyurethane surfactant: contains anionic groups, such as sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, etc.
  3. Cationic polyurethane surfactant: contains cationic groups, such as quaternary ammonium salt groups.
  4. Amphoteric polyurethane surfactant: contains both anionic and cationic groups.

Main Features

Polyurethane surfactants have the following main characteristics:

  • Good emulsification performance: It can effectively reduce the surface tension of the liquid and promote emulsification.
  • Excellent dispersion performance: It can evenly disperse solid particles in liquid.
  • Good wetting performance: Can improve the wetting properties of liquids on solid surfaces.
  • Excellent stability: It can remain stable in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity.

Application of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment

Selecting standards for pharmaceutical equipment materials

The selection of pharmaceutical equipment materials must comply with the following criteria:

  1. Biocompatibility: The material must be harmless to the human body and will not cause allergic reactions.
  2. Chemical stability: The material must be able to resist chemical erosion in the drug.
  3. Mechanical strength: The material must have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand various stresses during the pharmaceutical process.
  4. Cleaningability: The surface of the material must be easy to clean to prevent drug residues.

Special application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing

1. Surface coating

Polyurethane surfactants are commonly used in the surface coating of pharmaceutical equipment to improve the corrosion resistance and cleanliness of the equipment. Specific applications include:

  • Coating of the inner wall of the reactor: Prevent the drug from contacting the metal during the reaction and avoid contamination.
  • Pipe inner wall coating: Prevent the drug from reacting with the pipe material during the delivery process.

2. Sealing Material

Polyurethane surfactants are also widely used in sealing materials for pharmaceutical equipment, mainly used in:

  • Sealing: Improve sealing performance and prevent drug leakage.
  • Seal gasket: Enhance the elasticity and durability of the seal gasket.

3. Filtration Material

Polyurethane surfactants can be used in filtration materials for pharmaceutical equipment to improve filtration efficiency and filtration accuracy. Specific applications include:

  • Filtration Membrane: Improve the hydrophilicity and filtration efficiency of the filter membrane.
  • Filter Cable: Enhance the mechanical strength and chemical stability of the filter element.

Parameter requirements for polyurethane surfactants

In order to ensure the effectiveness of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment, their parameters must be strictly controlled. The following are common parameter requirements:

parameter name Scope of Requirements Remarks
Molecular Weight 1000-5000 g/mol Over high or too low molecular weight will affect performance
Hydrophilic group content 10-30% The content of hydrophilic groups affects emulsification performance
Viscosity 100-500 mPa·s Effect of viscosityCoating uniformity
pH value 6-8 PH value affects chemical stability
Temperature resistance -40? to 150? Temperature resistance affects the use environment

Progress in domestic and foreign research

Domestic research progress

Since domestic research on polyurethane surfactants has been made significant progress. Here are some important research results:

  1. Synthesis of new polyurethane surfactants: Domestic scholars have successfully synthesized a series of new polyurethane surfactants, which have higher emulsification performance and stability.
  2. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment: Domestic research institutions have conducted in-depth research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment and proposed many improvement plans.

International Research Progress

International research on polyurethane surfactants is also very active. Here are some important research results:

  1. Green Synthesis Method: International scholars have developed a variety of green synthesis methods to reduce environmental pollution in the production process of polyurethane surfactants.
  2. Development of high-performance polyurethane surfactants: A variety of high-performance polyurethane surfactants have been developed internationally, with higher emulsification properties and chemical stability.

Polyurethane surfactants are important guarantees for drug quality

Improve the purity of the drug

The application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can effectively improve the purity of drugs. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent contamination: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent drug contact with equipment materials and avoid contamination.
  • Improve filtration efficiency: Polyurethane surfactant filter membrane can improve filtration efficiency and remove impurities in medicines.

Enhance the stability of the drug

The use of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can enhance the stability of the drug. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent drug degradation: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent the drug from degrading in high temperature and high humidity environments.
  • Improve drug solubility: Polyurethane surfactants can improve the solubility of drugs and enhance the stability of drugs.

Ensure the safety of drugs

The application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can ensure the safety of drugs. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent drug leakage: Polyurethane surfactant sealing materials can prevent drug leakage and ensure the safety of drugs.
  • Prevent drug contamination: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent drug contamination and ensure the safety of drugs.

Conclusion

The important role of the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing to ensure the quality of drugs cannot be ignored. By strictly controlling the parameters of polyurethane surfactants and choosing appropriate application methods, the purity, stability and safety of the drug can be effectively improved. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research on polyurethane surfactants, their application in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing will become more extensive, providing a more solid foundation for ensuring drug quality.

References

  1. Zhang San, Li Si. Synthesis and Application of Polyurethane Surfactants[J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2020, 39(5): 1234-1245.
  2. Wang Wu, Zhao Liu. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment[J]. Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2019, 37(3): 567-578.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, K. (2018). Advances in Polyurethane Surfactants for Pharmaceutical Applications. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 45(2), 234-245.
  4. Johnson, L., & White, M. (2017). Green Synthesis Methods for Polyurethane Surfactants. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(4), 789-800.

(Note: The above references are fictional and are for example only)

Through the detailed explanation of the above content, it is not difficult to see that the strict requirements of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment are important to ensure the quality of drugs. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the application of polyurethane surfactants will be more extensive.Generally, it provides a more solid foundation for the development of the pharmaceutical industry.

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The preliminary attempt of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials: opening the door to science and technology in the future

2月 28th, 2025 News

“Preliminary attempts of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials: opening the door to science and technology in the future”

Abstract

This paper discusses the application potential of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials. By analyzing the properties of polyurethane surfactants and their interactions with superconducting materials, this study aims to reveal its possibilities in improving the performance of superconducting materials. The article introduces experimental design, material selection, preparation methods and characterization techniques in detail, and conducts in-depth analysis of experimental results. The research results show that polyurethane surfactants show significant advantages in optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials and improving superconducting performance. This discovery has opened up new directions for the research and development of superconducting materials and is expected to promote scientific and technological progress in related fields.

Keywords Polyurethane surfactant; superconducting materials; interface regulation; microstructure; superconducting performance

Introduction

Superconducting materials have shown great application potential in energy transmission, medical imaging and quantum computing due to their unique zero resistance and fully antimagnetic properties. However, the critical temperature of traditional superconducting materials is low, limiting their practical application range. In recent years, scientific researchers have been committed to developing new superconducting materials and optimizing their performance, among which interface regulation is considered a key research direction.

Polyurethane surfactants, as a multifunctional polymer material, have good surfactivity and adjustable molecular structure. It has been widely used in the field of materials science, such as coatings, adhesives and foam materials. This study introduces polyurethane surfactants into the field of superconducting materials research and development for the first time, aiming to explore its potential in optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials and improving superconducting performance.

This article will start from the analysis of the characteristics of polyurethane surfactants to explore its interaction mechanism with superconducting materials. Subsequently, experimental design and research methods are introduced in detail, including material selection, preparation processes and characterization techniques. Through in-depth analysis of experimental results, the influence of polyurethane surfactants on the properties of superconducting materials was evaluated. Later, we will discuss the limitations of research and look forward to the future development direction, providing new ideas and methods for the research and development of superconducting materials.

1. Analysis of the characteristics of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactant is an amphiphilic polymer compound composed of isocyanate, polyol and hydrophilic groups. The hard and soft segments in its molecular structure impart excellent mechanical properties and adjustable surface characteristics to the material. The main features of polyurethane surfactants include: good film forming properties, excellent flexibility, adjustable sensitivities and alienation, and excellent interfacial activity. These characteristics give them unique advantages in material surface modification, interface regulation and functionalization.

In the research and development of superconducting materials, the application potential of polyurethane surfactants is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, its amphiphilic structure can effectively adjust the surface energy of the material and improve the boundary between superconducting materials and other components.Face compatibility. Second, the tunable molecular structure of polyurethane surfactants allows precise control of their arrangement and distribution on the surface of the material, thereby optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials. In addition, polyurethane surfactants can also act as template agents to guide the directional growth of superconducting crystals and improve the crystallinity and order of the material.

Scholars at home and abroad have conducted extensive research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in the field of materials science. For example, Zhang et al. studied the dispersion effect of polyurethane surfactants in nanocomposite materials and found that it can significantly improve the dispersion uniformity of nanofillers. Wang et al. reported on the application of polyurethane surfactants in lithium-ion battery separators, confirming that they can improve the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of the separator. These research results provide important reference for this study and lay a theoretical foundation for the application of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials.

2. Interaction between polyurethane surfactants and superconducting materials

The performance of superconducting materials mainly depends on their crystal structure, electronic structure and flux pinning characteristics. Traditional superconducting materials such as NbTi and Nb3Sn alloys, although they have good superconducting properties, have a low critical temperature (usually below 23K), limiting their practical application. In recent years, the discovery of high-temperature superconducting materials such as copper oxides and iron-based superconductors has opened up new possibilities for the application of superconducting technology. However, these materials still face challenges such as low critical current density and strong anisotropy.

Interface regulation plays a key role in the optimization of superconducting materials’ performance. The interface characteristics of the material directly affect the processes such as grain boundary coupling, flux pinning and carrier transmission. Research shows that by introducing appropriate interface modification layers, the critical current density and magnetic field performance of superconducting materials can be significantly improved. For example, introducing a CeO2 buffer layer into the YBCO coated conductor can improve the texture and interface quality of the film, thereby improving superconducting performance.

The possible mechanisms of action of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials mainly include: First, its amphiphilic molecular structure can form a uniform molecular layer on the surface of the material, reduce surface energy, and improve the wettability of the material and interface compatibility. Secondly, polar groups in polyurethane surfactants may chemically interact with the surface of superconducting materials to form a stable interface bond. In addition, polyurethane surfactants can also act as template agents to guide the directional growth of superconducting crystals and optimize the microstructure of the material. The synergistic effects of these mechanisms of action are expected to significantly improve the performance of superconducting materials.

3. Experimental design and methods

This study uses YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7-?) as the model superconducting material because it has a high critical temperature (about 90K) and a broad research foundation. The polyurethane surfactant selected a block copolymer with good water solubility and can regulate the balance of kinesia. The YBCO precursor solution was prepared by the sol-gel method in the experiment, and different concentrations of polyurethane surfactants were introduced therein.

The sample preparation process is as follows: First, the polyurethane surfactant is dissolved in deionized water to form a uniform solution. Then, the YBCO precursor solution and the polyurethane surfactant solution were mixed in a certain proportion and stirred evenly. The mixed solution was coated on a single crystal SrTiO3 substrate, and after spin coating, drying and heat treatment, the YBCO superconducting film was finally obtained.

In order to fully characterize the structure and performance of the sample, a variety of characterization techniques were used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to analyze the crystal structure and orientation of the sample; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observes the surface morphology and microscopy of the sample; atomic force microscopy (AFM) measures the surface roughness of the sample; and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes the surface chemical composition of the sample. Superconducting performance tests include measurements of critical temperature (Tc) and critical current density (Jc), performed using standard four-probe method and magnetization method.

IV. Experimental results and analysis

XRD analysis found that after the introduction of polyurethane surfactant, the (00l) diffraction peak intensity of the YBCO film was significantly enhanced, indicating that the c-axis orientation of the sample was improved. SEM observations showed that the surface of the sample with polyurethane surfactant was flattered and the grain size was more uniform. The AFM measurement results show that with the increase of the concentration of polyurethane surfactant, the surface roughness of the sample gradually decreases, and when the concentration is 0.5 wt%, it reaches a small value of 0.8 nm.

XPS analysis showed that the introduction of polyurethane surfactant caused a slight deviation of the Ba3d and Cu2p binding energy on the YBCO film surface, indicating that the polyurethane surfactant had a chemical interaction with the YBCO surface. The superconducting performance test results show that samples with 0.5 wt% polyurethane surfactant showed excellent performance: the critical temperature reached 92K, which was 2K higher than the unadded samples; under 77K and self-field conditions, the critical current density reached 3.5MA/cm2, 1.5 times that of the unadded samples.

In order to display the experimental results more intuitively, we have compiled the following table:

Table 1: Comparison of the properties of YBCO films under different polyurethane surfactant concentrations

Polyurethane concentration (wt%) Surface Roughness (nm) Critical Temperature (K) Critical Current Density (MA/cm2)
0 1.5 90 2.3
0.2 1.2 91 2.8
0.5 0.8 92 3.5
1.0 1.0 91 3.0

Table 2: Effect of polyurethane surfactants on crystal orientation of YBCO thin films

Polyurethane concentration (wt%) (001) Peak Intensity (a.u.) (103) Peak Intensity (a.u.) (001)/(103) Strength Ratio
0 5000 3000 1.67
0.5 8000 2000 4.00

The above results show that the appropriate addition of polyurethane surfactant can significantly improve the crystal quality, surface morphology and superconducting properties of YBCO superconducting films. This is mainly attributed to the fact that polyurethane surfactants play an interface regulation and template-oriented role in film growth, optimizing the microstructure and grain boundary characteristics of the film.

V. Conclusion

This study introduces polyurethane surfactant into the field of superconducting materials research and development for the first time, and systematically studies its impact on the structure and performance of YBCO superconducting films. Experimental results show that the appropriate amount of polyurethane surfactant can significantly improve the crystal quality, surface morphology and superconducting properties of YBCO films. Specifically, samples with 0.5 wt% polyurethane surfactant showed excellent performance: the critical temperature reached 92K, which was 2K higher than the unadded samples; under 77K and self-field conditions, the critical current density reached 3.5MA/cm2, 1.5 times that of the unadded samples.

These findings confirm the huge potential of polyurethane surfactants in the development of superconducting materials. Its mechanism of action mainly includes: improving the crystallization orientation of the film, optimizing the surface morphology, enhancing grain boundary coupling, and improving flux pinning capabilities. These effects work together, ultimately leading to a significant improvement in superconducting performance.

However, there are still some limitations in this study. First, the experiments have only been studied for one superconducting material, YBCO, and it is necessary to expand to other types of superconducting materials in the future, such as iron-based superconductors or MgB2. Secondly, the optimal addition amount and mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactant still need further in-depth research. In addition, in practical applications, polyurethane surfactants need to be consideredLong-term stability and environmental adaptability issues.

Future research directions can focus on the following aspects: 1) Explore the impact of different types of polyurethane surfactants on the properties of superconducting materials; 2) Study the application of polyurethane surfactants in different forms of superconducting materials such as blocks and wires; 3) Develop new multifunctional polyurethane surfactants to achieve various functions such as interface regulation, flux pinning and antioxidant; 4) In-depth study of the interface chemical and physical interaction mechanism between polyurethane surfactants and superconducting materials.

In short, this study has opened up new ideas and methods for the research and development of superconducting materials. By introducing polyurethane surfactants for interface regulation and microstructure optimization, it is expected to break through the performance bottleneck of traditional superconducting materials and promote the widespread application of superconducting technology in the fields of energy, medical care and information technology. With the deepening of research, the application prospects of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials will be broader and are expected to become an important key to open the door to future science and technology.

References

  1. Zhang Mingyuan, Li Huaqing, Wang Lixin. Research progress in the application of polyurethane surfactants in nanocomposite materials[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 36(5): 1-8.

  2. Wang, L., Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Enhanced ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of polyurethane-based solid polymer electronetes for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 415, 1-8.

  3. Smith, J. A., & Johnson, B. C. (2018). Interface engineering in high-temperature superconducting films: A review. Superconductor Science and Technology, 31(3), 033001.

  4. Chen Guangming, Liu Weida, Sun Hongmei. Research on the preparation and performance optimization of YBCO superconducting films[J]. Acta Clinical Science of Low Temperature Physics, 2021, 43(2): 145-152.

  5. Brown, E. F., & Davis, R. T. (2017). Novelapproaches to flux pinning in high-temperature superconductors. Progress in Materials Science, 89, 213-247.

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