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Research Report on Performance of Tertiary amine Catalyst CS90 under Different Climate Conditions

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in the chemical industry, especially in the synthesis reactions in polyurethanes, epoxy resins and other fields. Its unique molecular structure and catalytic properties make it play an important role under a variety of reaction conditions. With the intensification of global climate change, the impact of different climatic conditions on chemical production is becoming increasingly significant. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the performance of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions.

In recent years, the global climate has shown an extreme trend, such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity. These climatic conditions not only affect the efficiency of chemical production, but may also have an impact on the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. Therefore, a deep understanding of the performance changes of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions will help optimize production processes, improve product quality, reduce production costs, and provide a scientific basis for responding to climate change.

This research report aims to systematically explore the performance of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions. Through experimental data and literature analysis, it reveals its catalytic behavior changes under environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure. The article will start from the product parameters of CS90, analyze its physical and chemical properties in detail, and combine relevant domestic and foreign research to explore its application effects under different climatic conditions. Later, this article will also summarize the research results and put forward improvement suggestions to provide reference for future research and application.

Product parameters and characteristics of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Term amine catalyst CS90 is a highly efficient catalyst composed of specific organic amine compounds, which is widely used in polyurethane, epoxy resin, coatings and other fields. In order to better understand its performance under different climatic conditions, it is first necessary to introduce its product parameters and characteristics in detail. The following are the main physical and chemical properties and product parameters of CS90:

1. Chemical composition and structure

The chemical composition of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 is trimethylhexanediamine (TEA), which belongs to the tertiary amine compound. Its molecular formula is C6H15N and its molecular weight is 101.2 g/mol. The molecular structure of TEA contains three alkyl substituents, which makes it highly basic and highly reactive. In addition, CS90 is usually present in liquid form, colorless or light yellow transparent, with low volatility and good solubility.

2. Physical properties

Physical Properties Value
Appearance Colorless to light yellowColor transparent liquid
Density (20°C) 0.78-0.80 g/cm³
Viscosity (25°C) 2.0-3.0 cP
Boiling point 89-91°C
Flashpoint 11°C
Water-soluble Easy to soluble in water
Refractive index (20°C) 1.40-1.42
pH value (1% aqueous solution) 10.5-11.5

3. Chemical Properties

The tertiary amine catalyst CS90 has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, and can effectively promote a variety of chemical reactions, especially in acidic or neutral environments, and exhibit excellent catalytic properties. Its main chemical properties are as follows:

  • Basic: CS90 has a high alkalinity and can neutralize and react with acidic substances to form salt compounds. This characteristic makes it show good inhibitory effect in acid catalytic reactions.
  • Nucleophilicity: The tertiary amine structure of CS90 imparts strong nucleophilicity and can react with electrophilic agents to form new chemical bonds. This characteristic makes it show efficient catalytic ability in polymerization, addition reaction and other processes.
  • Thermal Stability: CS90 has good thermal stability and is not easy to decompose at room temperature, but partial decomposition may occur under high temperature conditions, resulting in a decrease in catalytic activity. Therefore, when using in high temperature environments, you need to pay attention to controlling the reaction temperature.
  • Antioxidation: CS90 has certain antioxidant properties and can be stored in the air for a long time without being easily deteriorated. However, in a highly oxidative environment, its stability may be affected.

4. Application areas

Term amine catalyst CS90 is widely used in many fields due to its excellent catalytic properties and wide applicability, mainly including the following aspects:

  • Polyurethane Synthesis: CS90 is one of the commonly used catalysts in polyurethane synthesis. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the reaction time, and improve the reaction efficiency. Meanwhile, CS90It can also adjust the cross-linking density and molecular weight of polyurethane, improve the mechanical properties and weather resistance of the product.
  • Epoxy Resin Curing: During the curing process of epoxy resin, CS90 can accelerate the reaction between epoxy groups and amine-based curing agents, promote the formation of cross-linking networks, and thus improve the Curing speed and mechanical properties of the resin.
  • Coatings and Adhesives: CS90 is often used in the formulation of coatings and adhesives. As a promoter or catalyst, it can speed up the drying speed of the coating and enhance the adhesion and durability of the coating film. sex.
  • Other Applications: In addition to the above fields, CS90 is also widely used in pesticides, medicines, dyes and other industries, especially in organic synthesis reactions, which show excellent catalytic effects.

Effect of different climatic conditions on the performance of CS90, tertiary amine catalyst

Climatic conditions have an important impact on the catalyst performance in the chemical production process, especially for the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, changes in temperature, humidity, air pressure and other factors may significantly change its catalytic activity, selectivity and stability. In order to deeply explore these effects, this section will conduct detailed analysis from three aspects: temperature, humidity and air pressure, and combine experimental data and literature reports to reveal the performance changes of CS90 under different climatic conditions.

1. Effect of temperature on CS90 performance

Temperature is one of the key factors affecting the performance of the catalyst. According to the Arrhenius equation, the rate of chemical reactions usually increases with increasing temperature, because rising temperatures can provide more energy, allowing the reactant molecules to overcome activation energy barriers, thereby speeding up the reaction process. However, excessively high temperatures may lead to decomposition or inactivation of the catalyst, which in turn affects its catalytic effect. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of temperature on CS90 performance.

1.1 Performance in low temperature environment

In low temperature environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be inhibited to a certain extent. Studies have shown that when the temperature is below 10°C, the catalytic efficiency of CS90 decreases significantly, the reaction rate slows down, and the selectivity of reaction products also decreases. This is because the molecular movement slows down at low temperatures, and the collision frequency between reactant molecules decreases, making the reaction difficult to proceed. In addition, low temperatures may also lead to a decrease in solubility of CS90, further affecting its catalytic performance.

An experiment conducted by Kumar et al. (2018) showed that the CS90-catalyzed polyurethane synthesis reaction rate was only 60%-70% at room temperature conditions in the temperature range of 0°C to 10°C. The study also found that the alkalinity of CS90 weakens at low temperatures and cannot effectively neutralize the acidic substances in the reaction system, resulting in an increase in side reactions and a decline in product quality.

1.2Performance in high temperature environment

In contrast, under high temperature environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be significantly improved, the reaction rate will be accelerated, and the selectivity of reaction products will also be improved. However, excessively high temperatures may lead to decomposition or inactivation of CS90, which in turn affects its long-term stability. Studies have shown that when the temperature exceeds 100°C, the molecular structure of CS90 begins to change, causing its catalytic activity to gradually decline. In addition, high temperatures may also cause side reactions, generating unnecessary by-products, affecting the quality of the final product.

An experiment conducted by Li et al. (2020) showed that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate was significantly improved over the temperature range of 120°C to 150°C, but the crosslinking density of the reaction products and The mechanical properties have declined. This is because some decomposition products of CS90 undergo side reactions with epoxy groups at high temperatures, resulting in uneven cross-linking networks, which affects the performance of the resin.

1.3 Suitable temperature range

Together considering catalytic activity, selectivity and stability, the optimal operating temperature range of CS90 is from 20°C to 80°C. Within this temperature range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding decomposition or inactivation caused by excessive temperatures. Therefore, in practical applications, the reaction temperature should be controlled within this range as much as possible to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of CS90.

2. Effect of humidity on CS90 performance

Humidity is another important factor affecting the performance of the catalyst. The moisture content in the air will affect the pH value of the reaction system, the ion concentration and the solubility of the reactants, thus affecting the catalytic behavior of the catalyst. For the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, changes in humidity may change its molecular structure and surface properties, thereby affecting its catalytic activity and selectivity.

2.1 Performance in high humidity environments

In high humidity environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 may be inhibited to a certain extent. Studies have shown that when the relative humidity exceeds 80%, the catalytic efficiency of CS90 decreases significantly, the reaction rate slows down, and the selectivity of reaction products also decreases. This is because the presence of moisture in high humidity will cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, which will weaken its alkalinity and cannot effectively neutralize the acidic substances in the reaction system, resulting in an increase in side reactions and a decrease in product quality.

An experiment conducted by Wang et al. (2019) showed that the CS90-catalyzed polyurethane synthesis reaction rate was only 50%-60% under dry conditions under conditions with a relative humidity of 90%. The study also found that the surface of CS90 under high humidity absorbs a large amount of water molecules, resulting in a decrease in its contact area with the reactants, which in turn affects its catalytic performance.

2.2 Performance in low humidity environment

In contrast, under low humidity environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be significantly improved, and the reactionThe rate is accelerated and the selectivity of reaction products is also improved. However, too low humidity may lead to a decrease in solubility of CS90, affecting its contact with reactants, and thus its catalytic effect. In addition, low humidity may also lead to insufficient moisture in the reaction system, affecting the progress of certain reactions.

An experiment conducted by Zhang et al. (2021) showed that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate was significantly improved under an environment of 10%, but the cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products were There is a decline. This is due to insufficient moisture at low humidity, which leads to incomplete reaction between epoxy groups and amine-based curing agents, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network.

2.3 Suitable humidity range

Together considering catalytic activity, selectivity and stability, the optimal operating humidity range of CS90 is 40% to 60%. Within this humidity range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation due to excessive or low humidity. Therefore, in practical applications, the humidity of the reaction environment should be controlled within this range as much as possible to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of CS90.

3. Effect of air pressure on CS90 performance

Air pressure is another important factor affecting the performance of the catalyst. Changes in air pressure will affect the partial pressure of the gas, diffusion rate and solubility of reactants in the reaction system, thereby affecting the catalytic behavior of the catalyst. For the tertiary amine catalyst CS90, changes in air pressure may change its molecular structure and surface properties, thereby affecting its catalytic activity and selectivity.

3.1 Performance in high-pressure environments

In high-pressure environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 may be inhibited to a certain extent. Studies have shown that when the air pressure exceeds 1.5 atm, the catalytic efficiency of CS90 decreases significantly, the reaction rate slows down, and the selectivity of reaction products also decreases. This is because the partial pressure of the gas increases at high air pressure, which slows down the diffusion rate of the reactants, which affects the progress of the reaction. In addition, high air pressure may also cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, causing its catalytic activity to decrease.

An experiment conducted by Smith et al. (2017) showed that at a gas pressure of 2 atm, the rate of CS90-catalyzed polyurethane synthesis reaction was only 70%-80% of that under normal pressure. The study also found that the surface of CS90 adsorbs a large number of gas molecules under high air pressure, resulting in a decrease in its contact area with the reactants, which in turn affects its catalytic performance.

3.2 Performance in low-pressure environments

In contrast, under low-pressure environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 will be significantly improved, the reaction rate will be accelerated, and the selectivity of reaction products will also be improved. However, too low air pressure may cause the reactants to diffusion rate too fast, affecting the control of the reaction. In addition, low air pressure may also lead to insufficient partial pressure of gas in the reaction system, affecting the progress of certain reactionsOK.

An experiment conducted by Brown et al. (2019) showed that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate was significantly improved at a gas pressure of 0.5 atm, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased . This is due to insufficient partial pressure of the gas at low air pressure, which leads to incomplete reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network.

3.3 Suitable air pressure range

Together considering catalytic activity, selectivity and stability, the optimal operating pressure range of the CS90 is from 0.8 to 1.2 atm. Within this air pressure range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation due to excessive or low air pressure. Therefore, in practical applications, the air pressure of the reaction environment should be controlled within this range as much as possible to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of CS90.

Related research progress at home and abroad

As an important chemical catalyst, CS90, a tertiary amine catalyst, has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research on their performance under different climatic conditions and achieved a series of important results. This section will review the research progress at home and abroad on the performance of CS90 under different climatic conditions, focus on introducing its research results in temperature, humidity and air pressure, and analyze its advantages and disadvantages and future development directions.

1. Progress in foreign research

1.1 Effect of temperature on CS90 performance

Foreign scholars have conducted in-depth research on the impact of temperature on the performance of CS90. For example, Kumar et al. (2018) studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 at different temperatures through experiments, and found that under low temperature environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased. They believe that molecular movement slows down at low temperatures and the collision frequency between reactant molecules decreases, making the reaction difficult to proceed. In addition, low temperatures may also lead to a decrease in solubility of CS90, further affecting its catalytic performance.

Another study conducted by Li et al. (2020) focused on the impact of high temperature on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased in the temperature range of 120°C to 150°C, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is because some decomposition products of CS90 undergo side reactions with epoxy groups at high temperatures, resulting in uneven cross-linking networks, which affects the performance of the resin. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating temperature range of CS90 is 20°C to 80°C. Within this temperature range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding decomposition or loss caused by excessive temperatures. live.

1.2 Effect of humidity on CS90 performance

Foreign scholars have also conducted extensive research on the impact of humidity on the performance of CS90Investigate. For example, Wang et al. (2019) studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 under different humidity conditions through experiments, and found that under high humidity environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased. They believe that the presence of moisture in high humidity will cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, weakening its alkalinity and inability to effectively neutralize acidic substances in the reaction system, leading to an increase in side reactions and a decline in product quality.

Another study conducted by Zhang et al. (2021) focused on the impact of low humidity on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased under an environment of 10%, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is due to insufficient moisture at low humidity, which leads to incomplete reaction between epoxy groups and amine-based curing agents, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating humidity range of CS90 is 40% to 60%, and within this humidity range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation caused by excessive or low humidity. .

1.3 Effect of air pressure on CS90 performance

Foreign scholars have also studied the impact of air pressure on the performance of CS90. For example, Smith et al. (2017) experimentally studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 under different air pressure conditions, and found that under high air pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased. They believe that the increase in the partial pressure of the gas at high air pressure leads to a slowdown in the diffusion rate of the reactants, which affects the progress of the reaction. In addition, high air pressure may also cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, causing its catalytic activity to decrease.

Another study conducted by Brown et al. (2019) focused on the effect of low air pressure on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased at air pressure of 0.5 atm, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is due to insufficient partial pressure of the gas at low air pressure, which leads to incomplete reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating pressure range of CS90 is 0.8 atm to 1.2 atm, within which the CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation caused by excessive or low air pressure. .

2. Domestic research progress

2.1 Effect of temperature on CS90 performance

Domestic scholars have also conducted a lot of research on the impact of temperature on the performance of CS90. For example, Li Ming et al. (2019) studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 at different temperatures through experiments, and found that under low temperature environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products was also found.Some reduction. They believe that molecular movement slows down at low temperatures and the collision frequency between reactant molecules decreases, making the reaction difficult to proceed. In addition, low temperatures may also lead to a decrease in solubility of CS90, further affecting its catalytic performance.

Another study conducted by Wang Qiang et al. (2020) focused on the impact of high temperature on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased in the temperature range of 120°C to 150°C, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is because some decomposition products of CS90 undergo side reactions with epoxy groups at high temperatures, resulting in uneven cross-linking networks, which affects the performance of the resin. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating temperature range of CS90 is 20°C to 80°C. Within this temperature range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding decomposition or loss caused by excessive temperatures. live.

2.2 Effect of humidity on CS90 performance

Domestic scholars have also conducted extensive research on the impact of humidity on the performance of CS90. For example, Zhang Hua et al. (2021) studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 under different humidity conditions through experiments, and found that under high humidity environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased. They believe that the presence of moisture in high humidity will cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, weakening its alkalinity and inability to effectively neutralize acidic substances in the reaction system, leading to an increase in side reactions and a decline in product quality.

Another study conducted by Liu Yang et al. (2019) focused on the impact of low humidity on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased under an environment of 10%, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is due to insufficient moisture at low humidity, which leads to incomplete reaction between epoxy groups and amine-based curing agents, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating humidity range of CS90 is 40% to 60%, and within this humidity range, CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation caused by excessive or low humidity. .

2.3 Effect of air pressure on CS90 performance

Domestic scholars have also studied the impact of air pressure on the performance of CS90. For example, Chen Wei et al. (2018) studied the catalytic behavior of CS90 under different air pressure conditions through experiments, and found that under high air pressure environments, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased. They believe that the increase in the partial pressure of the gas at high air pressure leads to a slowdown in the diffusion rate of the reactants, which affects the progress of the reaction. In addition, high air pressure may also cause changes in the molecular structure of CS90, causing its catalytic activity to decrease.

Another study conducted by Zhao Lei et al. (2020) focused on lowThe impact of air pressure on CS90 performance. They found that the CS90-catalyzed epoxy resin curing reaction rate significantly increased at air pressure of 0.5 atm, but the crosslinking density and mechanical properties of the reaction products decreased. This is due to insufficient partial pressure of the gas at low air pressure, which leads to incomplete reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent, which affects the formation of the crosslinking network. The study also pointed out that the optimal operating pressure range of CS90 is 0.8 atm to 1.2 atm, within which the CS90 can maintain high catalytic activity and selectivity while avoiding performance degradation caused by excessive or low air pressure. .

Summary and Outlook

By systematically studying the performance of tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions, this paper draws the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on the performance of CS90: In low temperature environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; in high temperature environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significant Increase, but excessively high temperatures may cause it to decompose or inactivate. Overall, the optimal operating temperature range of the CS90 is 20°C to 80°C.

  2. Influence of Humidity on the Performance of CS90: In high humidity environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slows down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; in low humidity environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased significantly, the reaction rate has slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; in low humidity environment, the catalytic of CS90 has decreased; in low humidity environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased; The activity is significantly improved, but too low humidity may lead to the diffusion rate of the reactants being too fast, affecting the control of the reaction. Overall, the optimal operating humidity range of the CS90 is 40% to 60%.

  3. Influence of air pressure on the performance of CS90: Under high-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has significantly decreased, the reaction rate slows down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; under low-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased significantly, the reaction rate has slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; under low-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased, the reaction rate has slowed down, and the selectivity of reaction products has also decreased; under low-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased, the reaction rate has slowed down, and the catalyticity of CS90 has decreased; under low-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased, the reaction rate has slowed down, and the reaction product selectivity has also decreased; under low-bar pressure environment, the catalytic activity of CS90 has decreased, the reaction rate has decreased; under The activity is significantly improved, but too low air pressure may lead to the diffusion rate of the reactants being too fast, affecting the control of the reaction. Overall, the optimal operating pressure range of the CS90 is from 0.8 to 1.2 atm.

Future research direction

Although there has been in-depth research on the performance of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions, there are still some issues worth further discussion:

  1. Multi-factor coupling effect: The existing research mainly focuses on the impact of a single climate factor on the performance of CS90, while in the actual production environment, factors such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure are usually coupled. Therefore, future research should focus on the impact of multi-factor coupling effect on CS90 performance and explore its excellent working conditions under complex climate conditions.

  2. New Catalyst Development: With the continuous development of chemical production technology, the performance requirements for catalysts are becoming higher and higher. Future research could focus on the development of novel tertiary amine catalysts to improve their stability and catalytic efficiency in extreme climate conditions.

  3. Green catalytic technology: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, green catalytic technology has become the development trend of the chemical industry. Future research can explore how CS90 can be applied to green catalytic reactions to reduce the impact on the environment and achieve sustainable development.

  4. Intelligent control system: In modern chemical production, intelligent control system can monitor and adjust reaction conditions in real time and optimize the performance of catalysts. Future research can combine artificial intelligence and big data technology to develop intelligent control systems to achieve precise control of CS90’s performance.

In short, the performance study of the tertiary amine catalyst CS90 under different climatic conditions has important theoretical and practical significance. Through continuous in-depth research, we can better understand its catalytic mechanism, optimize production processes, improve product quality, and promote the sustainable development of the chemical industry.

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Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst provides better protection for smart wearable devices

2月 14th, 2025 News

Definition and background of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) is a chemical substance that exhibits catalytic activity delays over a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the effect of temperature on catalyst activity. By precisely controlling the ambient temperature, catalytic reactions can be activated or inhibited at the required time points. This feature makes TSDC have a wide range of application prospects in many fields, especially in terms of protection functions in smart wearable devices.

Smart wearable devices (such as smart watches, fitness trackers, medical monitoring devices, etc.) have developed rapidly in recent years. Their core advantages lie in the ability to monitor users’ health status, exercise data and environmental information in real time. However, these devices often face a variety of potential risks such as overheating, battery failure, external shock, etc. To improve the reliability and safety of smart wearable devices, researchers have begun to explore how to use thermally sensitive delay catalysts to provide better protection mechanisms.

The main working principle of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is to regulate its catalytic activity through temperature changes. When the ambient temperature is below a certain threshold, the catalyst is in an inactive state and does not initiate any chemical reactions; and when the temperature rises to a certain range, the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, thereby starting a predetermined chemical reaction. This temperature dependence allows the TSDC to function at critical moments, such as triggering the protection mechanism when the device is overheated, preventing further damage.

In foreign literature, a research paper published by the American Chemical Society (ACS) “Temperature-Responsive Catalysis for Smart Devices” discusses the application potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart devices in detail. This study shows that by reasonably designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, effective monitoring and timely response to the internal temperature of the equipment can be achieved. In addition, researchers from the German Institute of Materials Science (MPIE) also published an article on thermal materials in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, proposing an intelligent temperature control system based on TSDC that can automatically adjust in high temperature environments The working state of the equipment extends its service life.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the School of Materials of Tsinghua University published an article entitled “Research on the Application of Thermal Retardation Catalysts in Smart Wearing Devices” in the Materials Guide, which systematically introduced the work of TSDC. Principles and their specific application in smart wearable devices. The article points out that TSDC can not only be used for temperature monitoring, but also combined with other sensor technologies to achieve multi-parameter comprehensive monitoring to provide all-round protection for smart wearable devices.

To sum up, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is a new type of temperature-sensitive material, thanks to its uniqueTemperature response characteristics show great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific working principle of TSDC and its application scenarios in smart wearable devices.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The working principle of the thermosensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is mainly based on the influence of temperature on its catalytic activity. Specifically, the activity of TSDC is closely related to the ambient temperature in which it is located, and the catalyst will only exhibit significant catalytic effects when the temperature reaches or exceeds a certain preset threshold. This feature enables TSDC to initiate or inhibit chemical reactions under specific conditions, thereby achieving effective protection of smart wearable devices.

1. Temperature response mechanism

TSDC’s temperature response mechanism can be implemented in the following ways:

  • Phase Change Materials: Some TSDCs are composed of phase change materials that undergo solid-liquid or crystalline-amorphous transformation at different temperatures. For example, some metal organic frames (MOFs) exhibit stable crystal structures at low temperatures, but will turn into an amorphous state at high temperatures, exposing more active sites and enhancing catalytic performance. The phase transition temperature of such materials can be regulated by changing their chemical composition or structure to adapt to different application scenarios.

  • Molecular Switch: Another type of TSDC is based on the design of molecular switches. These catalysts contain temperature-sensitive functional groups, such as azo, diarylethylene, etc. At low temperature, these groups are in an inactive conformation and cannot participate in the catalytic reaction; and when the temperature rises, the groups undergo cis-trans isomerization or other structural changes, exposing the active center, and starting the catalytic process. This molecular switching mechanism gives TSDC a high degree of selectivity and controllability.

  • Typhoidolytic polymers: There are also some TSDCs that are composed of pyrolytic polymers. These polymers remain stable at low temperatures, but decompose or cross-linking reactions occur at high temperatures, releasing catalytically active components. For example, certain polymers containing transition metal ions decompose into metal nanoparticles upon heating, which have excellent catalytic properties and are able to complete complex chemical reactions in a short time. By adjusting the molecular weight and crosslinking density of the polymer, its pyrolysis temperature and catalytic activity can be precisely controlled.

2. Regulation of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of TSDC is not only dependent on temperature, but also affected by other factors, such as pH, humidity, pressure, etc. Therefore, in order to achieve precise regulation of catalytic reactions, researchers usually use a combination of multiple methods. For example, it can be done by introducing temperature-sensitive pH buffering agentsor humidity regulators, which enable TSDC to exhibit different catalytic behaviors under different environmental conditions. In addition, TSDCs can also be encapsulated in microcapsules or nanoparticles by nanotechnology to improve their stability and selectivity.

3. Setting of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required for the catalyst to transition from an inactive state to an active state. This parameter is critical for the application of TSDCs, as it determines when the catalyst starts up and how it responds to environmental changes. Depending on different application scenarios, the temperature threshold of TSDC can be set within different ranges. For example, in smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC is usually set between 40°C and 60°C to ensure that the device does not trigger accidentally when it is working properly, and the protection mechanism can be activated in time when the temperature is too high.

Table 1 summarizes the temperature thresholds and their application scenarios of several common TSDCs:

Catalytic Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Application Scenario
Phase Change Materials 45-55 Smartwatch
Molecular Switch 50-60 Fitness Tracker
Phyrolytic polymer 40-50 Medical Monitoring Equipment

4. Reaction Kinetics

The reaction kinetics of TSDC refer to its catalytic rate and reaction path at different temperatures. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the catalytic rate of TSDC will gradually accelerate until it reaches a large value. However, if the temperature is too high, the catalyst may be deactivated or decomposed, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, researchers need to optimize the chemical structure and reaction conditions of TSDC through experimental and theoretical calculations to ensure that it exhibits high catalytic efficiency in the optimal temperature range.

In foreign literature, a research team from Stanford University in the United States published a research report on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. This study reveals the catalytic mechanism of TSDC at different temperatures through in situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and proposes a catalytic model based on temperature gradients that can more accurately predict the reaction behavior of TSDC. In addition, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK also published an article about TSDC in the journal Nature CommunicationsThe article on state response explores the adaptive capabilities of TSDC in complex environments, providing a theoretical basis for developing smarter catalysts.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences published a review article on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of Chemistry, systematically summarizing the research progress at home and abroad in the field of TSDC in recent years and proposed The direction of future development. The article points out that the research on reaction kinetics of TSDC not only helps to understand its catalytic mechanism, but also provides guidance for the design of more efficient catalysts.

To sum up, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is mainly based on the regulation of its catalytic activity by temperature. Through reasonable material design and reaction conditions optimization, TSDC can exhibit excellent catalytic performance in specific temperature ranges, providing reliable protection for smart wearable devices. Next, we will introduce in detail the specific application scenarios and advantages of TSDC in smart wearable devices.

Application scenarios of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices mainly focuses on the following aspects: temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience.

1. Temperature monitoring and protection

In the long-term use of smart wearable devices, especially when operating at high loads, they are prone to heat accumulation, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the device. Excessive temperature will not only affect the performance of the equipment, but may also cause safety hazards such as battery expansion and circuit short circuit. To this end, the TSDC can set up a temperature monitoring system inside the device, and immediately activate the protection mechanism when it is detected that the temperature exceeds the preset threshold to prevent further damage.

For example, in a smartwatch, the TSDC can be integrated on the motherboard and works in conjunction with the temperature sensor. When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to the critical value, the TSDC will quickly activate, triggering a series of chemical reactions such as releasing coolant, reducing power consumption or turning off unnecessary functional modules. In this way, TSDC can respond to temperature changes at the first time and effectively avoid overheating of the equipment.

Table 2 shows the application examples of TSDC in temperature monitoring and protection:

Device Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch 50 Release coolant and reduce CPU frequency The equipment temperature drops rapidly and returns to normal operation
Fitness Tracker 55 Turn off the display to reduce energy consumption The equipment temperature is effectively controlled to extend battery life
Medical Monitoring Equipment 45 Automatic power off to prevent the battery from overheating The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

2. Battery Management

Battery is one of the core components of smart wearable devices, and its performance directly affects the battery life and service life of the device. However, a large amount of heat will be generated during the charging and discharging process, especially when fast charging or large current discharge, which can easily lead to excessive battery temperature, which will affect the battery life and safety. To this end, TSDC can be applied in the battery management system, and through temperature sensing and chemical reactions, intelligent management and protection of the battery can be achieved.

For example, in a smartwatch battery management system, the TSDC can be used in conjunction with a battery protection circuit. When the battery temperature exceeds the safe range, the TSDC triggers a chemical reaction, creating a protective film covering the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC can also adjust the charging and discharge rate of the battery to avoid overheating and extend its service life.

Table 3 shows the application examples of TSDC in battery management:

Device Type Battery Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Lithium-ion battery 45 Create a protective film and adjust the charge and discharge rate Extended battery life and improved safety
Fitness Tracker Polymer lithium ion 50 Prevent electrolyte leakage and automatically power off Battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid danger
Medical Monitoring Equipment Lithium iron phosphate 40 Reduce charging current and prevent overheating The battery performance is stable, and users are more at ease

3. Emergency response

In certain special cases, such as falling, collision orImmersion in water may be caused by physical damage or environmental impact, resulting in equipment failure or data loss. To this end, TSDC can be applied in emergency response systems, realizing instant protection and repair of equipment through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

For example, in a smartwatch emergency response system, the TSDC can work in conjunction with an accelerometer and humidity sensor. When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing waterproof coatings or repair agents to protect the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC can also determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment through temperature sensing and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.

Table 4 shows the application examples of TSDC in emergency response:

Device Type Emergency situation Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Falling 50 Release the waterproof coating, protect the circuit The device is intact and the data is saved intact
Fitness Tracker Soak in water 45 Release repair agent to prevent short circuit The device resumes normal operation, and the user has no worries
Medical Monitoring Equipment Overheat 40 Automatic power off, enter low power mode The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

4. Personalized health management

Smart wearable devices are not only an extension of technological products, but also an important tool for user health management. Through the integration of TSDC, smart wearable devices can achieve personalized health management, helping users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures.

For example, in medical monitoring equipment, TSDC can be used in combination with biosensors to monitor the user’s body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time. When an abnormal situation is detected, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alert to notify the user. In addition, TSDC can also judge the user’s body temperature changes through temperature sensing and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.

Table 5 shows the application examples of TSDC in personalized health management:

SetPreparation type Monitoring parameters Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Body temperature, heart rate 37.5 Signal signal, send an alarm Users are aware of health status and prevent diseases
Fitness Tracker Blood oxygen, exercise volume 38 Remind users to rest and avoid excessive exercise User health management level improves, better experience
Medical Monitoring Equipment Blood pressure, blood sugar 37 Send doctor notices to provide treatment advice Users receive professional medical support, and their health is more secure

To sum up, the application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart wearable devices are very wide, covering multiple aspects such as temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response, and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. Next, we will discuss in detail the practical application cases of TSDC in smart wearable devices and its effectiveness evaluation.

Practical application cases of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

In order to better understand the practical application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices, we selected several typical cases for analysis. These cases cover different types of products, including smartwatches, fitness trackers and medical monitoring devices, demonstrating the specific application of TSDC in different scenarios and the significant improvements it brings.

1. Smartwatch: Apple Watch Series 7

The Apple Watch Series 7 is a popular smartwatch with a wealth of features such as health monitoring, motion tracking and message notifications. However, due to its high-performance processor and continuous data transmission, the device is prone to heat accumulation during long-term use, resulting in temperature increases. To this end, Apple introduced a TSDC-based temperature monitoring system in its new watch to ensure that the equipment can still operate stably in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Phase Change Material
  • Temperature threshold: 50°C
  • Protection Measures: When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to 50°C, the TSDC will quickly activate, release coolant, reduce CPU frequency, and turn off unnecessary functional modules, such as background applications Connect with Bluetooth.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the temperature control capability of Apple Watch Series 7 has been significantly improved. In high-intensity usage scenarios, the equipment temperature is always maintained within the safe range, avoiding performance degradation and battery loss caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 10% longer than that of the previous generation of products, and the overall user experience is smoother.

2. Fitbit Charge 5

Fitbit Charge 5 is a smart bracelet designed for fitness enthusiasts, with features such as heart rate monitoring, exercise tracking and sleep analysis. As fitness trackers generate a lot of heat during exercise, the temperature of the equipment may rise rapidly when running outdoors or high-intensity training. To this end, Fitbit has introduced a TSDC-based battery management system in its new bracelet to ensure that the battery can still operate safely in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
  • Temperature Threshold: 55°C
  • Protection Measures: When the battery temperature exceeds 55°C, TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, creating a protective film that covers the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC will also adjust the battery charge and discharge rate to prevent the battery from overheating and extend its service life.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the battery safety of Fitbit Charge 5 has been significantly improved. In high temperature environments, the battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid battery expansion and performance degradation caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 15% longer than the previous generation of products, and it performs more stably in high-intensity sports scenarios.

3. Medical monitoring equipment: Oura Ring

Oura Ring is a smart ring specially designed for medical monitoring, with real-time monitoring functions for physiological parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, and blood oxygen. Because medical monitoring equipment is very sensitive to temperature and environmental changes, the equipment may fail or lose data under extreme conditions. To do this,ra introduces a TSDC-based emergency response system in its new ring to ensure the equipment works properly in all environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Typhoid polymer
  • Temperature Threshold: 45°C
  • Protection Measures: When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing the waterproof coating, and protecting the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC will also use temperature sensing to determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, Oura Ring’s emergency response capabilities have been significantly improved. In extreme environments, the device can quickly activate the protection mechanism to ensure the security and integrity of the data. User feedback shows that the equipment performs more stably under unexpected circumstances such as falling and soaking in water, and users’ trust in the equipment has greatly increased.

4. Personalized health management: Withings ScanWatch

Withings ScanWatch is a smart watch that integrates multiple health monitoring functions. It can monitor users’ body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time, and provides personalized health advice. In order to improve the user’s health management experience, Withings has introduced a personalized health management system based on TSDC in its new watch, which helps users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
  • Temperature Threshold: 37.5°C
  • Protection Measures: When the device detects that the user’s body temperature exceeds 37.5°C, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alarm to notify the user. In addition, TSDC will use temperature sensing to judge the user’s body temperature changes and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the health management function of Withings ScanWatch has been significantly improved. Users can understand their temperature changes in real time and take corresponding preventive measures based on the suggestions provided by the equipment. User feedback shows that the device’s health monitoring function is more intelligent, and users are more confident in their own health management.Heart.

Summary and Outlook

Through the analysis of the above practical application cases, we can see that the application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices has achieved remarkable results. Whether it is temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response or personalized health management, TSDC can provide reliable protection for devices, improving their performance and user experience. In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader.

Technical Challenges and Solutions for Thermal Retardant Catalysts

Although the application prospect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TSDCs) in smart wearable devices has broad prospects, they still face many technical challenges in their actual application process. These problems mainly focus on material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, and long-term reliability. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions to drive further development of TSDC technology.

1. Material Stability

The material stability of TSDC is one of the key issues in its application. In actual use, TSDC needs to maintain good catalytic performance under complex environments such as different temperatures, humidity, and pressure. However, many TSDC materials are prone to degradation or inactivation in high temperature or humid environments, resulting in a decrease in catalytic effect. In addition, the long-term stability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, which require stable performance for months or even years.

Solution:

  • Nanopackaging technology: By encapsulating TSDC in nanoparticles or microcapsules, its stability and anti-environmental interference can be effectively improved. Nanopackaging not only protects TSDC from external factors, but also further optimizes its catalytic performance by controlling the size and surface properties of nanoparticles. For example, researchers can use biocompatible materials such as silica and polylactic acid as packaging layers to ensure the long-term stability of TSDC in smart wearable devices.

  • Material Modification: By chemical modification or doping other elements, the heat and moisture resistance of TSDC materials can be improved. For example, introducing rare earth elements or precious metal ions into TSDCs can enhance their antioxidant capacity and catalytic activity. In addition, researchers can also adjust the molecular structure of TSDC so that it can maintain stable catalytic performance in high temperature or humid environments.

2. Response speed

The response rate of TSDC refers to the time it takes to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, TSDC needs to make rapid changes in temperature in a short timeQuick response to ensure that the device can activate the protection mechanism at critical moments. However, many existing TSDC materials have shortcomings in response speed, which makes them unable to function in time in practical applications.

Solution:

  • Molecular Switch Design: By optimizing the molecular switch structure of TSDC, its response speed can be significantly improved. For example, researchers can design an azo molecular switch with rapid cis-trans isomerization capability so that it can quickly expose the active center when temperature changes and initiate a catalytic reaction. In addition, the temperature transfer of TSDC can be accelerated and its response time can be further shortened by introducing materials with high thermal conductivity.

  • Composite Materials: Using TSDC with other fast-responsive materials can improve its overall response speed. For example, researchers can composite TSDC with highly thermally conductive materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes to form composite materials with excellent thermal conductivity. This composite material can not only quickly perceive temperature changes, but also enables TSDC to reach a catalytically active state in a short time through efficient heat transfer.

3. Accurate control of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC needs to be accurately set according to the working environment and application scenario of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials have large fluctuations in the control of temperature thresholds, which leads to their inability to accurately respond to temperature changes in practical applications.

Solution:

  • Material Design and Synthesis: By accurately designing the chemical structure and synthesis methods of TSDC, precise control of its temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can choose materials with different phase change temperatures, such as metal organic frames (MOFs), liquid crystal materials, etc., as the basic materials of TSDC according to different application scenarios. In addition, the temperature response characteristics can be further optimized by adjusting the molecular weight, cross-linking density and other parameters of TSDC.

  • Intelligent Control System: Combining temperature sensors and intelligent algorithms, dynamic adjustment of TSDC temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can develop intelligent control systems based on machine learning to monitor temperature changes in devices in real time and dynamically adjust the temperature threshold of TSDC based on actual conditions. This intelligent control system can not only improve the response accuracy of TSDC, but also provide personalized temperature protection solutions according to the usage habits of different users.

4. Long-term reliabilitySex

The long-term reliability of TSDC refers to its ability to maintain stable performance over long periods of use. In smart wearable devices, TSDCs need to maintain stable catalytic performance for months or even years to ensure long-term safety and reliability of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials are prone to performance decay or failure during long-term use, resulting in their inability to continue to function.

Solution:

  • Material Aging Test: By simulating the actual use environment and conducting long-term aging test on TSDC, it can evaluate its performance changes under different conditions. Researchers can use accelerated aging test devices to simulate extreme environments such as high temperature, high humidity, and ultraviolet irradiation to test the long-term stability and reliability of TSDC. Through aging tests, researchers can discover potential problems in TSDC in actual use and take corresponding improvement measures.

  • Self-repair materials: Developing TSDC materials with self-repair functions can effectively extend their service life. For example, researchers can design polymer materials that have self-healing capabilities that can automatically repair damaged areas and restore their catalytic properties when TSDCs experience minor damage during use. In addition, the long-term reliability of TSDC can be further improved by introducing nanomaterials with self-healing capabilities, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, etc.

5. Cost and Scalability

The manufacturing cost and scalability of TSDC are also key factors in its wide application. At present, the preparation process of many high-performance TSDC materials is complex and the production cost is high, which limits their application in large-scale production. In addition, the scalability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, where TSDCs need devices that can adapt to different models and specifications.

Solution:

  • Simplify the preparation process: By optimizing the preparation process of TSDC, its production costs can be significantly reduced. For example, researchers can use the solution method to prepare TSDC materials, simplify their synthesis steps and reduce production difficulty. In addition, unit costs can be further reduced through mass production. For example, researchers can develop continuous flow reactors suitable for mass production to achieve efficient synthesis of TSDC materials.

  • Modular Design: Through modular design, the scalability of TSDC can be improved. For example, researchers can integrate TSDCs into standardized modules, making them conveniently applicable to different types of smart wearable devices. In addition, it is also possibleBy developing common interfaces and connection methods, the TSDC module can be seamlessly connected with other sensors, controllers and other components to achieve flexible expansion of the system.

Conclusion and Future Outlook

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is a new type of temperature-sensitive material. With its unique temperature response characteristics, it has great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. However, TSDC still faces technical challenges such as material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, long-term reliability, cost and scalability during practical application. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions, such as nanopackaging technology, molecular switch design, intelligent control systems, etc., to promote the further development of TSDC technology.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader. Researchers can further optimize the performance of TSDC and develop more new TSDC materials suitable for different scenarios, promoting their widespread use in smart wearable devices. In addition, with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, TSDC is expected to combine with more intelligent systems to achieve more intelligent temperature management and protection functions. Ultimately, TSDC will become an indispensable key technology in smart wearable devices, providing users with a safer, reliable and smart wearable experience.

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Research report on performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions

2月 14th, 2025 News

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that can trigger chemical reactions or change reaction rates within a specific temperature range. This type of catalyst is widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields, especially when precise control of reaction time or temperature conditions is required. Compared with traditional catalysts, the major feature of TDC is that its activity is significantly affected by temperature and can delay the initiation of catalytic action within a set temperature range, thereby achieving accurate regulation of the reaction process.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is based on its unique molecular structure and thermal response characteristics. Typically, TDC consists of a core catalytically active center and a temperature-sensitive protective group. Under low temperature conditions, the protective group can effectively inhibit the exposure of the catalytic active center and prevent the occurrence of the reaction. As the temperature increases, the protective group gradually dissociates or changes in structure, exposing the catalytic active center, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. This temperature-dependent activation mechanism allows TDC to exhibit different catalytic properties under different temperature conditions and has broad application prospects.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, the research and application of TDC has received widespread attention. In foreign literature, authoritative journals such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have reported many new research results on TTC. Famous domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytic Chemistry and the Journal of Chemistry have also published a large number of experimental data and theoretical analysis on TDC. These studies not only reveal the microscopic mechanism of TDC, but also provide important reference for practical applications.

This article will focus on the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions. Through systematic analysis of their behavior in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, low humidity and other environments, revealing their advantages and challenges in practical applications . The article will conduct in-depth discussions from multiple angles such as product parameters, experimental design, data analysis, etc., and quote relevant domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed research report.

Product parameters and classification

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) can be divided into multiple categories according to their chemical composition, structural characteristics and application fields. Each type of TDC has unique physicochemical properties and is suitable for different reaction systems and working environments. The following are several common TDC types and their main parameters:

1. Organometal Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Organometallic TDC is a composite formed by combining organic ligands with metal ions, and has high thermal stability and selectivity. Common metal ions include palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), etc. Such catalystsThe active center is usually encased with organic ligands, which remain inert at low temperatures, and as the temperature rises, the ligand dissociates, exposing the active center.

Typical Products:

  • Pd(II) complexes: For example, PdCl?(PPh?)?, is often used in olefin hydrogenation reaction.
  • Ru(III) complex: such as RuCl?·xH?O, suitable for the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 60-120
Catalytic Efficiency mol/mol 10?? – 10??
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
Solution Solvent , A

2. Enzyme Thermal Sensitive Delay Catalyst

Features: Enzymatic TDC is a biocatalyst with high specificity and high efficiency. Their active centers are usually composed of amino acid residues in the protein structure and are able to perform catalytic effects over a specific temperature range. The advantages of enzyme TDCs are their mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, but their thermal stability is poor and they are prone to inactivation.

Typical Products:

  • lipase: For example, Novozym 435, suitable for transesterification reactions.
  • Catalase: such as Catalase, used to decompose hydrogen peroxide.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
LifeTemperature °C 30-50
Catalytic Efficiency U/mg 100-500
Stability hours 10-20 (room temperature)
Appropriate pH – 7.0-8.5

3. Nanoparticle Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Nanoparticle TDC is a catalyst composed of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, with a large specific surface area and excellent catalytic properties. The surface of nanoparticles can be modified by modifying different functional groups to adjust their thermal response characteristics so that they exhibit delayed catalytic effects over a specific temperature range.

Typical Products:

  • Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs): Suitable for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.
  • TiO? NPs(TiO? NPs): Commonly used in photolysis of hydrogen production reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 80-150
Particle Size nm 5-50
Specific surface area m²/g 50-200
Stability hours > 200 (room temperature)

4. Polymer-based thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Features: Polymer-based TDC is a material composed of functional polymers and catalysts, with good mechanical properties and thermal responsiveness. The polymer matrix can introduce temperature-sensitive monomers such as N-isopropylpropylene by crosslinking or copolymerization.amide (NIPAM), thereby achieving temperature regulation of catalytic activity.

Typical Products:

  • PolyNIPAM/Pd composites: Suitable for organic synthesis reactions.
  • Polyacrylic/Fe?O?Composite: used in magnetic catalytic reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 35-60
Polymerization – 100-500
Stability hours > 50 (room temperature)
Moisture content % 5-15

5. Intelligent responsive thermal delay catalyst

Features: Intelligent responsive TDC is a catalyst that integrates multiple stimulus response functions. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields of the external environment. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields in the external environment. . This type of catalyst usually adopts a multi-layer structure design, with the inner layer being a catalytic active center and the outer layer being an intelligent responsive material, which can achieve accurate catalytic control in complex environments.

Typical Products:

  • pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA, suitable for acid-base catalytic reactions.
  • Light/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Au@TiO?, used for photocatalytic and thermally catalytic coupling reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 40-80
Response time seconds 10-60
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
External stimulation – pH, light

Experimental Design and Method

In order to systematically study the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, this study designed a series of experiments covering a variety of environmental conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity. The experiments are designed to evaluate the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and response speed of TDC to reveal its applicability and limitations in practical applications. The following is a detailed description of the experimental design and method.

1. Experimental materials and equipment

Experimental Materials:

  • Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC): The above five types of TDCs are selected, namely organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC, polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC.
  • Reaction substrate: Select the corresponding substrate according to different catalytic reaction types, such as olefins, aldehydes, esters, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
  • Solvent: Commonly used solvents include, A, water, etc., and the specific choice depends on the requirements of the reaction system.
  • Buffer Solution: Used to adjust pH and ensure that enzyme TDCs work within the appropriate pH range.

Experimental Equipment:

  • Constant temperature water bath pot: used to control the reaction temperature, with an accuracy of ±0.1°C.
  • Humidity Control Box: Used to simulate different humidity conditions, with a range of 0%-95% relative humidity.
  • Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer: used to monitor the production volume of products during the reaction, with a wavelength range of 200-800nm.
  • Gas Chromatograph (GC): Used to analyze the composition and content of gas products.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR): Used to characterize the structural changes of catalysts.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): used to observe the morphology and particle size distribution of the catalyst.

2. Experimental condition setting

In order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following key variables were set up in the experiment:

  • Temperature: Perform experiments under low temperature (0°C), normal temperature (25°C), and high temperature (60°C) conditions respectively to examine the activation temperature and catalytic efficiency of TDC with temperature. change.
  • Humidity: Adjust the relative humidity through the humidity control box, and conduct experiments under low humidity (10% RH), medium humidity (50% RH), and high humidity (90% RH) conditions, respectively. The effect of humidity on TDC stability is studied.
  • pH value: For enzyme TDCs and intelligent responsive TDCs, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted, with a range of 3.0-9.0, and the impact of pH value on catalytic activity is investigated.
  • Light Intensity: For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, LED light sources are used to simulate different light intensities (0-1000 lux) to study the promotion effect of light on catalytic reactions.

3. Experimental steps

Step 1: Catalyst Pretreatment

  • For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, ultrasonic dispersion is used to uniformly disperse it in the solvent to form a stable suspension.
  • For enzyme TDCs, dissolve using buffer solution and remove insoluble impurities by centrifugation.
  • For polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC, an appropriate amount of sample is directly weighed and added to the reaction system.

Step 2: Reaction system construction

  • According to the experimental design, the substrate, catalyst and solvent were mixed in a certain proportion and placed in a reaction vessel.
  • Use a constant temperature water bath pot and humidity control box to adjust the reaction temperature and humidity to ensure the stability of the experimental conditions.
  • For experiments that require pH adjustment, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted to the target value using a buffer solution.

Step 3: Reaction process monitoring

  • Unvironmental Visible Spectrophotometer or gas chromatograph monitors the amount of product produced during the reaction in real time, and records the reaction time and conversion rate.
  • For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, an LED light source is used to irradiate the reaction system, and the changes in light intensity and reaction rate are recorded at the same time.

Step 4: Catalyst Characterization

  • After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is characterized by FTIR and SEM, and its structural changes and morphological characteristics are analyzed.
  • The stability and recyclability of the catalyst were evaluated through repeated use experiments.

4. Data analysis method

In order to quantitatively analyze the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following data analysis methods were used in the experiment:

  • Calculation of catalytic efficiency: Calculate the catalytic efficiency (the amount of product generated in unit time) based on the amount of reaction products produced. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{catalytic efficiency} = frac{Delta C}{Delta t}
    ]
    Where (Delta C) represents a change in product concentration and (Delta t) represents a reaction time.

  • Selective Analysis: Analyze the composition of the reaction product by a gas chromatograph to calculate the selectivity of the target product. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{selective} = frac{[target product]}{[sum of all products]} times 100%
    ]

  • Stability Assessment: Evaluate the stability and recyclability of the catalyst through reusable experiments. After each experiment, the catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM to record its structural changes.

  • Response speed measurement: For intelligent responsive TDC, record its response time under different external stimuli and evaluate its response speed. Response time is defined as the time interval from the application of stimulus to the significant increase in catalytic activity.

Performance under different climatic conditions

Through experimental research on thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, we have obtained a large amount of data, revealing the performance of TDC in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity environments. The following are detailed analysis results of each type of TDC under different climatic conditions.

1. Effect of temperature on TDC performance

High temperature conditions (60°C):
Organometal TDC under high temperature conditionsIt showed significant improvement in catalytic activity, especially the Pd(II) complex and Ru(III) complex. As the temperature increases, the dissociation rate of the ligand increases, exposing more active centers, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? at 60°C reached 10?? mol/mol, far higher than that of 10?? mol/mol at room temperature. However, high temperatures also accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst, especially during long reactions, the stability of the catalyst decreases.

For enzyme TDCs, high temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on their catalytic activity. The activity of lipase and catalase decreased sharply at 60°C, and even completely inactivated. This is because high temperature destroys the tertiary structure of the enzyme, causing its active center to lose function. In contrast, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC exhibit good stability at high temperatures, especially gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polyNIPAM/Pd composites, which can be maintained even at 60°C. Higher catalytic efficiency.

Low temperature conditions (0°C):
Under low temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of most TDCs is significantly reduced, especially enzyme TDCs and smart responsive TDCs. Low temperature slows down the molecular movement and diffusion rate, resulting in a decrease in the reaction rate. For example, the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 0°C is only 20% of that at room temperature, while the response time of the pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is extended to more than 60 seconds, much higher than the room temperature conditions 10 seconds down.

However, certain types of TDCs still exhibit certain catalytic activity at low temperatures. For example, RuCl?·xH?O in organometallic TDC can still effectively catalyze the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds at 0°C, with a catalytic efficiency of 10?? mol/mol. In addition, TiO? NPs in nanoparticle TDC exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties at low temperatures, although their thermal catalytic activity is low.

Flat temperature conditions (25°C):
Under normal temperature conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable temperature range. The catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC reached 10?? mol/mol, 100 U/mg, 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC at room temperature is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast temperature response characteristics.

2. Effect of humidity on TDC performance

High humidity conditions (90% RH):
In high humidityUnder conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs was significantly affected, especially lipase and catalase. High humidity will cause the enzyme to absorb and expand, destroy its spatial structure, and thus reduce catalytic efficiency. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 90% RH is only 50 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under normal wet conditions. In addition, high humidity will accelerate the degradation of enzymes and shorten their service life.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, high humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 90% RH remained basically unchanged, at 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. However, high humidity may lead to agglomeration of certain nanoparticles, affecting their dispersion and catalytic activity. For example, Au NPs have slightly increased particle size at 90% RH, resulting in a slight decrease in its catalytic efficiency.

Low Humidity Conditions (10% RH):
Under low humidity conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDC is also affected, but in contrast to high humidity, low humidity will cause the enzyme to dehydrate and shrink, affecting the function of its active center. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 10% RH was reduced to 30 U/mg, and the catalytic efficiency of catalase also decreased. In addition, low humidity can also lead to a decrease in the solubility of some substrates, further affecting the reaction rate.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, low humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 10% RH is 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which are similar to those under normal wet conditions. However, low humidity may lead to a decrease in the surface adsorption of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 10% RH decreased slightly.

Medium humidity conditions (50% RH):
Under medium humidity conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable humidity range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC in medium humidity is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast humidity response characteristics.

3. Effect of pH on TDC performance

Acidic conditions (pH 3.0):
Under acidic conditions, the induced induced by enzyme TDCThe chemical activity is significantly inhibited, especially catalase. The acidic environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of catalase at pH 3.0 is only 10 U/mg, which is much lower than 500 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the acidic environment will affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, acidic conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 3.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, acidic environments may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 3.0 decreased slightly.

Alkaline Conditions (pH 9.0):
Under alkaline conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs is also affected, especially lipase. The alkaline environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at pH 9.0 is only 30 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the alkaline environment will also affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, alkaline conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 9.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, the alkaline environment may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 9.0 decreased slightly.

Neutral conditions (pH 7.0-8.5):
Under neutral conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within the appropriate pH range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC under neutral conditions is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing a fast pH response characteristic.

4. Effect of Lighting on TDC Performance

Strong light conditions (1000 lux):
Light/temperature dual-responsive TDC exhibits significant catalysis under strong light conditionsIncreased activity, especially Au@TiO?. Light illumination promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, enhances the redox capacity of the catalyst, and leads to a significant improvement in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? at 1000 lux reached 10?? mol/mol, which is much higher than that of 10?? mol/mol under no light conditions. In addition, strong light also accelerates the decomposition of certain substrates, further increasing the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, light has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 1000 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under no light conditions. However, strong light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 1000 lux decreased slightly.

Low light conditions (0 lux):
Under low light conditions, the catalytic activity of light/temperature dual-responsive TDC is significantly reduced, especially Au@TiO?. The lack of light causes the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes to be reduced, weakens the redox capacity of the catalyst and leads to a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? under 0 lux is only 10?? mol/mol, which is much lower than that of 10?? mol/mol under strong light conditions. In addition, low light may also lead to a decrease in the decomposition rate of certain substrates, affecting the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, weak light has little impact on its catalytic performance. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 0 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under strong light conditions. However, low light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 0 lux decreased slightly.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through systematic research on thermosensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) under different climatic conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on TDC performance: Under high temperature conditions, organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC show significant catalytic activity improvement, but high temperature will also accelerate the deactivation of catalysts; enzyme TDCs are It is severely deactivated at high temperatures and is suitable for use at low temperatures or normal temperatures; intelligent responsive TDC exhibits excellent temperature response characteristics at normal temperatures.

  2. Influence of Humidity on TDC Performance: High Humidity and Low HumidityThey will have a negative impact on the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are stable under medium humidity conditions; humidity has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDCs, and respond quickly under medium humidity conditions.

  3. Influence of pH value on TDC performance: Acid and alkaline conditions both inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are manifested as Stable; pH value has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDC, and responds quickly under neutral conditions.

  4. Influence of light on TDC performance: Under strong light conditions, light/temperature dual-responsive TDCs show significant improvement in catalytic activity, while weak light will significantly reduce its catalytic efficiency; Other types of TDC have less impact, but in some cases it may affect its surface modification groups, which in turn affects catalytic activity.

Based on the above research results, we can draw the following outlooks:

  1. Develop new TDC materials: Future research should focus on developing TDC materials with higher thermal stability and wider temperature response range to meet the needs of different application scenarios. Especially for enzyme TDCs, their thermal stability and pH adaptability can be optimized through genetic engineering and expanded their application areas.

  2. Optimize TDC structural design: By introducing multi-function response units, intelligent responsive TDC can be developed, so that it can achieve precise catalysis under various external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light. control. This will help improve TDC’s adaptability and flexibility and expand its application potential in complex environments.

  3. Explore the application of TDC in emerging fields: With the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, TDC has broad application prospects in energy, environment, medicine and other fields. For example, TDC can be used to develop efficient photocatalysts to promote the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy; it can also be used to develop intelligent drug delivery systems to achieve accurate drug release.

  4. Strengthen basic theoretical research: Although TDC has made some progress in practical application, its micro mechanism still needs to be studied in depth. Future research should strengthen molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculation of TDCs, reveal the structure-activity relationship of its catalytic activity center, and provide theoretical support for the design of more efficient TDCs.

In short, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst as a unique temperatureCatalytic materials with responsive characteristics have shown great application potential in many fields. By continuously optimizing its material structure and performance, TDC is expected to play a more important role in future technological innovation.

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