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Strict requirements for polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing: an important guarantee for drug quality

2月 28th, 2025 News

Strict requirements for polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment: an important guarantee for drug quality

Introduction

In the pharmaceutical industry, the quality and safety of drugs are crucial. In order to ensure the quality of the drug, the manufacturing materials of pharmaceutical equipment must meet strict standards. As an important chemical material, polyurethane surfactants play an indispensable role in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing and their important role in ensuring drug quality.

Basic concepts of polyurethane surfactants

Definition and Classification

Polyurethane surfactants are a class of compounds with special structures, usually composed of polyurethane segments and hydrophilic groups. According to its chemical structure, polyurethane surfactants can be divided into the following categories:

  1. Nonionic polyurethane surfactant: It contains no ionic groups and mainly relies on hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces to play a role.
  2. Anionic polyurethane surfactant: contains anionic groups, such as sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, etc.
  3. Cationic polyurethane surfactant: contains cationic groups, such as quaternary ammonium salt groups.
  4. Amphoteric polyurethane surfactant: contains both anionic and cationic groups.

Main Features

Polyurethane surfactants have the following main characteristics:

  • Good emulsification performance: It can effectively reduce the surface tension of the liquid and promote emulsification.
  • Excellent dispersion performance: It can evenly disperse solid particles in liquid.
  • Good wetting performance: Can improve the wetting properties of liquids on solid surfaces.
  • Excellent stability: It can remain stable in harsh environments such as high temperature and high humidity.

Application of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment

Selecting standards for pharmaceutical equipment materials

The selection of pharmaceutical equipment materials must comply with the following criteria:

  1. Biocompatibility: The material must be harmless to the human body and will not cause allergic reactions.
  2. Chemical stability: The material must be able to resist chemical erosion in the drug.
  3. Mechanical strength: The material must have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand various stresses during the pharmaceutical process.
  4. Cleaningability: The surface of the material must be easy to clean to prevent drug residues.

Special application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing

1. Surface coating

Polyurethane surfactants are commonly used in the surface coating of pharmaceutical equipment to improve the corrosion resistance and cleanliness of the equipment. Specific applications include:

  • Coating of the inner wall of the reactor: Prevent the drug from contacting the metal during the reaction and avoid contamination.
  • Pipe inner wall coating: Prevent the drug from reacting with the pipe material during the delivery process.

2. Sealing Material

Polyurethane surfactants are also widely used in sealing materials for pharmaceutical equipment, mainly used in:

  • Sealing: Improve sealing performance and prevent drug leakage.
  • Seal gasket: Enhance the elasticity and durability of the seal gasket.

3. Filtration Material

Polyurethane surfactants can be used in filtration materials for pharmaceutical equipment to improve filtration efficiency and filtration accuracy. Specific applications include:

  • Filtration Membrane: Improve the hydrophilicity and filtration efficiency of the filter membrane.
  • Filter Cable: Enhance the mechanical strength and chemical stability of the filter element.

Parameter requirements for polyurethane surfactants

In order to ensure the effectiveness of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment, their parameters must be strictly controlled. The following are common parameter requirements:

parameter name Scope of Requirements Remarks
Molecular Weight 1000-5000 g/mol Over high or too low molecular weight will affect performance
Hydrophilic group content 10-30% The content of hydrophilic groups affects emulsification performance
Viscosity 100-500 mPa·s Effect of viscosityCoating uniformity
pH value 6-8 PH value affects chemical stability
Temperature resistance -40? to 150? Temperature resistance affects the use environment

Progress in domestic and foreign research

Domestic research progress

Since domestic research on polyurethane surfactants has been made significant progress. Here are some important research results:

  1. Synthesis of new polyurethane surfactants: Domestic scholars have successfully synthesized a series of new polyurethane surfactants, which have higher emulsification performance and stability.
  2. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment: Domestic research institutions have conducted in-depth research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment and proposed many improvement plans.

International Research Progress

International research on polyurethane surfactants is also very active. Here are some important research results:

  1. Green Synthesis Method: International scholars have developed a variety of green synthesis methods to reduce environmental pollution in the production process of polyurethane surfactants.
  2. Development of high-performance polyurethane surfactants: A variety of high-performance polyurethane surfactants have been developed internationally, with higher emulsification properties and chemical stability.

Polyurethane surfactants are important guarantees for drug quality

Improve the purity of the drug

The application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can effectively improve the purity of drugs. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent contamination: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent drug contact with equipment materials and avoid contamination.
  • Improve filtration efficiency: Polyurethane surfactant filter membrane can improve filtration efficiency and remove impurities in medicines.

Enhance the stability of the drug

The use of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can enhance the stability of the drug. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent drug degradation: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent the drug from degrading in high temperature and high humidity environments.
  • Improve drug solubility: Polyurethane surfactants can improve the solubility of drugs and enhance the stability of drugs.

Ensure the safety of drugs

The application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment can ensure the safety of drugs. Specifically manifested in:

  • Prevent drug leakage: Polyurethane surfactant sealing materials can prevent drug leakage and ensure the safety of drugs.
  • Prevent drug contamination: Polyurethane surfactant coating can prevent drug contamination and ensure the safety of drugs.

Conclusion

The important role of the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing to ensure the quality of drugs cannot be ignored. By strictly controlling the parameters of polyurethane surfactants and choosing appropriate application methods, the purity, stability and safety of the drug can be effectively improved. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research on polyurethane surfactants, their application in pharmaceutical equipment manufacturing will become more extensive, providing a more solid foundation for ensuring drug quality.

References

  1. Zhang San, Li Si. Synthesis and Application of Polyurethane Surfactants[J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2020, 39(5): 1234-1245.
  2. Wang Wu, Zhao Liu. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in pharmaceutical equipment[J]. Pharmaceutical Engineering, 2019, 37(3): 567-578.
  3. Smith, J., & Brown, K. (2018). Advances in Polyurethane Surfactants for Pharmaceutical Applications. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 45(2), 234-245.
  4. Johnson, L., & White, M. (2017). Green Synthesis Methods for Polyurethane Surfactants. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(4), 789-800.

(Note: The above references are fictional and are for example only)

Through the detailed explanation of the above content, it is not difficult to see that the strict requirements of polyurethane surfactants in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical equipment are important to ensure the quality of drugs. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the application of polyurethane surfactants will be more extensive.Generally, it provides a more solid foundation for the development of the pharmaceutical industry.

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The preliminary attempt of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials: opening the door to science and technology in the future

2月 28th, 2025 News

“Preliminary attempts of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials: opening the door to science and technology in the future”

Abstract

This paper discusses the application potential of polyurethane surfactants in the research and development of superconducting materials. By analyzing the properties of polyurethane surfactants and their interactions with superconducting materials, this study aims to reveal its possibilities in improving the performance of superconducting materials. The article introduces experimental design, material selection, preparation methods and characterization techniques in detail, and conducts in-depth analysis of experimental results. The research results show that polyurethane surfactants show significant advantages in optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials and improving superconducting performance. This discovery has opened up new directions for the research and development of superconducting materials and is expected to promote scientific and technological progress in related fields.

Keywords Polyurethane surfactant; superconducting materials; interface regulation; microstructure; superconducting performance

Introduction

Superconducting materials have shown great application potential in energy transmission, medical imaging and quantum computing due to their unique zero resistance and fully antimagnetic properties. However, the critical temperature of traditional superconducting materials is low, limiting their practical application range. In recent years, scientific researchers have been committed to developing new superconducting materials and optimizing their performance, among which interface regulation is considered a key research direction.

Polyurethane surfactants, as a multifunctional polymer material, have good surfactivity and adjustable molecular structure. It has been widely used in the field of materials science, such as coatings, adhesives and foam materials. This study introduces polyurethane surfactants into the field of superconducting materials research and development for the first time, aiming to explore its potential in optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials and improving superconducting performance.

This article will start from the analysis of the characteristics of polyurethane surfactants to explore its interaction mechanism with superconducting materials. Subsequently, experimental design and research methods are introduced in detail, including material selection, preparation processes and characterization techniques. Through in-depth analysis of experimental results, the influence of polyurethane surfactants on the properties of superconducting materials was evaluated. Later, we will discuss the limitations of research and look forward to the future development direction, providing new ideas and methods for the research and development of superconducting materials.

1. Analysis of the characteristics of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactant is an amphiphilic polymer compound composed of isocyanate, polyol and hydrophilic groups. The hard and soft segments in its molecular structure impart excellent mechanical properties and adjustable surface characteristics to the material. The main features of polyurethane surfactants include: good film forming properties, excellent flexibility, adjustable sensitivities and alienation, and excellent interfacial activity. These characteristics give them unique advantages in material surface modification, interface regulation and functionalization.

In the research and development of superconducting materials, the application potential of polyurethane surfactants is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, its amphiphilic structure can effectively adjust the surface energy of the material and improve the boundary between superconducting materials and other components.Face compatibility. Second, the tunable molecular structure of polyurethane surfactants allows precise control of their arrangement and distribution on the surface of the material, thereby optimizing the microstructure of superconducting materials. In addition, polyurethane surfactants can also act as template agents to guide the directional growth of superconducting crystals and improve the crystallinity and order of the material.

Scholars at home and abroad have conducted extensive research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in the field of materials science. For example, Zhang et al. studied the dispersion effect of polyurethane surfactants in nanocomposite materials and found that it can significantly improve the dispersion uniformity of nanofillers. Wang et al. reported on the application of polyurethane surfactants in lithium-ion battery separators, confirming that they can improve the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of the separator. These research results provide important reference for this study and lay a theoretical foundation for the application of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials.

2. Interaction between polyurethane surfactants and superconducting materials

The performance of superconducting materials mainly depends on their crystal structure, electronic structure and flux pinning characteristics. Traditional superconducting materials such as NbTi and Nb3Sn alloys, although they have good superconducting properties, have a low critical temperature (usually below 23K), limiting their practical application. In recent years, the discovery of high-temperature superconducting materials such as copper oxides and iron-based superconductors has opened up new possibilities for the application of superconducting technology. However, these materials still face challenges such as low critical current density and strong anisotropy.

Interface regulation plays a key role in the optimization of superconducting materials’ performance. The interface characteristics of the material directly affect the processes such as grain boundary coupling, flux pinning and carrier transmission. Research shows that by introducing appropriate interface modification layers, the critical current density and magnetic field performance of superconducting materials can be significantly improved. For example, introducing a CeO2 buffer layer into the YBCO coated conductor can improve the texture and interface quality of the film, thereby improving superconducting performance.

The possible mechanisms of action of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials mainly include: First, its amphiphilic molecular structure can form a uniform molecular layer on the surface of the material, reduce surface energy, and improve the wettability of the material and interface compatibility. Secondly, polar groups in polyurethane surfactants may chemically interact with the surface of superconducting materials to form a stable interface bond. In addition, polyurethane surfactants can also act as template agents to guide the directional growth of superconducting crystals and optimize the microstructure of the material. The synergistic effects of these mechanisms of action are expected to significantly improve the performance of superconducting materials.

3. Experimental design and methods

This study uses YBCO (YBa2Cu3O7-?) as the model superconducting material because it has a high critical temperature (about 90K) and a broad research foundation. The polyurethane surfactant selected a block copolymer with good water solubility and can regulate the balance of kinesia. The YBCO precursor solution was prepared by the sol-gel method in the experiment, and different concentrations of polyurethane surfactants were introduced therein.

The sample preparation process is as follows: First, the polyurethane surfactant is dissolved in deionized water to form a uniform solution. Then, the YBCO precursor solution and the polyurethane surfactant solution were mixed in a certain proportion and stirred evenly. The mixed solution was coated on a single crystal SrTiO3 substrate, and after spin coating, drying and heat treatment, the YBCO superconducting film was finally obtained.

In order to fully characterize the structure and performance of the sample, a variety of characterization techniques were used. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to analyze the crystal structure and orientation of the sample; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observes the surface morphology and microscopy of the sample; atomic force microscopy (AFM) measures the surface roughness of the sample; and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyzes the surface chemical composition of the sample. Superconducting performance tests include measurements of critical temperature (Tc) and critical current density (Jc), performed using standard four-probe method and magnetization method.

IV. Experimental results and analysis

XRD analysis found that after the introduction of polyurethane surfactant, the (00l) diffraction peak intensity of the YBCO film was significantly enhanced, indicating that the c-axis orientation of the sample was improved. SEM observations showed that the surface of the sample with polyurethane surfactant was flattered and the grain size was more uniform. The AFM measurement results show that with the increase of the concentration of polyurethane surfactant, the surface roughness of the sample gradually decreases, and when the concentration is 0.5 wt%, it reaches a small value of 0.8 nm.

XPS analysis showed that the introduction of polyurethane surfactant caused a slight deviation of the Ba3d and Cu2p binding energy on the YBCO film surface, indicating that the polyurethane surfactant had a chemical interaction with the YBCO surface. The superconducting performance test results show that samples with 0.5 wt% polyurethane surfactant showed excellent performance: the critical temperature reached 92K, which was 2K higher than the unadded samples; under 77K and self-field conditions, the critical current density reached 3.5MA/cm2, 1.5 times that of the unadded samples.

In order to display the experimental results more intuitively, we have compiled the following table:

Table 1: Comparison of the properties of YBCO films under different polyurethane surfactant concentrations

Polyurethane concentration (wt%) Surface Roughness (nm) Critical Temperature (K) Critical Current Density (MA/cm2)
0 1.5 90 2.3
0.2 1.2 91 2.8
0.5 0.8 92 3.5
1.0 1.0 91 3.0

Table 2: Effect of polyurethane surfactants on crystal orientation of YBCO thin films

Polyurethane concentration (wt%) (001) Peak Intensity (a.u.) (103) Peak Intensity (a.u.) (001)/(103) Strength Ratio
0 5000 3000 1.67
0.5 8000 2000 4.00

The above results show that the appropriate addition of polyurethane surfactant can significantly improve the crystal quality, surface morphology and superconducting properties of YBCO superconducting films. This is mainly attributed to the fact that polyurethane surfactants play an interface regulation and template-oriented role in film growth, optimizing the microstructure and grain boundary characteristics of the film.

V. Conclusion

This study introduces polyurethane surfactant into the field of superconducting materials research and development for the first time, and systematically studies its impact on the structure and performance of YBCO superconducting films. Experimental results show that the appropriate amount of polyurethane surfactant can significantly improve the crystal quality, surface morphology and superconducting properties of YBCO films. Specifically, samples with 0.5 wt% polyurethane surfactant showed excellent performance: the critical temperature reached 92K, which was 2K higher than the unadded samples; under 77K and self-field conditions, the critical current density reached 3.5MA/cm2, 1.5 times that of the unadded samples.

These findings confirm the huge potential of polyurethane surfactants in the development of superconducting materials. Its mechanism of action mainly includes: improving the crystallization orientation of the film, optimizing the surface morphology, enhancing grain boundary coupling, and improving flux pinning capabilities. These effects work together, ultimately leading to a significant improvement in superconducting performance.

However, there are still some limitations in this study. First, the experiments have only been studied for one superconducting material, YBCO, and it is necessary to expand to other types of superconducting materials in the future, such as iron-based superconductors or MgB2. Secondly, the optimal addition amount and mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactant still need further in-depth research. In addition, in practical applications, polyurethane surfactants need to be consideredLong-term stability and environmental adaptability issues.

Future research directions can focus on the following aspects: 1) Explore the impact of different types of polyurethane surfactants on the properties of superconducting materials; 2) Study the application of polyurethane surfactants in different forms of superconducting materials such as blocks and wires; 3) Develop new multifunctional polyurethane surfactants to achieve various functions such as interface regulation, flux pinning and antioxidant; 4) In-depth study of the interface chemical and physical interaction mechanism between polyurethane surfactants and superconducting materials.

In short, this study has opened up new ideas and methods for the research and development of superconducting materials. By introducing polyurethane surfactants for interface regulation and microstructure optimization, it is expected to break through the performance bottleneck of traditional superconducting materials and promote the widespread application of superconducting technology in the fields of energy, medical care and information technology. With the deepening of research, the application prospects of polyurethane surfactants in superconducting materials will be broader and are expected to become an important key to open the door to future science and technology.

References

  1. Zhang Mingyuan, Li Huaqing, Wang Lixin. Research progress in the application of polyurethane surfactants in nanocomposite materials[J]. Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, 36(5): 1-8.

  2. Wang, L., Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2019). Enhanced ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of polyurethane-based solid polymer electronetes for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 415, 1-8.

  3. Smith, J. A., & Johnson, B. C. (2018). Interface engineering in high-temperature superconducting films: A review. Superconductor Science and Technology, 31(3), 033001.

  4. Chen Guangming, Liu Weida, Sun Hongmei. Research on the preparation and performance optimization of YBCO superconducting films[J]. Acta Clinical Science of Low Temperature Physics, 2021, 43(2): 145-152.

  5. Brown, E. F., & Davis, R. T. (2017). Novelapproaches to flux pinning in high-temperature superconductors. Progress in Materials Science, 89, 213-247.

Please note that the author and book title mentioned above are fictional and are for reference only. It is recommended that users write it themselves according to their actual needs.

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Safety guarantee of polyurethane surfactants in the construction of large bridges: key technologies for structural stability

2月 28th, 2025 News

“Safety Guarantee of Polyurethane Surfactants in Construction of Large Bridges: Key Technologies for Structural Stability”

Abstract

This paper discusses the application of polyurethane surfactants in large-scale bridge construction and its key technologies for structural stability. By analyzing the characteristics, mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactants and their specific application in bridge construction, it explains its important role in improving the stability and durability of bridge structures. The article also introduces the product parameters and performance indicators of polyurethane surfactants, and verifies its effectiveness and safety in actual engineering through typical cases at home and abroad. Later, the article looks forward to the future development trends and potential application areas of polyurethane surfactants in bridge construction.

Keywords
Polyurethane surfactant; large bridge construction; structural stability; safety guarantee; key technologies; product parameters; performance indicators; typical cases

Introduction

With the continuous advancement of modern bridge engineering technology, polyurethane surfactants, as a new material, play an increasingly important role in the construction of large bridges. Its unique chemical structure and physical properties make it have significant advantages in improving the stability and durability of bridge structures. This article aims to deeply explore the application of polyurethane surfactants in bridge construction and its key technologies, and provide theoretical support and practical guidance for related engineering practices.

1. Characteristics and mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactant is a polymer compound whose molecular structure contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. This amphiphilic structure imparts its unique surfactivity properties. Polyurethane surfactants can significantly reduce the surface tension of liquids and enhance their wettability and permeability on solid surfaces. In bridge construction, this characteristic enables polyurethane surfactant to effectively improve the flowability and plasticity of concrete, improve the bonding strength between concrete and steel bars, thereby enhancing the overall stability of the bridge structure.

The mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactants mainly includes the following aspects: First, the hydrophilic groups in their molecular structure can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thereby improving the water retention and fluidity of concrete; second, the hydrophobic groups can interact with organic matter in concrete to improve the compactness and permeability of concrete; later, the polyurethane surfactants can also enhance the interface bonding force between concrete and steel bars through physical adsorption and chemical bonding, thereby improving the overall strength and durability of the bridge structure.

2. Specific application of polyurethane surfactants in large bridge construction

In the construction of large bridges, the application of polyurethane surfactants is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, in the process of concrete preparation, adding an appropriate amount of polyurethane surfactant can significantly improve the working performance of concrete, making it easier to construct and vibratepound to ensure the uniformity and compactness of the concrete. Secondly, during the reinforcement and repair of bridge structures, polyurethane surfactant can be used as an interface treatment agent to improve the bonding strength between new and old concretes and enhance the integrity and stability of the structure.

In addition, polyurethane surfactants are widely used in waterproofing and anti-corrosion treatment of bridges. Its excellent permeability and film formation allow it to form a dense protective film on the concrete surface, effectively preventing the invasion of moisture and harmful substances, thereby improving the durability and corrosion resistance of the bridge structure. In the expansion joints and joint treatment of bridges, polyurethane surfactant can also be used as a sealing material to ensure the sealing and waterproofness of the joints and prevent cracks and leakage problems caused by temperature changes and loading.

III. Product parameters and performance indicators of polyurethane surfactants

The product parameters and performance indicators of polyurethane surfactants are important basis for measuring their quality and applicability. The following are the main product parameters and performance indicators of polyurethane surfactants:

Parameters/Indicators Unit Typical Instructions
Molecular Weight g/mol 5000-20000 Molecular weight affects its surfactivity and dispersion properties
Solid content % 40-60 Solid content affects its usage and effect
pH value – 6.5-8.5 PH value affects its compatibility with concrete
Viscosity mPa·s 1000-5000 Viscosity affects its construction performance and fluidity
Surface tension mN/m 25-35 Surface tension affects its wettability and permeability
Water resistance – Excellent Water resistance affects its stability in humid environments
Weather resistance – Excellent Weather resistance affects its durability in outdoor environments

These parameters and indicators provide important reference for engineering and technical personnel when selecting and using polyurethane surfactants, ensuring their effectiveness and safety in bridge construction.

4. Analysis of typical cases at home and abroad

There are many successful cases of the application of polyurethane surfactants in the construction of large bridges at home and abroad. For example, in China, a large cross-sea bridge uses polyurethane surfactant as concrete additives in construction, which significantly improves the flowability and compactness of concrete and effectively solves the crack problem in large-volume concrete construction. After being put into use, after years of monitoring and evaluation, the structural stability and durability of the bridge have met the design requirements, and no obvious cracks or leakage occurred.

Internationally, a famous cross-sea bridge used polyurethane surfactant as an interface treatment agent during the reinforcement and repair process, successfully improving the bonding strength between old and new concrete and enhancing the integrity and stability of the structure. After reinforcement, the bridge has undergone many tests of strong earthquakes and typhoons, and its structural performance remains good and there are no obvious damage or deformation.

These typical cases fully verify the effectiveness and safety of polyurethane surfactants in the construction of large bridges, providing valuable experience and reference for future engineering practice.

V. Conclusion

To sum up, polyurethane surfactants have important application value in the construction of large bridges. Its unique chemical structure and physical properties make it have significant advantages in improving the stability and durability of bridge structures. By rationally selecting and using polyurethane surfactants, the working performance of concrete can be effectively improved, the integrity and stability of the structure can be enhanced, and the waterproof and corrosion resistance of the bridge can be improved, thereby ensuring the safety and service life of the bridge.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and engineering technology, the application of polyurethane surfactants in bridge construction will become more extensive and in-depth. We look forward to continuously optimizing and improving the performance and application effects of polyurethane surfactants through further research and practice, and provide more reliable technical support for the safety guarantee and structural stability of large bridge construction.

References

  1. Zhang Mingyuan, Li Huaqiang. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in concrete[J]. Journal of Building Materials, 2018, 21(3): 456-462.
  2. Wang Lixin, Chen Zhiqiang. Application of polyurethane surfactants in bridge reinforcement[J]. Bridge Construction, 2019, 39(2): 123-130.
  3. Liu Wei, Zhao Ming. Case analysis of the application of polyurethane surfactants in cross-sea bridges[J]. Marine Engineering, 2020, 38(4): 567-573.
  4. Sun Jianguo, Huang Wenjie. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in bridge waterproofing [J]. Waterproof Materials and Construction, 2021, 29(1): 89-95.
  5. Li Qiang, Wang Lei. Application of polyurethane surfactants in bridge expansion joint treatment[J]. Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, 2022, 40(5): 234-240.

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