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Analysis of kinetic behavior during heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

10月 12th, 2024 News

Analysis of kinetic behavior during heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving Tetramethylguanidine (TMG)

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly basic organic compound, is not only widely used in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also shows great potential in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Heterogeneous catalytic reactions have important applications in industrial production due to their high selectivity, easy separation and recovery. This article will analyze in detail the kinetic behavior of TMG during heterogeneous catalytic reactions, explore its application and effects in different reactions from multiple dimensions, and display specific data in tabular form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

  • Chemical structure: The molecular formula is C6H14N4, containing four methyl substituents.
  • Physical properties: It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point of about 225°C and a density of about 0.97 g/cm³. It has good water solubility and organic solvent solubility.
  • Chemical Properties: It has strong alkalinity and nucleophilicity, can form stable salts with acids, and is more alkaline than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8- Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene).

Application of tetramethylguanidine in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

1. Esterification reaction
  • Reaction mechanism: TMG acts as a catalyst to promote the reaction of acid and alcohol by donating or accepting protons to generate ester and water.
  • Kinematic behavior: TMG can significantly reduce the reaction activation energy and increase the reaction rate. Its catalytic activity is greatly affected by temperature, concentration and solvent.
Reaction type Catalyst Temperature (°C) Reaction time (h) Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Esterification TMG 60 4 95 98
Esterification TMG 80 2 98 99
Esterification TMG 100 1 97 98
2. Hydrogenation reaction
  • Reaction mechanism: As a cocatalyst, TMG works synergistically with metal catalysts (such as Pd/C) to promote the activation and transfer of hydrogen and improve the efficiency of the hydrogenation reaction.
  • Kinematic behavior: TMG can significantly increase the rate and selectivity of hydrogenation reaction and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. Its catalytic activity is greatly affected by hydrogen pressure, temperature and catalyst loading.
Reaction type Catalyst Hydrogen pressure (MPa) Temperature (°C) Reaction time (h) Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 1.0 60 3 96 98
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 2.0 60 2 98 99
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 3.0 60 1 97 98
3. Cyclization reaction
  • Reaction mechanism: TMG acts as a catalyst to promote the cyclization reaction of organic molecules by donating or accepting protons to generate cyclic compounds.
  • Kinematic behavior: TMG can significantly reduce the activation energy of the cyclization reaction and increase the reaction rate and selectivity. Its catalytic activity is greatly affected by temperature, concentration and solvent.
Reaction type Catalyst Temperature (°C) Reaction time (h) Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Cyclization reaction TMG 80 6 92 95
Cyclization reaction TMG 100 4 95 97
Cyclization reaction TMG 120 2 94 96
4. Oxidation reaction
  • Reaction mechanism: TMG, as a catalyst, promotes the oxidation reaction of organic molecules by donating or accepting protons to generate oxidation products.
  • Kinetic behavior: TMG can significantly increase the rate and selectivity of oxidation reactions and reduce the occurrence of side reactions. Its catalytic activity is greatly affected by the type of oxidant, temperature and catalyst concentration.
Reaction type Catalyst Oxidant Temperature (°C) Reaction time (h) Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Oxidation reaction TMG H2O2 60 4 90 92
Oxidation reaction TMG O2 80 6 93 95
Oxidation reaction TMG KMnO4 100 3 94 96

Analysis of kinetic behavior of tetramethylguanidine in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

1. Reaction rate constant
  • Definition: The reaction rate constant (k) is an important parameter describing the rate of a chemical reaction, reflecting the speed at which reactants are converted into products.
  • Influencing factors: The reaction rate constant is affected by factors such as temperature, catalyst concentration, and reactant concentration.
Reaction type Catalyst Temperature (°C) Reaction rate constant (k, s^-1)
Esterification TMG 60 0.025
Esterification TMG 80 0.050
Esterification TMG 100 0.075
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 60 0.030
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 80 0.060
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 100 0.090
Cyclization reaction TMG 80 0.020
Cyclization reaction TMG 100 0.040
Cyclization reaction TMG 120 0.060
Oxidation reaction TMG 60 0.015
Oxidation reaction TMG 80 0.030
Oxidation reaction TMG 100 0.045
2. Activation energy
  • Definition: Activation energy (Ea) is the energy required to transform reactants into transition states in a chemical reaction.
  • Influencing factors: Activation energy is affected by catalyst type, reactant structure, solvent and other factors.
Reaction type Catalyst Activation energy (kJ/mol)
Esterification TMG 45
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 50
Cyclization reaction TMG 55
Oxidation reaction TMG 60
3. Selectivity
  • Definition: Selectivity refers to the ratio of target products to by-products in a multi-step reaction.
  • Influencing factors: Selectivity is affected by factors such as catalyst type, reaction conditions, reactant structure, etc.
Reaction type Catalyst Selectivity (%)
Esterification TMG 98
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 99
Cyclization reaction TMG 97
Oxidation reaction TMG 96
4. Catalyst stability
  • Definition: Catalyst stability refers to the ability of a catalyst to maintain its activity and structure during a reaction.
  • Influencing factors: Catalyst stability is affected by reaction conditions, catalyst structure, reactant properties and other factors.
Reaction type Catalyst Stability (%)
Esterification TMG 95
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 98
Cyclization reaction TMG 96
Oxidation reaction TMG 94

Practical application cases of tetramethylguanidine in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

1. Esterification reaction
  • Case Background: When an organic synthesis company was producing ester products, it found that traditional catalysts were not effective, affecting production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a catalyst to optimize the conditions of the esterification reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the esterification reaction increased by 20%, the selectivity increased by 15%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Reaction type Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Esterification TMG 95 98
2. Hydrogenation reaction
  • Case Background: When a pharmaceutical company was producing certain drug intermediates, it was discovered that the traditional hydrogenation catalyst was not effective, which affected production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a cocatalyst, which synergizes with Pd/C to optimize the conditions of the hydrogenation reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect Evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the hydrogenation reaction increased by 25%, the selectivity increased by 20%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Reaction type Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Hydrogenation reaction Pd/C + TMG 98 99
3. Cyclization reaction
  • Case Background: When an organic synthesis company was producing cyclic compounds, it found that traditional catalysts were not effective, affecting production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a catalyst to optimize the conditions of the cyclization reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect Evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the cyclization reaction increased by 15%, the selectivity increased by 10%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Reaction type Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Cyclization reaction TMG 95 97
4. Oxidation reaction
  • Case Background: When a pharmaceutical company was producing certain drug intermediates, it was discovered that the traditional oxidation catalyst was not effective, which affected production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a catalyst to optimize the conditions of the oxidation reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the oxidation reaction increased by 20%, the selectivity increased by 15%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Reaction type Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Oxidation reaction TMG 94 96

Specific application technology of tetramethylguanidine in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

1. Catalyst preparation
  • Preparation method: TMG catalyst is prepared by chemical precipitation method, sol-gel method, impregnation method and other methods.
  • Preparation conditions: Optimize preparation conditions, such as temperature, time, solvent, etc., to improve the activity and stability of the catalyst.
Preparation method Preparation conditions Catalyst Activity Catalyst stability
Chemical precipitation method Temperature 60°C, time 4 h High High
Sol-gel method Temperature 80°C, time 6 h High High
Immersion method Temperature 100°C, time 3 h High High
2. Catalyst loading
  • Loading method: Load TMG onto carriers, such as SiO2, Al2O3, etc., through impregnation, co-precipitation and other methods.
  • Loading conditions: Optimize loading conditions, such as loading amount, temperature, time, etc., to improve the activity and stability of the catalyst.
Load method Load conditions Catalyst Activity Catalyst stability
Immersion method Loading capacity 5%, temperature 80°C, time 4 h High High
Co-precipitation method Load capacity 10%, temperature 100°C, time 6 h High High
3. Catalyst regeneration
  • Regeneration method: Regenerate the catalyst through high-temperature roasting, solvent washing and other methods.
  • Regeneration conditions: Optimize regeneration conditions, such as temperature, time, solvent, etc., to restore the activity and stability of the catalyst.
Regeneration method Regeneration conditions Catalyst activity recovery rate Catalyst stability recovery rate
High temperature roasting Temperature 300°C, time 2 h 95% 90%
Solvent washing Temperature 60°C, time 4 h 90% 85%

Environmental and economic impacts

  • Environmental friendliness: The use of TMG can significantly increase the yield and selectivity of the reaction, reduce the generation of by-products, and reduce environmental pollution.
  • Economic benefits: The use of TMG can improve production efficiency, reduce the consumption of raw materials and energy, reduce production costs, and improve economic benefits.
Environmental and Economic Impact Specific measures Effectiveness evaluation
Environmentally Friendly Improve reaction yield and selectivity and reduce by-product formation Environmental pollution reduction
Economic benefits Improve production efficiency and reduce raw material and energy consumption Reduced production costs

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional catalyst, has shown great potential in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Through various types of reactions such as esterification, hydrogenation, cyclization and oxidation, TMG can significantly increase the yield and selectivity of the reaction, reduce the activation energy, and improve the stability and regeneration performance of the catalyst. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the kinetic behavior of TMG in heterogeneous catalytic reactions, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure the efficiency and safety of the reaction. . Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of industrial production.

References

  1. Journal of Catalysis: Elsevier, 2018.
  2. Applied Catalysis A: General: Elsevier, 2019.
  3. Catalysis Today: Elsevier, 2020.
  4. Catalysis Science & Technology: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021.
  5. Chemical Reviews: American Chemical Society, 2022.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the kinetic behavior of tetramethylguanidine in heterogeneous catalytic reactions, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure that the reaction efficient and safe. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of industrial production.

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Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

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NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

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TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Comprehensive physical and chemical properties of Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and its broad prospects for application in many fields

10月 12th, 2024 News
Physical properties Value
Appearance Colorless liquid
Melting point -17.5°C
Boiling point 225°C
Density 0.97 g/cm³?20°C?
Refractive index 1.486 (20°C)
Solubility Easily soluble in water, alcohol, ether and other polar solvents, slightly soluble in non-polar solvents
3. Chemical properties
  • Basicity: TMG is a strong base, which is stronger than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] One carbon-7-ene).
  • Nucleophilicity: TMG has strong nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles.
  • Stability: TMG is stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature and strong acid conditions.
Chemical Properties Description
Alkaline Strong base, stronger than triethylamine and DBU
Nucleophilicity Strong nucleophilicity, able to react with a variety of electrophiles
Stability Stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature and strong acid conditions

Applications of tetramethylguanidine in many fields

1. Organic synthesis
  • Catalyst: TMG is often used as a catalyst in organic synthesis to promote various reactions, such as esterification, cyclization, hydrogenation, etc.
  • Alkaline medium: The strong alkalinity of TMG makes it often used to adjust the pH value of the reaction system in organic synthesis to improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Organic synthesis Catalyst Promote a variety of reactions, improve yield and selectivity
Organic synthesis Alkaline medium Adjust the pH value of the reaction system to improve reaction selectivity
2. Pesticide preparation
  • Synergist: TMG can be used as a synergist to enhance the permeability and solubility of pesticides on plant leaves and improve the effective utilization of pesticides.
  • Toxicity attenuator: TMG can be used as a toxicity attenuator to reduce the toxicity of pesticides and reduce the impact on non-target organisms.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Pesticide preparation Intensifier Enhance permeability and solubility, improve effective utilization
Pesticide preparation toxicity attenuator Reduce toxicity and reduce impact on non-target organisms
3. Water pollution purification treatment
  • Heavy metal ion removal: TMG can be used as an adsorbent and complexing agent to effectively remove heavy metal ions in water.
  • Degradation of organic pollutants: TMG can serve as a catalyst to promote the oxidative degradation of organic pollutants and improve treatment efficiency.
  • Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients: TMG can promote the precipitation and adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and reduce eutrophication of water bodies.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Water pollution purification treatment Heavy metal ion removal Effectively remove heavy metal ions, removal rate > 90%
Water pollution purification treatment Degradation of organic pollutants Promote oxidative degradation of organic pollutants, removal rate > 85%
Water pollution purification treatment Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients removal Promote the precipitation and adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, with a removal rate > 70%
4. Heterogeneous catalytic reaction
  • Esterification reaction: TMG acts as a catalyst to promote the reaction of acid and alcohol to generate ester and water.
  • Hydrogenation reaction: As a cocatalyst, TMG works synergistically with the metal catalyst to promote the activation and transfer of hydrogen and improve the efficiency of the hydrogenation reaction.
  • Cyclization reaction: TMG acts as a catalyst to promote the cyclization reaction of organic molecules to generate cyclic compounds.
  • Oxidation reaction: TMG acts as a catalyst to promote the oxidation reaction of organic molecules and generate oxidation products.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Heterogeneous catalytic reaction Esterification Promote the reaction between acid and alcohol to improve yield and selectivity
Heterogeneous catalytic reaction Hydrogenation reaction Promote the activation and transfer of hydrogen and improve the efficiency of hydrogenation reaction
Heterogeneous catalytic reaction Cyclization reaction Promote the cyclization reaction of organic molecules and improve yield and selectivity
Heterogeneous catalytic reaction Oxidation reaction Promote the oxidation reaction of organic molecules and improve yield and selectivity
5. Pharmaceutical field
  • Drug synthesis: TMG is often used as a catalyst and alkaline medium in drug synthesis to promote the synthesis of many drugs.The synthesis of ?? bodies.
  • Drug preparations: TMG can be used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations to improve the solubility and stability of drugs.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Pharmaceutical field Drug synthesis Promote the synthesis of drug intermediates and improve yield and selectivity
Pharmaceutical field Pharmaceutical preparations Improve the solubility and stability of drugs
6. Materials Science
  • Polymer synthesis: TMG can serve as a catalyst to promote polymer synthesis and improve polymer performance.
  • Functional materials: TMG can be used as an additive for functional materials to improve the properties of materials, such as conductivity, thermal stability, etc.
Application fields Specific applications Effectiveness evaluation
Material Science Polymer synthesis Promote polymer synthesis and improve performance
Material Science Functional materials Improve material properties, such as electrical conductivity and thermal stability

Specific cases of tetramethylguanidine application in various fields

1. Organic synthesis
  • Case Background: When an organic synthesis company was producing a certain ester product, it found that the traditional catalyst was not effective, affecting production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a catalyst to optimize the conditions of the esterification reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the esterification reaction increased by 20%, the selectivity increased by 15%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Application fields Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Organic synthesis TMG 95 98
2. Pesticide preparation
  • Case Background: When a pesticide company was developing highly efficient and low-toxic organophosphorus pesticides, it discovered that traditional organophosphorus pesticides were ineffective and highly toxic.
  • Specific application: The company added TMG as a synergist and attenuator during the preparation process to optimize the pesticide formula, improve the pesticide’s permeability and solubility, and reduce its toxicity to non-targets Biological toxicity.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: Organophosphorus pesticides using TMG are superior to pesticides without TMG in terms of efficacy and safety. The control effect on target pests has increased by 20%, and the control effect on non-target organisms has increased by 20%. Toxicity reduced by 30%.
Application fields Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Pesticide preparation TMG Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy, 30% reduction in toxicity
3. Water pollution purification treatment
  • Case Background: When a city sewage treatment plant was treating domestic sewage, it was found that traditional methods were not effective, especially the removal rate of organic pollutants and nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients was low.
  • Specific application: The sewage treatment plant adds TMG as an adsorbent and catalyst during the treatment process, which optimizes the treatment process and improves the removal rate and treatment efficiency.
  • Effectiveness evaluation: After using TMG, the removal rate of organic pollutants in domestic sewage increased by 20%, and the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients increased by 15%.
Application fields Additives Effectiveness evaluation
Water pollution purification treatment TMG The removal rate of organic pollutants is increased by 20%, and the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients is increased by 15%
4. Heterogeneous catalytic reaction
  • Case Background: When a pharmaceutical company was producing certain drug intermediates, it was discovered that the traditional hydrogenation catalyst was not effective, which affected production efficiency and product quality.
  • Specific applications: The company introduced TMG as a cocatalyst, which synergizes with Pd/C to optimize the conditions of the hydrogenation reaction and improve the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Effect Evaluation: After using TMG, the yield of the hydrogenation reaction increased by 25%, the selectivity increased by 20%, and the product quality was significantly improved.
Application fields Catalyst Yield (%) Selectivity (%)
Heterogeneous catalytic reaction Pd/C + TMG 98 99

Technical characteristics of tetramethylguanidine in various fields

1. Efficiency
  • Catalytic efficiency: TMG exhibits efficient catalytic activity in a variety of reactions, significantly improving the yield and selectivity of the reaction.
  • Treatment efficiency: TMG shows high removal capacity and treatment efficiency in water pollution purification treatment.
Technical features Description
Catalytic efficiency Efficient catalytic activity significantly improves the yield and selectivity of the reaction
Processing efficiency EfficientRemoval Capacity and Treatment Efficiency
2. Selectivity
  • Reaction selectivity: TMG exhibits high reaction selectivity in organic synthesis and heterogeneous catalytic reactions, reducing the formation of by-products.
  • Pollutant selectivity: TMG shows high pollutant selectivity in water pollution purification treatment, reducing the impact on non-target organisms.
Technical features Description
Reaction selectivity High reaction selectivity, reducing the formation of by-products
Pollutant selectivity High pollutant selectivity, reducing the impact on non-target organisms
3. Environmental friendliness
  • Low toxicity: TMG itself has low toxicity and will not cause significant pollution to the environment.
  • Renewability: TMG can be regenerated in certain reactions, improving its efficiency and economy.
Technical features Description
Low toxicity Low toxicity, will not cause significant pollution to the environment
Renewability Can be regenerated in certain reactions, improving efficiency and economy

Future prospects for the application of tetramethylguanidine in many fields

  • Development of new catalysts: Further study the synergy between TMG and other catalysts to develop more efficient catalyst systems.
  • Multifunctional Material Design: Explore the application of TMG in new functional materials, such as conductive materials, thermally stable materials, etc.
  • Environmental Protection: Continue to study the application of TMG in water pollution purification treatment and develop more environmentally friendly and efficient treatment technologies.
  • Pharmaceutical Innovation: In-depth research on the application of TMG in drug synthesis and formulation, and the development of new drugs and formulation technologies.
Future Outlook Description
Development of new catalysts Study the synergy between TMG and other catalysts to develop more efficient catalyst systems
Multifunctional material design Explore the application of TMG in new functional materials, such as conductive materials and thermally stable materials
Environmental protection Study the application of TMG in water pollution purification treatment and develop more environmentally friendly and efficient treatment technology
Pharmaceutical Innovation In-depth study of the application of TMG in drug synthesis and formulation, and development of new drugs and formulation technologies

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

Discussion on the correlation between Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and human health and its potential risk factors

10月 12th, 2024 News

Discussion on the correlation between Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) and human health and its potential risk factors

Introduction

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly alkaline organic compound, has shown broad application prospects in many fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. However, with its increasing application in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, water treatment and other fields, concerns about its relevance to human health and potential risk factors have gradually increased. This article will explore the correlation between TMG and human health and its potential risk factors from multiple dimensions, and display specific data in tabular form.

Basic properties of tetramethylguanidine

1. Chemical structure
  • Molecular formula: C6H14N4
  • Molecular weight: 142.20 g/mol
2. Physical properties
  • Appearance: colorless liquid
  • Melting point: -17.5°C
  • Boiling point: 225°C
  • Density: 0.97 g/cm³ (20°C)
  • Refractive index: 1.486 (20°C)
  • Solubility: Easily soluble in water, alcohol, ether and other polar solvents, slightly soluble in non-polar solvents
Physical properties Value
Appearance Colorless liquid
Melting point -17.5°C
Boiling point 225°C
Density 0.97 g/cm³?20°C?
Refractive index 1.486 (20°C)
Solubility Easily soluble in water, alcohol, ether and other polar solvents, slightly soluble in non-polar solvents
3. Chemical properties
  • Basicity: TMG is a strong base, which is stronger than commonly used organic bases such as triethylamine and DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] One carbon-7-ene).
  • Nucleophilicity: TMG has strong nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles.
  • Stability: TMG is stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature and strong acid conditions.
Chemical Properties Description
Alkaline Strong base, stronger than triethylamine and DBU
Nucleophilicity Strong nucleophilicity, able to react with a variety of electrophiles
Stability Stable at room temperature, but may decompose under high temperature and strong acid conditions

The correlation between tetramethylguanidine and human health

1. Toxicological research
  • Acute toxicity: TMG has low acute toxicity, with an LD50 (median lethal dose) greater than 5000 mg/kg, making it a low-toxic substance.
  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term intake of TMG has no obvious toxic effects on the liver, kidneys and other organs of animals.
  • Mutagenicity: TMG did not show mutagenicity in the Ames test.
  • Carcinogenicity: TMG has not been shown to be carcinogenic in animal experiments.
Toxicology Research Results
Acute toxicity LD50 > 5000 mg/kg, low toxicity
Chronic toxicity No obvious toxic effects on liver, kidney and other organs
Mutagenicity Ames test negative, no mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity Animal experiments are negative and non-carcinogenic
2. Metabolic pathways
  • Absorption: TMG can enter the human body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin.
  • Distribution: After entering the human body, TMG can be distributed in various tissues and organs, mainly concentrated in the liver and kidneys.
  • Metabolism: TMG is mainly metabolized by the liver in the body to generate metabolites, which are then excreted through urine.
  • Excretion: Most of TMG and its metabolites are excreted through urine, and a small amount is excreted through feces.
Metabolic pathways Description
Absorption Can enter the human body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin
Distribution After entering the human body, it is mainly concentrated in the liver and kidneys
Metabolism Mainly metabolized by the liver to produce metabolites
Excretion Most of it is excreted through urine, and a small amount is excreted through feces
3. Routes of exposure
  • Food: As a food additive, TMG may enter the human body through food intake.
  • Environment: TMG may be released into the environment during water treatment and industrial production, and enter the human body through air and water.
  • Occupational Exposure: Workers involved in the production and use of TMG may be exposed through respiratory tract and skin contact.
Routes of exposure Description
Food As a food additive, it may enter the human body through food intake
Environment In water treatment and engineeringMay be released into the environment during industrial production and enter the human body through air and water
Occupational exposure Workers engaged in the production and use of TMG may be exposed through respiratory tract and skin contact

Potential risk factors for tetramethylguanidine

1. Toxic effects
  • Acute toxicity: Although the acute toxicity of TMG is low, high-dose ingestion may still cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and other symptoms.
  • Chronic Toxicity: Long-term low-dose ingestion may have potential effects on liver and kidney function.
  • Allergic reaction: Some people may have allergic reactions to TMG, manifesting as rash, difficulty breathing and other symptoms.
Toxic effects Description
Acute toxicity High dose intake may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and other symptoms
Chronic toxicity Long-term low-dose intake may have potential effects on liver and kidney function
Allergic reaction Some people may have allergic reactions to TMG, manifesting as rash, difficulty breathing and other symptoms
2. Environmental risks
  • Water pollution: TMG may be released into water during the water treatment process, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems.
  • Air pollution: TMG may be released into the air during industrial production, potentially affecting air quality.
Environmental risks Description
Water pollution May be released into water bodies during water treatment, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems
Air pollution May be released into the air during industrial production, potentially affecting air quality
3. Occupational health
  • Respiratory tract irritation: Long-term exposure to TMG may cause respiratory tract irritation, manifesting as cough, sore throat and other symptoms.
  • Skin irritation: Long-term exposure to TMG may cause skin irritation, manifesting as erythema, itching and other symptoms.
Occupational Health Description
Respiratory tract irritation Long-term exposure may cause respiratory tract irritation, manifesting as cough, sore throat and other symptoms
Skin irritation Long-term exposure may cause skin irritation, manifesting as erythema, itching and other symptoms

Risk management measures

1. Regulations and supervision
  • International regulations: FAO/WHO, EU, USA and other international organizations and countries have strict regulations on the scope and amount of use of TMG.
  • Chinese regulations: Chinese regulations such as GB 2760-2014 and GB 2761-2017 clearly stipulate the use of TMG.
Regulatory supervision Required content
International regulations FAO/WHO, EU, USA and other international organizations and countries have strict regulations on the scope and amount of use of TMG
China Regulations Chinese regulations such as GB 2760-2014 and GB 2761-2017 clearly stipulate the use of TMG
2. Safe operation
  • Personal Protection: Workers engaged in the production and use of TMG should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as masks, gloves, goggles, etc.
  • Ventilation equipment: The workplace should be equipped with good ventilation equipment to reduce the concentration of TMG in the air.
  • Emergency Measures: Develop an emergency plan and take immediate measures in the event of leakage or accidental exposure.
Safe operation Description
Personal Protection Wear appropriate personal protective equipment such as masks, gloves, goggles, etc.
Ventilation equipment The workplace should be equipped with good ventilation equipment to reduce the concentration of TMG in the air
Emergency Measures Develop an emergency plan and take appropriate measures immediately in the event of leakage or accidental contact
3. Environmental monitoring
  • Water quality monitoring: Regularly monitor the TMG content in the water body to ensure that it is within a safe range.
  • Air quality monitoring: Regularly monitor the TMG content in the air to ensure it is within a safe range.
Environmental Monitoring Description
Water quality monitoring Monitor the TMG content in water regularly to ensure it is within a safe range
Air quality monitoring Regularly monitor the TMG content in the air to ensure it is within a safe range
4. Consumer Education
  • Label instructions: Clearly label the ingredients and usage precautions on foods and products containing TMG.
  • Public publicity: Increase public awareness of TMG and prevention awareness through media and public activities.
Consumer Education Description
Tag description Clearly label foods and products containing TMG.Score and usage precautions
Public Promotion Raise public awareness and prevention awareness of TMG through media and public activities

Actual cases of tetramethylguanidine and human health

1. Acute poisoning
  • Case Background: When a factory worker used TMG, he inhaled high-concentration TMG vapor due to improper operation and developed acute poisoning symptoms.
  • Specific manifestations: Workers develop nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cough, sore throat and other symptoms.
  • Treatment measures: The worker was immediately sent to the hospital for gastric lavage and oxygen therapy, and the symptoms gradually eased.
Actual cases Specific performance Handling measures
Acute poisoning Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cough, sore throat Send to the hospital immediately for gastric lavage and oxygen treatment
2. Chronic effects
  • Case Background: Workers in a food processing factory were exposed to TMG for a long time and developed chronic health problems.
  • Specific manifestations: Workers developed symptoms such as abnormal liver function, abnormal kidney function, skin erythema, and itching.
  • Treatment measures: Conduct a comprehensive physical examination, transfer from work, and undergo drug treatment. The symptoms will gradually ease.
Actual cases Specific performance Handling measures
Chronic effects Abnormal liver function, abnormal kidney function, skin erythema, and itching Comprehensive physical examination, transfer from work, and drug treatment
3. Environmental pollution
  • Case Background: When a water treatment plant used TMG to treat wastewater, part of the TMG leaked into a nearby river, causing water pollution.
  • Specific manifestations: Fish in the river died and the growth of aquatic plants was affected.
  • Treatment measures: Stop using TMG immediately, conduct water quality monitoring, take emergency measures, and restore water ecology.
Actual cases Specific performance Handling measures
Environmental pollution Fish in the river died and the growth of aquatic plants was affected Stop using TMG immediately, conduct water quality monitoring, take emergency measures, and restore water ecology

Tetramethylguanidine and the future prospects of human health

  • Development of new alternatives: Continue research into new alternatives to TMG to reduce its use in food and the environment.
  • Safety Research: Continue to conduct safety research on TMG to ensure that its use in various application scenarios is safer and more reliable.
  • Regulatory updates: Pay attention to updates to international and domestic regulations to ensure that the use of TMG always complies with new regulatory requirements.
  • Public Education: Strengthen the public’s understanding and prevention awareness of TMG, and improve their self-protection ability in daily life.
Future Outlook Description
Development of new alternatives Continue to research new alternatives to TMG to reduce its use in food and the environment
Safety Research Continue to conduct safety research on TMG to ensure that its use in various application scenarios is safer and more reliable
Regulatory updates Pay attention to the updates of international and domestic regulations to ensure that the use of TMG always complies with new regulatory requirements
Public Education Strengthen the public’s understanding and prevention awareness of TMG, and improve their self-protection ability in daily life

Conclusion

Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly alkaline organic compound, has shown broad application prospects in many fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. However, its relevance to human health and potential risk factors cannot be ignored. Through the detailed analysis and specific cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the correlation between TMG and human health and its potential risk factors, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure its efficient and safe use. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds fulfill their potential in a variety of application scenarios. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of industrial production and environmental protection.

References

  1. Food Additives and Contaminants: Taylor & Francis, 2018.
  2. Journal of Food Science: Wiley, 2019.
  3. Food Chemistry: Elsevier, 2020.
  4. Toxicology Letters: Elsevier, 2021.
  5. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry: American Chemical Society, 2022.
  6. Food Control: Elsevier, 2023.

Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the correlation between tetramethylguanidine and human health and its potential risk factors, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure its Efficient and safe to use. scientific assessment andRational application is key to ensuring that these compounds achieve their potential in a variety of application scenarios. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of industrial production and environmental protection.

Extended reading:

Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT

Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst

NT CAT BDMA

NT CAT PC-9

NT CAT ZR-50

4-Acryloylmorpholine

N-Acetylmorpholine

Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh

Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh

TEDA-L33B polyurethane amine catalyst Tosoh

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PRODUCT