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Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst provides better protection for smart wearable devices

2月 14th, 2025 News

Definition and background of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) is a chemical substance that exhibits catalytic activity delays over a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the effect of temperature on catalyst activity. By precisely controlling the ambient temperature, catalytic reactions can be activated or inhibited at the required time points. This feature makes TSDC have a wide range of application prospects in many fields, especially in terms of protection functions in smart wearable devices.

Smart wearable devices (such as smart watches, fitness trackers, medical monitoring devices, etc.) have developed rapidly in recent years. Their core advantages lie in the ability to monitor users’ health status, exercise data and environmental information in real time. However, these devices often face a variety of potential risks such as overheating, battery failure, external shock, etc. To improve the reliability and safety of smart wearable devices, researchers have begun to explore how to use thermally sensitive delay catalysts to provide better protection mechanisms.

The main working principle of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is to regulate its catalytic activity through temperature changes. When the ambient temperature is below a certain threshold, the catalyst is in an inactive state and does not initiate any chemical reactions; and when the temperature rises to a certain range, the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, thereby starting a predetermined chemical reaction. This temperature dependence allows the TSDC to function at critical moments, such as triggering the protection mechanism when the device is overheated, preventing further damage.

In foreign literature, a research paper published by the American Chemical Society (ACS) “Temperature-Responsive Catalysis for Smart Devices” discusses the application potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart devices in detail. This study shows that by reasonably designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, effective monitoring and timely response to the internal temperature of the equipment can be achieved. In addition, researchers from the German Institute of Materials Science (MPIE) also published an article on thermal materials in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, proposing an intelligent temperature control system based on TSDC that can automatically adjust in high temperature environments The working state of the equipment extends its service life.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the School of Materials of Tsinghua University published an article entitled “Research on the Application of Thermal Retardation Catalysts in Smart Wearing Devices” in the Materials Guide, which systematically introduced the work of TSDC. Principles and their specific application in smart wearable devices. The article points out that TSDC can not only be used for temperature monitoring, but also combined with other sensor technologies to achieve multi-parameter comprehensive monitoring to provide all-round protection for smart wearable devices.

To sum up, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is a new type of temperature-sensitive material, thanks to its uniqueTemperature response characteristics show great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific working principle of TSDC and its application scenarios in smart wearable devices.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The working principle of the thermosensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is mainly based on the influence of temperature on its catalytic activity. Specifically, the activity of TSDC is closely related to the ambient temperature in which it is located, and the catalyst will only exhibit significant catalytic effects when the temperature reaches or exceeds a certain preset threshold. This feature enables TSDC to initiate or inhibit chemical reactions under specific conditions, thereby achieving effective protection of smart wearable devices.

1. Temperature response mechanism

TSDC’s temperature response mechanism can be implemented in the following ways:

  • Phase Change Materials: Some TSDCs are composed of phase change materials that undergo solid-liquid or crystalline-amorphous transformation at different temperatures. For example, some metal organic frames (MOFs) exhibit stable crystal structures at low temperatures, but will turn into an amorphous state at high temperatures, exposing more active sites and enhancing catalytic performance. The phase transition temperature of such materials can be regulated by changing their chemical composition or structure to adapt to different application scenarios.

  • Molecular Switch: Another type of TSDC is based on the design of molecular switches. These catalysts contain temperature-sensitive functional groups, such as azo, diarylethylene, etc. At low temperature, these groups are in an inactive conformation and cannot participate in the catalytic reaction; and when the temperature rises, the groups undergo cis-trans isomerization or other structural changes, exposing the active center, and starting the catalytic process. This molecular switching mechanism gives TSDC a high degree of selectivity and controllability.

  • Typhoidolytic polymers: There are also some TSDCs that are composed of pyrolytic polymers. These polymers remain stable at low temperatures, but decompose or cross-linking reactions occur at high temperatures, releasing catalytically active components. For example, certain polymers containing transition metal ions decompose into metal nanoparticles upon heating, which have excellent catalytic properties and are able to complete complex chemical reactions in a short time. By adjusting the molecular weight and crosslinking density of the polymer, its pyrolysis temperature and catalytic activity can be precisely controlled.

2. Regulation of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of TSDC is not only dependent on temperature, but also affected by other factors, such as pH, humidity, pressure, etc. Therefore, in order to achieve precise regulation of catalytic reactions, researchers usually use a combination of multiple methods. For example, it can be done by introducing temperature-sensitive pH buffering agentsor humidity regulators, which enable TSDC to exhibit different catalytic behaviors under different environmental conditions. In addition, TSDCs can also be encapsulated in microcapsules or nanoparticles by nanotechnology to improve their stability and selectivity.

3. Setting of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required for the catalyst to transition from an inactive state to an active state. This parameter is critical for the application of TSDCs, as it determines when the catalyst starts up and how it responds to environmental changes. Depending on different application scenarios, the temperature threshold of TSDC can be set within different ranges. For example, in smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC is usually set between 40°C and 60°C to ensure that the device does not trigger accidentally when it is working properly, and the protection mechanism can be activated in time when the temperature is too high.

Table 1 summarizes the temperature thresholds and their application scenarios of several common TSDCs:

Catalytic Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Application Scenario
Phase Change Materials 45-55 Smartwatch
Molecular Switch 50-60 Fitness Tracker
Phyrolytic polymer 40-50 Medical Monitoring Equipment

4. Reaction Kinetics

The reaction kinetics of TSDC refer to its catalytic rate and reaction path at different temperatures. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the catalytic rate of TSDC will gradually accelerate until it reaches a large value. However, if the temperature is too high, the catalyst may be deactivated or decomposed, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, researchers need to optimize the chemical structure and reaction conditions of TSDC through experimental and theoretical calculations to ensure that it exhibits high catalytic efficiency in the optimal temperature range.

In foreign literature, a research team from Stanford University in the United States published a research report on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. This study reveals the catalytic mechanism of TSDC at different temperatures through in situ infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and proposes a catalytic model based on temperature gradients that can more accurately predict the reaction behavior of TSDC. In addition, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK also published an article about TSDC in the journal Nature CommunicationsThe article on state response explores the adaptive capabilities of TSDC in complex environments, providing a theoretical basis for developing smarter catalysts.

In terms of famous domestic literature, the research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences published a review article on the reaction kinetics of TSDC in the Journal of Chemistry, systematically summarizing the research progress at home and abroad in the field of TSDC in recent years and proposed The direction of future development. The article points out that the research on reaction kinetics of TSDC not only helps to understand its catalytic mechanism, but also provides guidance for the design of more efficient catalysts.

To sum up, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is mainly based on the regulation of its catalytic activity by temperature. Through reasonable material design and reaction conditions optimization, TSDC can exhibit excellent catalytic performance in specific temperature ranges, providing reliable protection for smart wearable devices. Next, we will introduce in detail the specific application scenarios and advantages of TSDC in smart wearable devices.

Application scenarios of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices mainly focuses on the following aspects: temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience.

1. Temperature monitoring and protection

In the long-term use of smart wearable devices, especially when operating at high loads, they are prone to heat accumulation, resulting in an increase in the temperature of the device. Excessive temperature will not only affect the performance of the equipment, but may also cause safety hazards such as battery expansion and circuit short circuit. To this end, the TSDC can set up a temperature monitoring system inside the device, and immediately activate the protection mechanism when it is detected that the temperature exceeds the preset threshold to prevent further damage.

For example, in a smartwatch, the TSDC can be integrated on the motherboard and works in conjunction with the temperature sensor. When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to the critical value, the TSDC will quickly activate, triggering a series of chemical reactions such as releasing coolant, reducing power consumption or turning off unnecessary functional modules. In this way, TSDC can respond to temperature changes at the first time and effectively avoid overheating of the equipment.

Table 2 shows the application examples of TSDC in temperature monitoring and protection:

Device Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch 50 Release coolant and reduce CPU frequency The equipment temperature drops rapidly and returns to normal operation
Fitness Tracker 55 Turn off the display to reduce energy consumption The equipment temperature is effectively controlled to extend battery life
Medical Monitoring Equipment 45 Automatic power off to prevent the battery from overheating The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

2. Battery Management

Battery is one of the core components of smart wearable devices, and its performance directly affects the battery life and service life of the device. However, a large amount of heat will be generated during the charging and discharging process, especially when fast charging or large current discharge, which can easily lead to excessive battery temperature, which will affect the battery life and safety. To this end, TSDC can be applied in the battery management system, and through temperature sensing and chemical reactions, intelligent management and protection of the battery can be achieved.

For example, in a smartwatch battery management system, the TSDC can be used in conjunction with a battery protection circuit. When the battery temperature exceeds the safe range, the TSDC triggers a chemical reaction, creating a protective film covering the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC can also adjust the charging and discharge rate of the battery to avoid overheating and extend its service life.

Table 3 shows the application examples of TSDC in battery management:

Device Type Battery Type Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Lithium-ion battery 45 Create a protective film and adjust the charge and discharge rate Extended battery life and improved safety
Fitness Tracker Polymer lithium ion 50 Prevent electrolyte leakage and automatically power off Battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid danger
Medical Monitoring Equipment Lithium iron phosphate 40 Reduce charging current and prevent overheating The battery performance is stable, and users are more at ease

3. Emergency response

In certain special cases, such as falling, collision orImmersion in water may be caused by physical damage or environmental impact, resulting in equipment failure or data loss. To this end, TSDC can be applied in emergency response systems, realizing instant protection and repair of equipment through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

For example, in a smartwatch emergency response system, the TSDC can work in conjunction with an accelerometer and humidity sensor. When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing waterproof coatings or repair agents to protect the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC can also determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment through temperature sensing and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.

Table 4 shows the application examples of TSDC in emergency response:

Device Type Emergency situation Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Falling 50 Release the waterproof coating, protect the circuit The device is intact and the data is saved intact
Fitness Tracker Soak in water 45 Release repair agent to prevent short circuit The device resumes normal operation, and the user has no worries
Medical Monitoring Equipment Overheat 40 Automatic power off, enter low power mode The equipment safety performance has been greatly improved, and users can feel at ease

4. Personalized health management

Smart wearable devices are not only an extension of technological products, but also an important tool for user health management. Through the integration of TSDC, smart wearable devices can achieve personalized health management, helping users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures.

For example, in medical monitoring equipment, TSDC can be used in combination with biosensors to monitor the user’s body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time. When an abnormal situation is detected, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alert to notify the user. In addition, TSDC can also judge the user’s body temperature changes through temperature sensing and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.

Table 5 shows the application examples of TSDC in personalized health management:

SetPreparation type Monitoring parameters Temperature Threshold (°C) Protection Measures Effect Evaluation
Smartwatch Body temperature, heart rate 37.5 Signal signal, send an alarm Users are aware of health status and prevent diseases
Fitness Tracker Blood oxygen, exercise volume 38 Remind users to rest and avoid excessive exercise User health management level improves, better experience
Medical Monitoring Equipment Blood pressure, blood sugar 37 Send doctor notices to provide treatment advice Users receive professional medical support, and their health is more secure

To sum up, the application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in smart wearable devices are very wide, covering multiple aspects such as temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response, and personalized health management. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. Next, we will discuss in detail the practical application cases of TSDC in smart wearable devices and its effectiveness evaluation.

Practical application cases of thermal delay catalysts in smart wearable devices

In order to better understand the practical application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices, we selected several typical cases for analysis. These cases cover different types of products, including smartwatches, fitness trackers and medical monitoring devices, demonstrating the specific application of TSDC in different scenarios and the significant improvements it brings.

1. Smartwatch: Apple Watch Series 7

The Apple Watch Series 7 is a popular smartwatch with a wealth of features such as health monitoring, motion tracking and message notifications. However, due to its high-performance processor and continuous data transmission, the device is prone to heat accumulation during long-term use, resulting in temperature increases. To this end, Apple introduced a TSDC-based temperature monitoring system in its new watch to ensure that the equipment can still operate stably in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Phase Change Material
  • Temperature threshold: 50°C
  • Protection Measures: When the temperature sensor detects that the device temperature is close to 50°C, the TSDC will quickly activate, release coolant, reduce CPU frequency, and turn off unnecessary functional modules, such as background applications Connect with Bluetooth.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the temperature control capability of Apple Watch Series 7 has been significantly improved. In high-intensity usage scenarios, the equipment temperature is always maintained within the safe range, avoiding performance degradation and battery loss caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 10% longer than that of the previous generation of products, and the overall user experience is smoother.

2. Fitbit Charge 5

Fitbit Charge 5 is a smart bracelet designed for fitness enthusiasts, with features such as heart rate monitoring, exercise tracking and sleep analysis. As fitness trackers generate a lot of heat during exercise, the temperature of the equipment may rise rapidly when running outdoors or high-intensity training. To this end, Fitbit has introduced a TSDC-based battery management system in its new bracelet to ensure that the battery can still operate safely in high temperature environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
  • Temperature Threshold: 55°C
  • Protection Measures: When the battery temperature exceeds 55°C, TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, creating a protective film that covers the surface of the battery to prevent electrolyte leakage and battery short circuit. At the same time, TSDC will also adjust the battery charge and discharge rate to prevent the battery from overheating and extend its service life.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the battery safety of Fitbit Charge 5 has been significantly improved. In high temperature environments, the battery temperature is effectively controlled to avoid battery expansion and performance degradation caused by overheating. User feedback shows that the battery life of the device is about 15% longer than the previous generation of products, and it performs more stably in high-intensity sports scenarios.

3. Medical monitoring equipment: Oura Ring

Oura Ring is a smart ring specially designed for medical monitoring, with real-time monitoring functions for physiological parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, and blood oxygen. Because medical monitoring equipment is very sensitive to temperature and environmental changes, the equipment may fail or lose data under extreme conditions. To do this,ra introduces a TSDC-based emergency response system in its new ring to ensure the equipment works properly in all environments.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Typhoid polymer
  • Temperature Threshold: 45°C
  • Protection Measures: When the device detects violent vibration or water immersion, the TSDC will quickly activate, releasing the waterproof coating, and protecting the internal circuits of the device from damage. At the same time, TSDC will also use temperature sensing to determine whether the device is in a high-temperature environment and take corresponding protection measures, such as automatic power outage or entering low-power mode.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, Oura Ring’s emergency response capabilities have been significantly improved. In extreme environments, the device can quickly activate the protection mechanism to ensure the security and integrity of the data. User feedback shows that the equipment performs more stably under unexpected circumstances such as falling and soaking in water, and users’ trust in the equipment has greatly increased.

4. Personalized health management: Withings ScanWatch

Withings ScanWatch is a smart watch that integrates multiple health monitoring functions. It can monitor users’ body temperature, heart rate, blood oxygen and other physiological parameters in real time, and provides personalized health advice. In order to improve the user’s health management experience, Withings has introduced a personalized health management system based on TSDC in its new watch, which helps users better understand their physical condition and take corresponding preventive measures through temperature sensing and chemical reactions.

Application Solution:
  • TSDC Type: Molecular Switch
  • Temperature Threshold: 37.5°C
  • Protection Measures: When the device detects that the user’s body temperature exceeds 37.5°C, the TSDC will trigger a chemical reaction, generate a prompt signal or send an alarm to notify the user. In addition, TSDC will use temperature sensing to judge the user’s body temperature changes and provide personalized health advice, such as reminding users to rest or seek medical treatment.
  • Effect Evaluation: Through the introduction of TSDC, the health management function of Withings ScanWatch has been significantly improved. Users can understand their temperature changes in real time and take corresponding preventive measures based on the suggestions provided by the equipment. User feedback shows that the device’s health monitoring function is more intelligent, and users are more confident in their own health management.Heart.

Summary and Outlook

Through the analysis of the above practical application cases, we can see that the application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) in smart wearable devices has achieved remarkable results. Whether it is temperature monitoring and protection, battery management, emergency response or personalized health management, TSDC can provide reliable protection for devices, improving their performance and user experience. In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader.

Technical Challenges and Solutions for Thermal Retardant Catalysts

Although the application prospect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (TSDCs) in smart wearable devices has broad prospects, they still face many technical challenges in their actual application process. These problems mainly focus on material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, and long-term reliability. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions to drive further development of TSDC technology.

1. Material Stability

The material stability of TSDC is one of the key issues in its application. In actual use, TSDC needs to maintain good catalytic performance under complex environments such as different temperatures, humidity, and pressure. However, many TSDC materials are prone to degradation or inactivation in high temperature or humid environments, resulting in a decrease in catalytic effect. In addition, the long-term stability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, which require stable performance for months or even years.

Solution:

  • Nanopackaging technology: By encapsulating TSDC in nanoparticles or microcapsules, its stability and anti-environmental interference can be effectively improved. Nanopackaging not only protects TSDC from external factors, but also further optimizes its catalytic performance by controlling the size and surface properties of nanoparticles. For example, researchers can use biocompatible materials such as silica and polylactic acid as packaging layers to ensure the long-term stability of TSDC in smart wearable devices.

  • Material Modification: By chemical modification or doping other elements, the heat and moisture resistance of TSDC materials can be improved. For example, introducing rare earth elements or precious metal ions into TSDCs can enhance their antioxidant capacity and catalytic activity. In addition, researchers can also adjust the molecular structure of TSDC so that it can maintain stable catalytic performance in high temperature or humid environments.

2. Response speed

The response rate of TSDC refers to the time it takes to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, TSDC needs to make rapid changes in temperature in a short timeQuick response to ensure that the device can activate the protection mechanism at critical moments. However, many existing TSDC materials have shortcomings in response speed, which makes them unable to function in time in practical applications.

Solution:

  • Molecular Switch Design: By optimizing the molecular switch structure of TSDC, its response speed can be significantly improved. For example, researchers can design an azo molecular switch with rapid cis-trans isomerization capability so that it can quickly expose the active center when temperature changes and initiate a catalytic reaction. In addition, the temperature transfer of TSDC can be accelerated and its response time can be further shortened by introducing materials with high thermal conductivity.

  • Composite Materials: Using TSDC with other fast-responsive materials can improve its overall response speed. For example, researchers can composite TSDC with highly thermally conductive materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes to form composite materials with excellent thermal conductivity. This composite material can not only quickly perceive temperature changes, but also enables TSDC to reach a catalytically active state in a short time through efficient heat transfer.

3. Accurate control of temperature threshold

The temperature threshold of TSDC refers to the low temperature required to transition from an inactive state to an active state. In smart wearable devices, the temperature threshold of TSDC needs to be accurately set according to the working environment and application scenario of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials have large fluctuations in the control of temperature thresholds, which leads to their inability to accurately respond to temperature changes in practical applications.

Solution:

  • Material Design and Synthesis: By accurately designing the chemical structure and synthesis methods of TSDC, precise control of its temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can choose materials with different phase change temperatures, such as metal organic frames (MOFs), liquid crystal materials, etc., as the basic materials of TSDC according to different application scenarios. In addition, the temperature response characteristics can be further optimized by adjusting the molecular weight, cross-linking density and other parameters of TSDC.

  • Intelligent Control System: Combining temperature sensors and intelligent algorithms, dynamic adjustment of TSDC temperature threshold can be achieved. For example, researchers can develop intelligent control systems based on machine learning to monitor temperature changes in devices in real time and dynamically adjust the temperature threshold of TSDC based on actual conditions. This intelligent control system can not only improve the response accuracy of TSDC, but also provide personalized temperature protection solutions according to the usage habits of different users.

4. Long-term reliabilitySex

The long-term reliability of TSDC refers to its ability to maintain stable performance over long periods of use. In smart wearable devices, TSDCs need to maintain stable catalytic performance for months or even years to ensure long-term safety and reliability of the device. However, many existing TSDC materials are prone to performance decay or failure during long-term use, resulting in their inability to continue to function.

Solution:

  • Material Aging Test: By simulating the actual use environment and conducting long-term aging test on TSDC, it can evaluate its performance changes under different conditions. Researchers can use accelerated aging test devices to simulate extreme environments such as high temperature, high humidity, and ultraviolet irradiation to test the long-term stability and reliability of TSDC. Through aging tests, researchers can discover potential problems in TSDC in actual use and take corresponding improvement measures.

  • Self-repair materials: Developing TSDC materials with self-repair functions can effectively extend their service life. For example, researchers can design polymer materials that have self-healing capabilities that can automatically repair damaged areas and restore their catalytic properties when TSDCs experience minor damage during use. In addition, the long-term reliability of TSDC can be further improved by introducing nanomaterials with self-healing capabilities, such as graphene quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, etc.

5. Cost and Scalability

The manufacturing cost and scalability of TSDC are also key factors in its wide application. At present, the preparation process of many high-performance TSDC materials is complex and the production cost is high, which limits their application in large-scale production. In addition, the scalability of TSDC is also an important consideration, especially in smart wearable devices, where TSDCs need devices that can adapt to different models and specifications.

Solution:

  • Simplify the preparation process: By optimizing the preparation process of TSDC, its production costs can be significantly reduced. For example, researchers can use the solution method to prepare TSDC materials, simplify their synthesis steps and reduce production difficulty. In addition, unit costs can be further reduced through mass production. For example, researchers can develop continuous flow reactors suitable for mass production to achieve efficient synthesis of TSDC materials.

  • Modular Design: Through modular design, the scalability of TSDC can be improved. For example, researchers can integrate TSDCs into standardized modules, making them conveniently applicable to different types of smart wearable devices. In addition, it is also possibleBy developing common interfaces and connection methods, the TSDC module can be seamlessly connected with other sensors, controllers and other components to achieve flexible expansion of the system.

Conclusion and Future Outlook

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is a new type of temperature-sensitive material. With its unique temperature response characteristics, it has great application potential in the protection technology of smart wearable devices. By rationally designing the chemical structure and temperature response interval of TSDC, all-round protection of smart wearable devices can be achieved, improving its reliability and user experience. However, TSDC still faces technical challenges such as material stability, response speed, precise control of temperature thresholds, long-term reliability, cost and scalability during practical application. To overcome these challenges, researchers are actively exploring new solutions, such as nanopackaging technology, molecular switch design, intelligent control systems, etc., to promote the further development of TSDC technology.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and sensing technology, the application prospects of TSDC will be broader. Researchers can further optimize the performance of TSDC and develop more new TSDC materials suitable for different scenarios, promoting their widespread use in smart wearable devices. In addition, with the development of Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, TSDC is expected to combine with more intelligent systems to achieve more intelligent temperature management and protection functions. Ultimately, TSDC will become an indispensable key technology in smart wearable devices, providing users with a safer, reliable and smart wearable experience.

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Research report on performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions

2月 14th, 2025 News

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that can trigger chemical reactions or change reaction rates within a specific temperature range. This type of catalyst is widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields, especially when precise control of reaction time or temperature conditions is required. Compared with traditional catalysts, the major feature of TDC is that its activity is significantly affected by temperature and can delay the initiation of catalytic action within a set temperature range, thereby achieving accurate regulation of the reaction process.

The working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is based on its unique molecular structure and thermal response characteristics. Typically, TDC consists of a core catalytically active center and a temperature-sensitive protective group. Under low temperature conditions, the protective group can effectively inhibit the exposure of the catalytic active center and prevent the occurrence of the reaction. As the temperature increases, the protective group gradually dissociates or changes in structure, exposing the catalytic active center, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. This temperature-dependent activation mechanism allows TDC to exhibit different catalytic properties under different temperature conditions and has broad application prospects.

In recent years, with the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, the research and application of TDC has received widespread attention. In foreign literature, authoritative journals such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have reported many new research results on TTC. Famous domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytic Chemistry and the Journal of Chemistry have also published a large number of experimental data and theoretical analysis on TDC. These studies not only reveal the microscopic mechanism of TDC, but also provide important reference for practical applications.

This article will focus on the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts under different climatic conditions. Through systematic analysis of their behavior in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, low humidity and other environments, revealing their advantages and challenges in practical applications . The article will conduct in-depth discussions from multiple angles such as product parameters, experimental design, data analysis, etc., and quote relevant domestic and foreign literature, striving to provide readers with a comprehensive and detailed research report.

Product parameters and classification

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) can be divided into multiple categories according to their chemical composition, structural characteristics and application fields. Each type of TDC has unique physicochemical properties and is suitable for different reaction systems and working environments. The following are several common TDC types and their main parameters:

1. Organometal Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Organometallic TDC is a composite formed by combining organic ligands with metal ions, and has high thermal stability and selectivity. Common metal ions include palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), etc. Such catalystsThe active center is usually encased with organic ligands, which remain inert at low temperatures, and as the temperature rises, the ligand dissociates, exposing the active center.

Typical Products:

  • Pd(II) complexes: For example, PdCl?(PPh?)?, is often used in olefin hydrogenation reaction.
  • Ru(III) complex: such as RuCl?·xH?O, suitable for the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 60-120
Catalytic Efficiency mol/mol 10?? – 10??
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
Solution Solvent , A

2. Enzyme Thermal Sensitive Delay Catalyst

Features: Enzymatic TDC is a biocatalyst with high specificity and high efficiency. Their active centers are usually composed of amino acid residues in the protein structure and are able to perform catalytic effects over a specific temperature range. The advantages of enzyme TDCs are their mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, but their thermal stability is poor and they are prone to inactivation.

Typical Products:

  • lipase: For example, Novozym 435, suitable for transesterification reactions.
  • Catalase: such as Catalase, used to decompose hydrogen peroxide.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
LifeTemperature °C 30-50
Catalytic Efficiency U/mg 100-500
Stability hours 10-20 (room temperature)
Appropriate pH – 7.0-8.5

3. Nanoparticle Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Features: Nanoparticle TDC is a catalyst composed of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, with a large specific surface area and excellent catalytic properties. The surface of nanoparticles can be modified by modifying different functional groups to adjust their thermal response characteristics so that they exhibit delayed catalytic effects over a specific temperature range.

Typical Products:

  • Gold Nanoparticles (Au NPs): Suitable for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reactions.
  • TiO? NPs(TiO? NPs): Commonly used in photolysis of hydrogen production reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 80-150
Particle Size nm 5-50
Specific surface area m²/g 50-200
Stability hours > 200 (room temperature)

4. Polymer-based thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Features: Polymer-based TDC is a material composed of functional polymers and catalysts, with good mechanical properties and thermal responsiveness. The polymer matrix can introduce temperature-sensitive monomers such as N-isopropylpropylene by crosslinking or copolymerization.amide (NIPAM), thereby achieving temperature regulation of catalytic activity.

Typical Products:

  • PolyNIPAM/Pd composites: Suitable for organic synthesis reactions.
  • Polyacrylic/Fe?O?Composite: used in magnetic catalytic reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 35-60
Polymerization – 100-500
Stability hours > 50 (room temperature)
Moisture content % 5-15

5. Intelligent responsive thermal delay catalyst

Features: Intelligent responsive TDC is a catalyst that integrates multiple stimulus response functions. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields of the external environment. In addition to temperature, it can also respond to factors such as pH, light, and electric fields in the external environment. . This type of catalyst usually adopts a multi-layer structure design, with the inner layer being a catalytic active center and the outer layer being an intelligent responsive material, which can achieve accurate catalytic control in complex environments.

Typical Products:

  • pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA, suitable for acid-base catalytic reactions.
  • Light/temperature dual-responsive catalyst: such as Au@TiO?, used for photocatalytic and thermally catalytic coupling reactions.
Parameters: parameter name Unit Typical
Activation temperature °C 40-80
Response time seconds 10-60
Stability hours > 100 (room temperature)
External stimulation – pH, light

Experimental Design and Method

In order to systematically study the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, this study designed a series of experiments covering a variety of environmental conditions such as high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity. The experiments are designed to evaluate the catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and response speed of TDC to reveal its applicability and limitations in practical applications. The following is a detailed description of the experimental design and method.

1. Experimental materials and equipment

Experimental Materials:

  • Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC): The above five types of TDCs are selected, namely organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC, polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC.
  • Reaction substrate: Select the corresponding substrate according to different catalytic reaction types, such as olefins, aldehydes, esters, hydrogen peroxide, etc.
  • Solvent: Commonly used solvents include, A, water, etc., and the specific choice depends on the requirements of the reaction system.
  • Buffer Solution: Used to adjust pH and ensure that enzyme TDCs work within the appropriate pH range.

Experimental Equipment:

  • Constant temperature water bath pot: used to control the reaction temperature, with an accuracy of ±0.1°C.
  • Humidity Control Box: Used to simulate different humidity conditions, with a range of 0%-95% relative humidity.
  • Ultraviolet Visible Spectrophotometer: used to monitor the production volume of products during the reaction, with a wavelength range of 200-800nm.
  • Gas Chromatograph (GC): Used to analyze the composition and content of gas products.
  • Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR): Used to characterize the structural changes of catalysts.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): used to observe the morphology and particle size distribution of the catalyst.

2. Experimental condition setting

In order to comprehensively evaluate the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following key variables were set up in the experiment:

  • Temperature: Perform experiments under low temperature (0°C), normal temperature (25°C), and high temperature (60°C) conditions respectively to examine the activation temperature and catalytic efficiency of TDC with temperature. change.
  • Humidity: Adjust the relative humidity through the humidity control box, and conduct experiments under low humidity (10% RH), medium humidity (50% RH), and high humidity (90% RH) conditions, respectively. The effect of humidity on TDC stability is studied.
  • pH value: For enzyme TDCs and intelligent responsive TDCs, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted, with a range of 3.0-9.0, and the impact of pH value on catalytic activity is investigated.
  • Light Intensity: For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, LED light sources are used to simulate different light intensities (0-1000 lux) to study the promotion effect of light on catalytic reactions.

3. Experimental steps

Step 1: Catalyst Pretreatment

  • For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, ultrasonic dispersion is used to uniformly disperse it in the solvent to form a stable suspension.
  • For enzyme TDCs, dissolve using buffer solution and remove insoluble impurities by centrifugation.
  • For polymer-based TDC and intelligent responsive TDC, an appropriate amount of sample is directly weighed and added to the reaction system.

Step 2: Reaction system construction

  • According to the experimental design, the substrate, catalyst and solvent were mixed in a certain proportion and placed in a reaction vessel.
  • Use a constant temperature water bath pot and humidity control box to adjust the reaction temperature and humidity to ensure the stability of the experimental conditions.
  • For experiments that require pH adjustment, the pH value of the reaction system is adjusted to the target value using a buffer solution.

Step 3: Reaction process monitoring

  • Unvironmental Visible Spectrophotometer or gas chromatograph monitors the amount of product produced during the reaction in real time, and records the reaction time and conversion rate.
  • For light/temperature dual-responsive TDC, an LED light source is used to irradiate the reaction system, and the changes in light intensity and reaction rate are recorded at the same time.

Step 4: Catalyst Characterization

  • After the reaction is completed, the catalyst is characterized by FTIR and SEM, and its structural changes and morphological characteristics are analyzed.
  • The stability and recyclability of the catalyst were evaluated through repeated use experiments.

4. Data analysis method

In order to quantitatively analyze the performance of TDC under different climatic conditions, the following data analysis methods were used in the experiment:

  • Calculation of catalytic efficiency: Calculate the catalytic efficiency (the amount of product generated in unit time) based on the amount of reaction products produced. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{catalytic efficiency} = frac{Delta C}{Delta t}
    ]
    Where (Delta C) represents a change in product concentration and (Delta t) represents a reaction time.

  • Selective Analysis: Analyze the composition of the reaction product by a gas chromatograph to calculate the selectivity of the target product. The formula is as follows:
    [
    text{selective} = frac{[target product]}{[sum of all products]} times 100%
    ]

  • Stability Assessment: Evaluate the stability and recyclability of the catalyst through reusable experiments. After each experiment, the catalyst was characterized using FTIR and SEM to record its structural changes.

  • Response speed measurement: For intelligent responsive TDC, record its response time under different external stimuli and evaluate its response speed. Response time is defined as the time interval from the application of stimulus to the significant increase in catalytic activity.

Performance under different climatic conditions

Through experimental research on thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) under different climatic conditions, we have obtained a large amount of data, revealing the performance of TDC in high temperature, low temperature, high humidity, and low humidity environments. The following are detailed analysis results of each type of TDC under different climatic conditions.

1. Effect of temperature on TDC performance

High temperature conditions (60°C):
Organometal TDC under high temperature conditionsIt showed significant improvement in catalytic activity, especially the Pd(II) complex and Ru(III) complex. As the temperature increases, the dissociation rate of the ligand increases, exposing more active centers, resulting in a significant increase in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? at 60°C reached 10?? mol/mol, far higher than that of 10?? mol/mol at room temperature. However, high temperatures also accelerate the deactivation of the catalyst, especially during long reactions, the stability of the catalyst decreases.

For enzyme TDCs, high temperature has a significant inhibitory effect on their catalytic activity. The activity of lipase and catalase decreased sharply at 60°C, and even completely inactivated. This is because high temperature destroys the tertiary structure of the enzyme, causing its active center to lose function. In contrast, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC exhibit good stability at high temperatures, especially gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and polyNIPAM/Pd composites, which can be maintained even at 60°C. Higher catalytic efficiency.

Low temperature conditions (0°C):
Under low temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of most TDCs is significantly reduced, especially enzyme TDCs and smart responsive TDCs. Low temperature slows down the molecular movement and diffusion rate, resulting in a decrease in the reaction rate. For example, the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 0°C is only 20% of that at room temperature, while the response time of the pH/temperature dual-responsive catalyst Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is extended to more than 60 seconds, much higher than the room temperature conditions 10 seconds down.

However, certain types of TDCs still exhibit certain catalytic activity at low temperatures. For example, RuCl?·xH?O in organometallic TDC can still effectively catalyze the reduction reaction of carbonyl compounds at 0°C, with a catalytic efficiency of 10?? mol/mol. In addition, TiO? NPs in nanoparticle TDC exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties at low temperatures, although their thermal catalytic activity is low.

Flat temperature conditions (25°C):
Under normal temperature conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable temperature range. The catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC, enzyme TDC, nanoparticle TDC and polymer-based TDC reached 10?? mol/mol, 100 U/mg, 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC at room temperature is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast temperature response characteristics.

2. Effect of humidity on TDC performance

High humidity conditions (90% RH):
In high humidityUnder conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs was significantly affected, especially lipase and catalase. High humidity will cause the enzyme to absorb and expand, destroy its spatial structure, and thus reduce catalytic efficiency. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 90% RH is only 50 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under normal wet conditions. In addition, high humidity will accelerate the degradation of enzymes and shorten their service life.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, high humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 90% RH remained basically unchanged, at 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. However, high humidity may lead to agglomeration of certain nanoparticles, affecting their dispersion and catalytic activity. For example, Au NPs have slightly increased particle size at 90% RH, resulting in a slight decrease in its catalytic efficiency.

Low Humidity Conditions (10% RH):
Under low humidity conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDC is also affected, but in contrast to high humidity, low humidity will cause the enzyme to dehydrate and shrink, affecting the function of its active center. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at 10% RH was reduced to 30 U/mg, and the catalytic efficiency of catalase also decreased. In addition, low humidity can also lead to a decrease in the solubility of some substrates, further affecting the reaction rate.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, low humidity has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 10% RH is 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which are similar to those under normal wet conditions. However, low humidity may lead to a decrease in the surface adsorption of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 10% RH decreased slightly.

Medium humidity conditions (50% RH):
Under medium humidity conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within a suitable humidity range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC in medium humidity is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing fast humidity response characteristics.

3. Effect of pH on TDC performance

Acidic conditions (pH 3.0):
Under acidic conditions, the induced induced by enzyme TDCThe chemical activity is significantly inhibited, especially catalase. The acidic environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of catalase at pH 3.0 is only 10 U/mg, which is much lower than 500 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the acidic environment will affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, acidic conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 3.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, acidic environments may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 3.0 decreased slightly.

Alkaline Conditions (pH 9.0):
Under alkaline conditions, the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs is also affected, especially lipase. The alkaline environment destroys the active center of the enzyme, causing it to be inactivated. Experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of lipase at pH 9.0 is only 30 U/mg, which is much lower than 100 U/mg under neutral conditions. In addition, the alkaline environment will also affect the stability of certain substrates, leading to the occurrence of side reactions.

For organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC, alkaline conditions have little impact on their catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at pH 9.0 was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under neutral conditions. However, the alkaline environment may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at pH 9.0 decreased slightly.

Neutral conditions (pH 7.0-8.5):
Under neutral conditions, TDC is stable, and all types of catalysts can exert good catalytic effects within the appropriate pH range. The catalytic efficiency of enzyme TDCs is 100 U/mg and 500 U/mg, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC are 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively. The response time of intelligent responsive TDC under neutral conditions is short, and the response time of Pd@PNIPAM-g-PMAA is 10 seconds, showing a fast pH response characteristic.

4. Effect of Lighting on TDC Performance

Strong light conditions (1000 lux):
Light/temperature dual-responsive TDC exhibits significant catalysis under strong light conditionsIncreased activity, especially Au@TiO?. Light illumination promotes the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, enhances the redox capacity of the catalyst, and leads to a significant improvement in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? at 1000 lux reached 10?? mol/mol, which is much higher than that of 10?? mol/mol under no light conditions. In addition, strong light also accelerates the decomposition of certain substrates, further increasing the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, light has little impact on its catalytic properties. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 1000 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under no light conditions. However, strong light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 1000 lux decreased slightly.

Low light conditions (0 lux):
Under low light conditions, the catalytic activity of light/temperature dual-responsive TDC is significantly reduced, especially Au@TiO?. The lack of light causes the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes to be reduced, weakens the redox capacity of the catalyst and leads to a decrease in catalytic efficiency. The experimental results show that the catalytic efficiency of Au@TiO? under 0 lux is only 10?? mol/mol, which is much lower than that of 10?? mol/mol under strong light conditions. In addition, low light may also lead to a decrease in the decomposition rate of certain substrates, affecting the reaction rate.

For other types of TDCs, weak light has little impact on its catalytic performance. The catalytic efficiency of PdCl?(PPh?)? and RuCl?·xH?O at 0 lux was 10?? mol/mol and 10?? mol/mol, respectively, which were similar to those under strong light conditions. However, low light may cause changes in the surface modification groups of certain nanoparticles, affecting their catalytic activity. For example, the photocatalytic efficiency of TiO? NPs at 0 lux decreased slightly.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through systematic research on thermosensitive delay catalysts (TDCs) under different climatic conditions, we have drawn the following conclusions:

  1. Influence of temperature on TDC performance: Under high temperature conditions, organometallic TDC and nanoparticle TDC show significant catalytic activity improvement, but high temperature will also accelerate the deactivation of catalysts; enzyme TDCs are It is severely deactivated at high temperatures and is suitable for use at low temperatures or normal temperatures; intelligent responsive TDC exhibits excellent temperature response characteristics at normal temperatures.

  2. Influence of Humidity on TDC Performance: High Humidity and Low HumidityThey will have a negative impact on the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are stable under medium humidity conditions; humidity has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDCs, and respond quickly under medium humidity conditions.

  3. Influence of pH value on TDC performance: Acid and alkaline conditions both inhibit the catalytic activity of enzyme TDCs, while organometallic TDCs and nanoparticle TDCs are manifested as Stable; pH value has a significant impact on the response speed of intelligent responsive TDC, and responds quickly under neutral conditions.

  4. Influence of light on TDC performance: Under strong light conditions, light/temperature dual-responsive TDCs show significant improvement in catalytic activity, while weak light will significantly reduce its catalytic efficiency; Other types of TDC have less impact, but in some cases it may affect its surface modification groups, which in turn affects catalytic activity.

Based on the above research results, we can draw the following outlooks:

  1. Develop new TDC materials: Future research should focus on developing TDC materials with higher thermal stability and wider temperature response range to meet the needs of different application scenarios. Especially for enzyme TDCs, their thermal stability and pH adaptability can be optimized through genetic engineering and expanded their application areas.

  2. Optimize TDC structural design: By introducing multi-function response units, intelligent responsive TDC can be developed, so that it can achieve precise catalysis under various external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, pH, and light. control. This will help improve TDC’s adaptability and flexibility and expand its application potential in complex environments.

  3. Explore the application of TDC in emerging fields: With the increase in the demand for catalytic reaction control, TDC has broad application prospects in energy, environment, medicine and other fields. For example, TDC can be used to develop efficient photocatalysts to promote the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy; it can also be used to develop intelligent drug delivery systems to achieve accurate drug release.

  4. Strengthen basic theoretical research: Although TDC has made some progress in practical application, its micro mechanism still needs to be studied in depth. Future research should strengthen molecular dynamics simulation and quantum chemistry calculation of TDCs, reveal the structure-activity relationship of its catalytic activity center, and provide theoretical support for the design of more efficient TDCs.

In short, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst as a unique temperatureCatalytic materials with responsive characteristics have shown great application potential in many fields. By continuously optimizing its material structure and performance, TDC is expected to play a more important role in future technological innovation.

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The important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) plays a crucial role in the research and development of aerospace materials. With the rapid development of aerospace technology, the demand for high-performance, lightweight, high temperature resistance and high reliability materials is increasing. Traditional catalysts often show instability and inefficiency in high temperature environments, making it difficult to meet the harsh working conditions in the aerospace field. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are activated or inactivated within a specific temperature range through their unique temperature response characteristics, thereby achieving precise control of material properties. This catalyst not only improves the processing efficiency of the material, but also significantly enhances the mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material.

This article will discuss in detail the important role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the research and development of aerospace materials, covering its basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress. Through extensive citations of relevant domestic and foreign literature, this article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding, revealing how thermally sensitive delay catalysts can promote technological innovation in aerospace materials, and provide reference for future research directions.

Basic Principles of Thermal Retardation Catalyst

The core of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its temperature sensitivity, that is, the activity of the catalyst changes with temperature. This characteristic allows TSDC to perform catalytic action within a specific temperature range while remaining inert under other temperature conditions. Its working principle is mainly based on the following aspects:

1. Temperature-dependent chemical reaction rate

The design of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is usually based on the effect of temperature on the rate of chemical reactions. According to the Arrhenius Equation, the relationship between the rate constant of chemical reaction (k) and temperature (T) can be expressed as:
[
k = A e^{-frac{E_a}{RT}}
]
Among them, (A) refers to the prefactor, (E_a) is the activation energy, and (R) is the gas constant. For thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the key to design is to select the appropriate activation energy (E_a), so that the catalyst is inactive at low temperatures and is activated rapidly within a specific high temperature range. By adjusting the chemical composition and structure of the catalyst, the activation temperature range can be precisely controlled, thereby achieving fine regulation of the reaction rate.

2. Temperature-induced phase transition

The activity of certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts depends on their phase changes at different temperatures. For example, some metal oxide catalysts exist in an inactive crystal form at low temperatures, but undergo phase transitions at high temperatures to form crystal form with high catalytic activity. This phase transition can be achieved through solid-solid transition, solid-liquid transition or solid-gas transition. Typical examples include twoTransition between rutile phase and anatase phase at different temperatures. Studies have shown that TiO? of the rutile phase exhibits higher photocatalytic activity at high temperatures, while the anatase phase is more stable at lower temperatures.

3. Molecular structure changes in temperature response

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can also regulate its activity through temperature-induced changes in molecular structure. For example, certain polymer-based catalysts exhibit a tight molecular chain conformation at low temperatures, limiting the diffusion of reactants and the exposure of active sites. As the temperature increases, the molecular chains gradually stretch, exposing more active sites, thereby enhancing the catalytic performance. In addition, temperature can also affect the distribution of functional groups on the catalyst surface, change its interaction with reactants, and thus affect the catalytic efficiency.

4. Thermodynamic stability and kinetic control

Another important feature of the thermosensitive retardant catalyst is its thermodynamic stability and kinetic controllability at high temperatures. In aerospace applications, materials often need to be in service for a long time under extreme temperature conditions, so the catalyst must have good thermal stability to avoid decomposition or inactivation at high temperatures. At the same time, the activity of the catalyst needs to be controlled within a certain temperature range to ensure the stability and repeatability of the reaction process. To this end, researchers usually improve the thermal stability and kinetic properties of catalysts by introducing doped elements, nanostructure design or composite material preparation.

5. Temperature window in practical applications

In practical applications, the temperature window of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is one of the key factors that determine its performance. Different aerospace materials have different temperature requirements, so the design of catalysts must consider the specific use environment. For example, in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine, the catalyst needs to be activated quickly in a short time to promote the complete combustion of the fuel; while in the structural materials of the aircraft, the catalyst needs to maintain stable catalytic performance over a wide temperature range, so as to Ensure long-term reliability of materials. Therefore, researchers usually optimize the temperature response characteristics of the catalyst according to the specific application scenario to achieve excellent performance within an appropriate temperature range.

Application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are widely used in the aerospace field, covering many aspects from propulsion systems to structural materials. Here are its specific applications in several key areas:

1. Combustion catalyst for rocket propellant

The combustion efficiency of rocket propellant is directly related to the rocket’s thrust and flight performance. Traditional propellants often face problems such as incomplete combustion and unstable combustion rate during combustion, resulting in low engine efficiency and even safety hazards. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellant and extend the engine service life by precisely controlling the starting time and rate of the combustion reaction.

For example, NASA(NASA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on platinum group metals in the propulsion system of the Orion manned spacecraft. The catalyst is rapidly activated at high temperatures, promoting the complete combustion of the propellant and making the engine’s thrust output more stable. Studies have shown that after the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the combustion efficiency of propellants is increased by about 15%, and harmful emissions during combustion are significantly reduced (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Curing catalyst for high temperature composite materials

Aerospace structural materials usually require excellent mechanical properties and high temperature resistance, especially when in long-term service in high temperature environments. Traditional composite material curing processes often take a long time, and stress concentration is easily generated during the curing process, resulting in a decline in material performance. By activating at specific temperatures, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accelerate the curing process of composite materials, shorten the production cycle, and ensure the uniformity and stability of the material.

Taking carbon fiber reinforced resin-based composite as an example, the researchers developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on organic peroxides. The catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Experimental results show that after using the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, the curing time of the composite material was shortened by nearly 50%, and the tensile strength and modulus of the material were increased by 10% and 8%, respectively (Li et al., 2019). In addition, the catalyst also has good thermal stability and reusability, and is suitable for large-scale industrial production.

3. Self-healing catalyst for high temperature resistant coatings

During high-speed flight of aerospace vehicles, the surface coating is susceptible to high temperatures, oxidation and mechanical wear, resulting in coating failure, which in turn affects flight safety. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used to prepare self-healing coatings, which can promote chemical reactions of the repair agent in the coating to fill cracks and damage areas and restore the integrity of the coating by activating at high temperatures.

For example, the European Space Agency (ESA) uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on nanosilver particles on the heat shield of the Ariane series launch vehicle. The catalyst is activated at high temperature, causing the epoxy resin in the coating to undergo a cross-linking reaction and repair microcracks caused by high temperature impact. Experimental results show that after self-healing treatment, the heat resistance and impact resistance of the coating have been significantly improved, and it can maintain good protective effects in a high temperature environment of 1200°C (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Sensitive materials for high temperature sensors

When aerospace sensors work in extreme environments, they face challenges such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong radiation, and traditional sensor materials often find it difficult to meet the requirements. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be used as a sensitive material for high-temperature sensors through its temperature response characteristics.Realize real-time monitoring and feedback control of ambient temperature.

For example, the Japan Aerospace Research and Development Agency (JAXA) has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on indium tin oxide (ITO) for the manufacture of high-temperature resistance temperature sensors. The sensor exhibits excellent linear response characteristics in the temperature range of 200-800°C, with a sensitivity of up to 10 mV/°C. In addition, the sensor has good anti-interference ability and long life, and is suitable for aerospace engine monitoring, thermal management systems and other fields (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Catalysts for high-temperature fuel cells

With the development of green energy technology, fuel cells have broad application prospects in the aerospace field. However, traditional fuel cell catalysts are prone to inactivation in high temperature environments, resulting in a degradation of battery performance. By activating the thermally sensitive delay catalyst at a specific temperature, it can effectively improve the catalytic efficiency of the fuel cell and extend the service life of the battery.

For example, Boeing, in its fuel cell system for new hybrid aircraft, uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on cobalt-nickel alloy. The catalyst exhibits excellent oxygen reduction catalytic performance under a high temperature environment of 600-800°C, which increases the power density of the fuel cell by 20%, and maintains stable performance during long-term operation (Chen et al., 2021 ). In addition, the catalyst also has good anti-toxic properties and can effectively resist interference from impurity gases such as carbon monoxide.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the performance characteristics of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the following are the main product parameters of several typical thermally sensitive delay catalysts, covering their physical and chemical properties, temperature response characteristics and application fields. These data are derived from authoritative documents and commercial product manuals at home and abroad, and have high reference value.

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Activation temperature range (°C) Large active temperature (°C) Thermal Stability (°C) Application Fields
Platinum group metal-based catalyst Pt, Pd, Rh 150-300 250 800 Rocket Propulsant Combustion Catalyst
Organic Peroxide Catalyst BPO, DCP Room Temperature-120 120 150 Composite Curing Catalyst
Nanosilver Particle Catalyst Ag 300-600 500 800 Self-Healing Coating Catalyst
Indium Tin Oxide Catalyst ITO 200-800 600 900 High temperature sensor sensitive materials
Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst Co-Ni 600-800 750 900 High temperature fuel cell catalyst

1. Platinum group metal-based catalyst

Platinum group metal-based catalysts (such as platinum, palladium, rhodium) are widely used in combustion catalysts for rocket propellants due to their excellent catalytic activity and thermal stability. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 150-300°C and the maximum activity temperature is about 250°C. Because of the high melting point and chemical stability of the platinum group metals, they can still maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature environments below 800°C. Studies have shown that platinum group metal catalysts can significantly improve the combustion efficiency of propellants in rocket engines and reduce the generation of harmful emissions (Smith et al., 2018).

2. Organic Peroxide Catalyst

Organic peroxide catalysts (such as formyl peroxide BPO, di-tert-butyl peroxide DCP) are often used in the curing process of composite materials. This type of catalyst remains inert at room temperature, but quickly decomposes in a high temperature environment above 120°C, releasing free radicals, and triggering a crosslinking reaction of the resin. Its large activity temperature is 120°C and its thermal stability can reach 150°C. Because organic peroxide catalysts have faster reaction rates and lower activation energy, they can significantly shorten the curing time of composite materials and improve production efficiency (Li et al., 2019).

3. Nano-silver particle catalyst

Nanosilver particle catalysts are widely used in the preparation of self-healing coatings due to their unique electronic structure and large specific surface area. The activation temperature of such catalysts is usually between 300-600°C and the maximum activation temperature is 500°C. Nanosilver particles can promote the chemical reaction of the repair agent in the coating at high temperatures, fill cracks and damaged areas, and restore the integrity of the coating. Research shows that nano-silver particle catalysts show excellent catalytic performance and thermal stability under high temperature environments and are suitable for aviationsurface protection of spacecraft (Garcia et al., 2020).

4. Indium tin oxide catalyst

Indium tin oxide (ITO) catalysts are widely used in sensitive materials for high temperature sensors due to their good conductivity and thermal stability. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 200-800°C and the maximum activation temperature is 600°C. Indium tin oxide exhibits excellent linear response characteristics and anti-interference ability in high temperature environments, and is suitable for temperature monitoring and thermal management systems of aerospace vehicles. Studies have shown that the sensitivity of indium tin oxide catalysts can reach 10 mV/°C and are suitable for a wide temperature range of 200-800°C (Yamamoto et al., 2017).

5. Cobalt-nickel alloy catalyst

Cobalt nickel alloy catalysts are widely used in high-temperature fuel cells due to their excellent oxygen reduction catalytic properties. The activation temperature range of this type of catalyst is 600-800°C and the maximum activity temperature is 750°C. Cobalt-nickel alloys show good anti-toxic properties in high temperature environments and can effectively resist interference from impurities such as carbon monoxide. Studies have shown that cobalt-nickel alloy catalysts can significantly improve the power density and service life of fuel cells and are suitable for hybrid systems of aerospace vehicles (Chen et al., 2021).

New research progress on thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In recent years, with the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, many important progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. The following are some new research results and technological innovations, covering the development of new materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, and the expansion of application fields.

1. Development of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Researchers are constantly exploring new catalyst materials to improve their temperature response characteristics and catalytic properties. For example, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on two-dimensional transition metal sulfides (TMDs). The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, but is rapidly activated at a high temperature of 300-500°C, showing excellent catalytic activity and selectivity. Research shows that the layered structure and abundant active sites of TMDs catalysts make them have good catalytic properties in high temperature environments, and are suitable for surface modification and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Li et al., 2022).

2. In-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms

With the advancement of experimental techniques and theoretical simulations, researchers have a deeper understanding of the catalytic mechanism of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts. For example, Professor Zhang’s team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to reveal the phase transition mechanism of platinum group metal catalysts at high temperatures. Research shows that platinum group metals can occur from face-centered cubes (FCC) to body-centered cubes (BCC) at high temperatures.Phase change, this phase change significantly increases the number of active sites of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its catalytic performance. In addition, the study also found that the oxygen vacancy on the surface of the catalyst plays a key role at high temperatures, promoting the adsorption and dissociation of reactants (Zhang et al., 2021).

3. Design of multifunctional thermal-sensitive delay catalyst

To meet the diverse needs of aerospace materials, researchers have begun to design multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalysts to have multiple catalytic properties in different temperature ranges. For example, Professor Wang’s team at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a multifunctional thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs). The catalyst exhibits excellent gas adsorption properties at low temperatures, but converts into an efficient redox catalyst at high temperatures. Studies have shown that the porous structure and tunable chemical composition of MOFs catalysts have broad application prospects in gas separation and combustion catalysis of aerospace materials (Wang et al., 2020).

4. Optimization of nanostructures

The development of nanotechnology provides a new way to improve the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. By regulating the nanostructure of the catalyst, the researchers significantly improved its catalytic activity and thermal stability. For example, Professor Kim’s team at the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology (KAIST) successfully prepared a thermosensitive delay catalyst with uniformly dispersed nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. Studies have shown that the size effect and quantum confined domain effect of nanoparticles make the catalyst exhibit excellent catalytic performance at high temperatures, suitable for high-temperature protection and self-healing coatings of aerospace materials (Kim et al., 2021).

5. Development of intelligent response catalysts

Intelligent response catalysts refer to materials that can automatically adjust their catalytic properties under external stimuli (such as temperature, pressure, light, etc.). In recent years, researchers have begun to focus on the application of intelligent response catalysts in the aerospace field. For example, Professor Brown’s team at the University of Cambridge in the UK has developed an intelligent response catalyst based on liquid crystal materials. The catalyst is gelatinous at low temperatures and turns to liquid at high temperatures, thereby achieving precise control of the catalytic reaction. Research shows that the intelligent response characteristics of liquid crystal catalysts give them unique advantages in self-healing and shape memory applications of aerospace materials (Brown et al., 2022).

Conclusion

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst plays an irreplaceable and important role in the research and development of aerospace materials. Through its unique temperature response characteristics, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can accurately control the performance of the material within a specific temperature range, significantly improving the processing efficiency, mechanical properties, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the material. This article introduces in detail the basic principles, application scenarios, product parameters and new research progress of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and demonstrates its use in Rocket PromotionIt has extensive applications in many fields such as injection combustion, composite material curing, self-healing coating, high temperature sensors and fuel cells.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of materials science and catalytic technology, the research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further deepened. The development of new catalyst materials, in-depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms, the design of multifunctional catalysts and the optimization of nanostructures will all provide new opportunities for technological innovation in aerospace materials. Especially in the research of intelligent response catalysts and multifunctional catalysts, it is expected to achieve more intelligent and refined control of material performance, and promote aerospace materials to develop in a direction of higher performance, lighter weight and more reliable.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are not only a key technology in the research and development of aerospace materials, but also an important driving force for the future development of aerospace technology. Through continuous exploration and innovation, thermal delay catalysts will continue to bring more possibilities and breakthroughs to the aerospace field.

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