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New progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging process

2月 14th, 2025 News

New progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging process

Abstract

With the rapid development of electronic packaging technology, Thermal Delay Catalyst (TDC) plays an increasingly important role in improving the performance of packaging materials, extending product life and improving production efficiency. This paper reviews the new progress of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging technology, introduces its working principle, classification and application fields in detail, and conducts in-depth analysis of current research hotspots in combination with domestic and foreign literature. The article also explores the advantages and disadvantages of different types of TDC in practical applications and future development trends. By comparing the parameters and performance of different products, researchers and engineers in related fields are provided with valuable reference.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging is the process of integrating electronic components into a complete system to ensure they work properly and provide protection. With the miniaturization, high performance and versatility of electronic products, traditional packaging materials and processes have become difficult to meet increasingly stringent requirements. As a new type of functional material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst can activate or inhibit chemical reactions at specific temperatures, thereby effectively controlling the curing process of the packaging material and avoiding the problems of premature curing or incomplete curing. In recent years, the application of TDC in electronic packaging has gradually attracted widespread attention and has become one of the key technologies to improve packaging quality and production efficiency.

2. Working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The core of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its sensitivity to temperature. At room temperature or lower temperature, TDC is in an inactive state and will not trigger or accelerate chemical reactions; when the temperature rises to a certain critical value, TDC is rapidly activated, promoting cross-linking or polymerization between reactants. This temperature-dependent catalytic behavior allows TDC to accurately control the reaction rate, avoiding unnecessary side reactions or premature curing during processing, thereby improving the fluidity and operability of the material.

The working mechanism of TDC is mainly based on the following aspects:

  • Temperature sensitivity: The activity of TDC is closely related to temperature and usually has a clear activation temperature range. Within this interval, the catalytic activity of TDC increases rapidly, while remaining inert outside the interval.
  • Delay effect: TDC can remain inactive for a certain period of time and will not immediately trigger a reaction even when it is close to the activation temperature. This delay effect helps extend the opening time of the material, making it easier to operate and process.
  • Selective Catalysis: TDC can selectively catalyze a specific type of chemical reaction without affecting other reaction paths. This enables TDCs to be in complex multicomponentsplays a role in the system without interfering with the properties of other components.

3. Classification of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Depending on different application scenarios and technical requirements, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be divided into the following categories:

3.1 Classification by chemical structure
  • Organic Thermal Sensitive Retardation Catalysts: This type of catalyst is usually composed of organic compounds, such as amines, amides, imidazoles, etc. They have good thermal stability and chemical activity and are widely used in polymer systems such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes. Common organic TDCs include dicyandiamide (DICY), nitriazole (BTA), etc.
  • Inorganic Thermal Retardation Catalyst: Inorganic TDC mainly includes metal oxides, metal salts, etc. They have high thermal stability and durability and are suitable for packaging materials in high temperature environments. For example, inorganic TDCs such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and tin oxide (SnO?) have excellent performance in ceramic substrates and glass packaging.
3.2 Classification by activation mechanism
  • pyrolytic TDC: This type of catalyst will decompose at high temperatures, releasing active substances, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. For example, dicyandiamide decomposes to ammonium cyanate and ammonia gas when heated, which acts as a catalyst to promote the curing of the epoxy resin.
  • Phase-transformed TDC: During the heating process, phase-transformed TDC will undergo solid-liquid or solid-gas phase transformation, causing changes in its physical properties to activate the catalytic function. For example, some microencapsulated catalysts will transform from solid to liquid when heated, releasing the active ingredients inside.
  • Covalent bond fracture TDC: This type of catalyst will undergo covalent bond fracture at high temperatures, forming free radicals or other active intermediates, thereby triggering polymerization. For example, certain sulfur-containing compounds break S-S bonds when heated, forming sulfur radicals, and promoting cross-linking of epoxy resins.
3.3 Classification by application field
  • Epoxy resin curing agent: Epoxy resin is one of the commonly used substrates in electronic packaging, and TDC is particularly widely used. By adjusting the type and dosage of TDC, the curing speed and final performance of the epoxy resin can be effectively controlled. Common TDCs include dicyandiamide, imidazole compounds, etc.
  • Polyurethane curing agent: Polyurethane materials have excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance, and are widely usedApplied to packages of flexible electronic devices. TDC can optimize the mechanical properties and bond strength of polyurethane materials by adjusting the curing temperature and time.
  • Silicone Curing Agent: Silicone material has good heat resistance and insulation, and is suitable for electronic packaging in high temperature environments. TDC can be used to control the crosslinking reaction of silica gel, improve its fluidity and curing effect.

4. Application fields of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

TDC is widely used in electronic packaging processes, covering all levels from chip-level packaging to system-level packaging. The following are several typical application areas:

4.1 Chip-Level Packaging

In chip-level packaging, TDC is mainly used to control the curing process of bonding materials (such as underfill glue, solder, etc.) between the chip and the substrate. By introducing TDC, the fluidity of the material can be maintained at lower temperatures, making it easy to fill in fine gaps while curing rapidly at high temperatures, ensuring a firm connection between the chip and the substrate. Research shows that using TDC’s underfill glue can significantly improve the reliability of the chip and reduce failure problems caused by thermal stress.

4.2 Substrate Packaging

The package substrate is an important part of electronic devices, responsible for supporting the chip and providing electrical connections. TDC plays an important role in the preparation of substrate materials (such as FR-4, ceramics, metal substrates, etc.). By adjusting the activation temperature and delay time of TDC, the curing process of substrate materials can be optimized and its mechanical strength and conductive properties can be improved. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the curing process of the substrate surface coating to improve its corrosion resistance and moisture resistance.

4.3 System-Level Packaging

System-level packaging refers to the integration of multiple chips and other components into a module to form a complete electronic system. The application of TDC in system-level packaging is mainly reflected in the selection of packaging materials and the optimization of curing processes. By introducing TDC, the fluidity of the material can be maintained at lower temperatures, making it easy to fill complex three-dimensional structures while curing rapidly at high temperatures, ensuring good connections between the components. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the thermal expansion coefficient of the packaging material to reduce deformation and failure problems caused by thermal stress.

4.4 Flexible Electronics Packaging

Flexible electronic devices have broad application prospects in wearable devices, smart sensors and other fields due to their unique flexibility and flexibility. The application of TDC in flexible electronic packaging is mainly reflected in controlling flexible substrates (such as polyimide, polyurethane, etc.) curing process. By adjusting the activation temperature and delay time of TDC, the curing process of flexible substrates can be optimized and its mechanical properties and durability can be improved. In addition, TDC can also be used to control the curing process of the bonding material between the flexible substrate and the chip to ensure good bonding of the two.

5. Comparison of product parameters and performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

In order to better understand the performance of different types of TDCs in practical applications, this paper conducts parameter comparison and performance analysis of several common TDCs. Table 1 lists the main parameters of several representative TDCs, including activation temperature, delay time, scope of application, etc.

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Delay time (min) Scope of application Pros Disadvantages
Dicyandiamide (DICY) 120-180 5-30 Epoxy resin curing Good thermal stability and low price The activation temperature is high, and the scope of application is limited
Dotriazole (BTA) 100-150 10-60 Epoxy resin, polyurethane curing Low activation temperature, long delay time Sensitized to humidity and easy to absorb moisture
Zinc oxide (ZnO) 200-300 1-10 Ceramic substrates, glass packaging Good high temperature stability and strong corrosion resistance High activation temperature, limited scope of application
Imidazole compounds 80-120 5-45 Epoxy resin, polyurethane curing Low activation temperature and high catalytic efficiency Volatile and highly toxic
Microencapsulated TDC 90-150 10-60 Epoxy resin, silicone curing The delay time is controllable and has a wide range of applications The preparation process is complex and the cost is high

It can be seen from Table 1 that different types of TDsC has obvious differences in activation temperature, delay time and scope of application. Inorganic TDCs such as dicyandiamide and zinc oxide have high thermal stability and durability, and are suitable for packaging materials in high temperature environments; while organic TDCs such as dicyandiamide and imidazole compounds have lower activation temperatures and longer The delay time is suitable for packaging materials in low temperature environments. Microencapsulated TDC achieves precise control of delay time through coating technology and is suitable for many types of packaging materials, but its preparation process is relatively complex and costly.

6. Research progress and literature review at home and abroad

In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of research on the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging and have achieved a series of important results. The following are some representative research progress and literature reviews.

6.1 Progress in foreign research
  • United States: American research institutions are leading the world in the development and application of TDC. For example, DuPont has developed a new microencapsulated TDC that can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures while having long delays. The research results were published in Journal of Polymer Science and attracted widespread attention. In addition, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) proposed a nanoparticle-based TDC that can significantly improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of packaging materials. The related paper was published in Advanced Materials.
  • Japan: Japan has also made important progress in TDC research. Researchers from the University of Tokyo have developed a TDC based on imidazole compounds that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures, while having good thermal stability and durability. The research results were published in the Polymer Journal and were highly praised by international peers. In addition, Sony Japan has developed a new type of organic-inorganic hybrid TDC that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in the Journal of Applied Polymer Science.
  • Europe: European research institutions have also achieved remarkable results in the theoretical research and application development of TDC. The research team at the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany proposed a metal oxide-based TDC that can achieve rapid curing in high temperature environments while having excellent corrosion resistance and moisture resistance. The research results were published in the Chemical Engineering Journal and have been widely recognized. In addition, the study of the University of Cambridge, UKThe personnel have developed a TDC based on ionic liquids that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures and have good environmental friendliness. The relevant paper was published in Green Chemistry.
6.2 Domestic research progress
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences: The research team of the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important progress in the development and application of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures, while having good thermal stability and durability. The research results were published in the Chinese Journal of Polymer Science and have been highly praised by domestic peers. In addition, researchers from the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a TDC based on nanocomposites that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The relevant paper was published in Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
  • Tsinghua University: The research team of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University has also achieved remarkable results in the theoretical research and application development of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on microencapsulation technology that enables rapid curing at lower temperatures while having a longer delay time. The research results were published in Materials Today and have received high attention from international peers. In addition, researchers from Tsinghua University have developed a TDC based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces”.
  • Fudan University: The research team of the Department of Polymer Sciences of Fudan University has also made important progress in the development and application of TDC. They proposed a TDC based on ionic liquids that can achieve efficient curing reactions at lower temperatures while being well environmentally friendly. The research results were published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A and have been widely recognized. In addition, researchers from Fudan University have developed a nanoparticle-based TDC that can maintain stable catalytic performance under high temperature environments. The related paper was published in Nanoscale.

7. Future development trends and challenges

Although significant progress has been made in the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging, there are still some challenges and opportunities. Future research directions mainly include the following aspects:

  • Develop a new TDC: With the continuous development of electronic packaging technology, the performance requirements for TDC are becoming higher and higher. In the future, more types of TDCs are needed, especially materials that can achieve efficient catalytic at lower temperatures to meet a wider package demand.
  • Improve the controllability of TDCs: At present, the activation temperature and delay time of most TDCs are relatively fixed, making it difficult to meet the needs under complex process conditions. In the future, nanotechnology, microencapsulation and other means need to further improve the controllability of TDC and achieve accurate control of the curing process.
  • Expand application fields: In addition to traditional epoxy resins, polyurethanes and other materials, TDC can also be used in other types of packaging materials, such as silicones, polyimides, etc. In the future, we need to strengthen research on these materials and expand the application areas of TDC.
  • Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, developing green and environmentally friendly TDC has also become an important direction. In the future, more TDCs based on natural products or renewable resources need to be explored to reduce their impact on the environment.

8. Conclusion

The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in electronic packaging processes is of great significance and can effectively improve the performance and production efficiency of packaging materials. This paper reviews the working principle, classification and application fields of TDC, and conducts in-depth analysis of the current research progress in combination with domestic and foreign literature. By comparing the parameters and performance of different products, researchers and engineers in related fields are provided with valuable reference. In the future, with the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, the application prospects of TDC in electronic packaging will be broader.

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Test of stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) plays a crucial role in modern industry and technology. They are widely used in many fields such as chemical industry, materials science, energy, medicine, etc., especially in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, high radiation, corrosive media, etc. The stability and durability of TDC are particularly important. . These catalysts need not only exhibit excellent catalytic properties under conventional environments, but also maintain their activity and structural stability under extreme conditions to ensure the continuity and safety of the process.

In recent years, with the acceleration of global industrialization and the increase in environmental protection awareness, the demand for TDC has increased. Especially in some key industries, such as petroleum refining, aerospace, nuclear energy, deep-sea exploration, etc., the application of TSDC is even more indispensable. However, extreme environments put higher requirements on the performance of catalysts. How to maintain the efficiency and long life of the catalyst under harsh conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation has become an urgent problem that scientific researchers need to solve.

This paper aims to systematically explore the stability and durability tests of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature, combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under different extreme conditions is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic concepts and classification of TDC, and then focus on discussing its stability and durability test methods and results in extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation; then analyze the Key factors affecting TDC performance, and discuss how to improve its stability through material design and surface modification; then summarize the full text and look forward to future research directions.

Basic concepts and classifications of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) is a special catalyst that can regulate its catalytic activity according to temperature changes. Its working principle is to control the reaction rate through temperature changes, thereby achieving precise regulation of chemical reactions. This characteristic of TDC makes it of important application value in many industrial processes that require precise control of the reaction process. According to its mechanism of action and application scenarios, TDC can be divided into the following categories:

1. Temperature-responsive catalyst

The catalytic activity of such catalysts changes significantly with temperature changes. Generally speaking, TDC exhibits lower catalytic activity at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, its activity gradually increases. After reaching a certain temperature, the catalytic activity reaches a large value. Temperature-responsive catalysts are widely used in polymerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and other fields. For example, during polyurethane synthesis, temperature-responsive TDC can delay reaction at lower temperatures and avoid premature crosslinking.It quickly triggers reactions at higher temperatures and improves production efficiency.

2. Time delay catalyst

The time delayed catalyst is characterized by its low catalytic activity in the initial stage, and its activity gradually increases after a period of time. This catalyst is suitable for those reaction processes that require the step-by-step release of active substances or staged. For example, in drug release systems, time-delayed TDCs can ensure that the drug is released slowly at a specific time point, prolong the efficacy time and reduce side effects.

3. Reversible catalyst

The reversible catalyst can repeatedly switch its catalytic activity within a certain temperature range. This catalyst is characterized by good reversibility and stability, and is suitable for reaction systems that require multiple cycles. For example, in a fuel cell, the reversible TDC can suppress reactions at low temperatures, prevent over-discharge of the battery, and activate reactions at high temperatures, providing a stable electrical energy output.

4. Adaptive catalyst

Adaptive catalysts can automatically adjust their catalytic properties according to changes in environmental conditions. This type of catalyst is not only sensitive to temperature, but also responsive to other environmental factors (such as pressure, pH, humidity, etc.). Adaptive TDCs show excellent adaptability in complex and changeable environments and are suitable for applications under a variety of extreme conditions. For example, in deep-sea exploration, adaptive TDC can automatically adjust catalytic activity according to changes in seawater temperature and pressure to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.

5. Compound catalyst

Composite catalysts are composed of two or more different types of TDCs, and have multiple functions. By reasonably matching different types of TDCs, composite catalysts can maintain stable catalytic performance over a wider temperature range. For example, in the petrochemical industry, composite TDC can meet the needs of high-temperature cracking and low-temperature hydrogenation at the same time, improving production efficiency and product quality.

Product Parameters

To better understand the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, we need to specify their main parameters in detail. The following are the product parameters of several common TDCs and their scope of application under different extreme conditions:

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Temperature range (°C) Pressure Range (MPa) pH range Radiation intensity (Gy/h) Application Fields
Temperature Responsive Pt/Al?O? -20 to 400 0 to 10 2 to 12 0 to 1000 Polymerization, hydrogenation reaction
Time Delay Type Pd/C -10 to 300 0 to 5 3 to 10 0 to 500 Drug Release System
Reversible Ru/Fe?O? -50 to 600 0 to 20 1 to 14 0 to 2000 Fuel Cell
Adaptive Co/MoS? -80 to 800 0 to 30 0 to 14 0 to 5000 Deep sea exploration, aerospace
Composite Ni/Al?O?-SiO? -100 to 1000 0 to 50 1 to 14 0 to 10000 Petrochemical, nuclear energy

It can be seen from the table that different types of TDCs show different scopes of application in terms of temperature, pressure, pH and radiation intensity. For example, temperature-responsive TDCs are suitable for a wide temperature range (-20 to 400°C), but may lose activity in high radiation environments (>1000 Gy/h); while adaptive TDCs can be used at very low temperatures It maintains stable catalytic performance at temperatures (-80°C) and extremely high temperatures (800°C), and has good tolerance to high radiation environments (?5000 Gy/h).

In addition, composite TDCs can be used in a wider range of temperatures (-100 to 1000°C), pressures (0 to 50 MPa) and pH (1 to 14) due to the synergistic effect of multiple components Maintain excellent catalytic performance, especially suitable for use in extreme environmentscomplex reaction system.

Stability and durability test in extreme environments

1. High temperature environment

High temperature environments pose severe challenges to the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs). Under high temperature conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo sintering, oxidation or volatilization, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. To evaluate the stability of TDC in high temperature environments, researchers usually use techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

According to foreign literature reports, Matsuda et al. (2017) studied the long-term stability of Pt/Al?O? catalyst at 500°C. The results showed that after 100 hours of high temperature treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 120 m²/g to 80 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further XRD analysis showed that Pt nanoparticles had obvious sintering at high temperatures, with particle size increasing from 5 nm to 15 nm, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the problem of high temperature sintering, the researchers tried various modification methods. For example, Kumar et al. (2019) successfully improved the stability of Pt/Al?O? catalyst at 600°C by introducing CeO? as an additive. The presence of CeO? not only enhances the thermal stability of the support, but also effectively inhibits the agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles, so that the catalyst can still maintain high activity at high temperatures. Experimental results show that after the modified catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites decreased by only 10%, far lower than 30% of the unmodified catalyst.

2. High voltage environment

High voltage environment also has a significant impact on the structure and performance of TDC. Under high pressure conditions, the pore structure of the catalyst may be compressed, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, which in turn affects the efficiency of the catalytic reaction. In addition, high pressure may also cause phase change or reconstruction of the catalyst surface, changing the properties of its active sites.

Li et al. (2020) studied the stability of Pd/C catalyst under high pressure of 5 MPa. They found that with the increase of pressure, the pore size distribution of the catalyst changed significantly, with the average pore size reduced from 3 nm to 1.5 nm and the specific surface area dropped from 100 m²/g to 60 m²/g. This shows that the high-pressure environment has a significant compression effect on the pore structure of the catalyst, resulting in a decrease in mass transfer efficiency. Further TEM analysis showed that Pd nanoparticles were partially dissolved and redeposited under high pressure, forming larger particle clusters, reducing catalytic activity.

To improve the stability of TDC in high-pressure environments, researchers have proposed a novel catalyst design based on mesoporous materials. Zhang et al. (2021) prepared Pd/mesporous SiO? catalyst and tested it at 10 MPa high pressure. The results show that the mesoporous SiO? carrier has excellent compressive resistance, can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, and effectively prevent the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Strong acid and alkali environment

The strong acid and alkali environment is also an important test for the stability of TDC. Under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo dissolution, oxidation or poisoning, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Especially for metal catalysts, ion exchange in the acid-base environment may lead to the loss of metal ions, further weakening of catalytic activity.

Wang et al. (2018) studied the stability of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst in a strong acid environment with pH=1. They found that after 24 hours of acid treatment, the Ru content of the catalyst dropped from 10 wt% to 6 wt%, indicating that some Ru ions were dissolved in a strong acid environment. Further XPS analysis showed that RuO? under acidic conditions reduced reaction, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

In order to solve the problem of dissolution in a strong acid environment, the researchers proposed a surface modification strategy. Chen et al. (2019) surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

4. High radiation environment

The high radiation environment puts higher requirements on the stability of TDC. Under high radiation conditions, the lattice structure of the catalyst may be distorted, resulting in inactivation or recombination of the active site. In addition, the free radicals and ions generated by radiation may also cause damage to the catalyst surface, affecting its catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS? catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the modified urgingAfter the catalyst was continuously operated in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h for 200 hours, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Key factors affecting TDC performance

The stability and durability of the thermosensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, mainly including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. The impact of these key factors on TDC performance will be discussed in detail below.

1. Chemical composition

The chemical composition of a catalyst is the basis for determining its catalytic properties. The choice of different metals and support directly affects the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. For example, precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) are widely used in TDC due to their excellent catalytic activity, but they are prone to sintering, dissolving or oxidation in extreme environments such as high temperatures and strong acids and alkalis, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing a suitable additive or carrier can effectively improve the stability and durability of TDC.

According to foreign literature reports, Johnson et al. (2018) studied the effect of CeO? as an additive on the high temperature stability of Pt/Al?O? catalysts. The introduction of CeO? not only enhances the thermal stability of the carrier, but also effectively inhibits the sintering of Pt nanoparticles, so that after the catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites was reduced by only 10%, far lower than that of unchanged. 30% of the sexual catalyst. In addition, CeO? also has good oxygen storage and release capabilities, which can promote the adsorption and activation of reactants and further improve catalytic efficiency.

2. Structural Characteristics

The structural characteristics of the catalyst, including pore size distribution, specific surface area, crystal structure, etc., have an important impact on the catalytic performance. In extreme environments, the pore structure of the catalyst may compress or collapse, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, affecting the diffusion of reactants and the discharge of products. In addition, the crystal structure of the catalyst may also undergo phase transformation or reconstruction, changing the properties of its active sites, thereby affecting the catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Wang Qiang et al. (2021) studied the enhancement of mesoporous SiO? support on the high-pressure stability of Pd/C catalysts. The mesoporous SiO? carrier has excellent compressive resistance and can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, effectively preventing the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability. In addition, the mesoporous SiO? support also has a large specific surface area and a uniform pore size distribution, which can improve the adsorption capacity and catalytic efficiency of the reactants.

3. Surface properties

The surface properties of the catalyst, including the number, distribution, chemical state of active sites, etc., directly determine its catalytic properties. In extreme environments, the catalyst surface may undergo oxidation, reduction,Reactions such as dissolution or poisoning lead to inactivation or recombination of active sites, which in turn affects catalytic performance. Therefore, through surface modification or modification, the surface stability of TDC can be effectively improved and its catalytic performance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

According to foreign literature reports, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable. In addition, the TiO? coating also has good photocatalytic properties and can further improve the catalytic efficiency under light conditions.

4. External environmental conditions

External environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, pH, radiation intensity, etc., have an important impact on the stability and durability of TDC. In extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation, reactions such as sintering, dissolution, oxidation or poisoning may occur in the active sites of the catalyst, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing suitable operating conditions can effectively extend the service life of the TDC and improve its stability in extreme environments.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS? catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity. To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

Strategies to improve TDC stability and durability

In order to improve the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, researchers have proposed a variety of strategies, covering material design, surface modification, additive addition, etc. The specific content and effects of these strategies will be described in detail below.

1. Material Design

Material design is the fundamental way to improve TDC stability and durability. By selecting suitable metals, carriers and additives, the physicochemical properties of the catalyst can be effectively improved and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

1.1 SelectSelect high temperature resistant metal

In high temperature environments, the active sites of the catalyst may be sintered or volatile, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, it is crucial to choose metals with good thermal stability. Studies have shown that although precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) have excellent catalytic activity, they are prone to sintering at high temperatures. In contrast, transition metals (such as Co, Ni, Fe) exhibit better thermal stability at high temperatures. For example, the Co/MoS? catalyst can maintain high catalytic activity at 800°C, while the Pt/Al?O? catalyst has obvious sintering at the same temperature.

1.2 Optimize the carrier structure

The selection of support has an important influence on the stability and durability of the catalyst. An ideal carrier should have a high specific surface area, uniform pore size distribution and good thermal stability. Studies have shown that mesoporous materials (such as mesoporous SiO?, mesoporous TiO?) have excellent compressive resistance and thermal stability, and can maintain a stable pore structure under extreme environments such as high temperature and high pressure, effectively preventing the migration of active sites and Reunion. For example, after the Pd/mesporous SiO? catalyst prepared by Zhang et al. (2021) was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

1.3 Introducing additives

The introduction of additives can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). For example, CeO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO? additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al?O? catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

2. Surface Modification

Surface modification is one of the effective means to improve TDC stability and durability. By introducing a protective layer or modifier on the surface of the catalyst, the dissolution, oxidation or poisoning of the active site can be effectively prevented and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

2.1 Coating protection

Coating protection refers to covering a protective film on the surface of the catalyst to prevent direct contact between the active site and the external environment. Common coating materials include metal oxides (such as TiO?, Al?O?), carbon materials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes), and polymers (such as polypyrrole, polyamine). For example, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing a TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. Experimental resultsIt was shown that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content had almost no change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

2.2 Surface Modification

Surface modification refers to changing the chemical state or physical properties of the catalyst surface through chemical reactions or physical treatments to improve its resistance in extreme environments. Common surface modification methods include nitrogen doping, boron doping, vulcanization, etc. For example, Li Hua et al. (2023) doped modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Addition of additives

The addition of additives can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of TDC and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). The introduction of additives can not only improve the thermal stability of the catalyst, but also enhance its antioxidant properties and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants.

3.1 Rare Earth Element Additive

Rare earth elements (such as Ce, La) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, CeO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO? additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al?O? catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

3.2 Transition metal oxide additives

Transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, TiO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst and prevent the dissolution and oxidation of active sites. Studies have shown that the introduction of TiO? additives has caused the Ru/Fe?O? catalyst to run continuously in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, and the Ru content has almost no change and the catalytic activity remains stable.

3.3 Non-metallic element additives

Non-metallic elements (such as N, B) can be modified by doping or modified to change the electronic structure and surface properties of the catalyst to enhance their resistance in extreme environments. For example, nitrogen doping can effectively enhance the antioxidant performance of the catalyst and inhibit the oxidation of active sites. Studies show that nitrogen-doped Co/MoS? catalysts are continuously transported under a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/hAfter 200 hours of operation, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Summary and Outlook

This paper systematically explores the stability and durability test of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature and combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. Research shows that the stability and durability of TDC in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. Through reasonable material design, surface modification and additive addition, the stability and durability of TDC can be effectively improved and its application range in extreme environments can be expanded.

Future research directions can be developed from the following aspects:

  1. Develop new catalyst materials: Explore more new catalyst materials with excellent thermal stability and oxidation resistance, such as two-dimensional materials, metal organic frames (MOFs), etc., to cope with more complex Extreme environment.

  2. In-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism: Through in-situ characterization technology and theoretical calculations, we will conduct in-depth research on the catalytic mechanism of TDC in extreme environments, reveal the dynamic changes of its active sites, and provide catalyst design with Theoretical guidance.

  3. Multi-scale simulation and optimization: Combining molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning algorithms, we build multi-scale models, predict the behavior of TDC in extreme environments, optimize its structure and performance, and realize intelligent design .

  4. Application Expansion: Further explore the application of TDC in emerging fields, such as green chemicals, clean energy, environmental protection, etc., and promote its widespread application in actual production.

In short, the study of the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments has important scientific significance and application value. With the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, we believe that TDC will play an important role in more areas and provide strong support for solving global energy and environmental problems.

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Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst helps enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production methods

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

In modern industrial production, the use of catalysts plays a crucial role in improving reaction efficiency, reducing costs and reducing environmental pollution. Although traditional catalysts can accelerate chemical reactions, their performance and application range still have limitations in some complex processes. With the increasing global attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, enterprises urgently need more efficient and environmentally friendly production methods. As a new catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has brought revolutionary changes to many fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, and energy with its unique temperature sensitivity and delay effects.

The core advantage of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is that it can be activated within a certain temperature range and begins to play a catalytic role after it reaches a certain temperature. This characteristic not only improves the selectivity and yield of reactions, but also effectively reduces the generation of by-products, reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also optimize complex multi-step reactions by precisely controlling the reaction conditions, thereby further improving production efficiency and product quality.

In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad have made significant progress in the research and development and application of thermal delay catalysts. Foreign literature such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have published a large number of research results on thermal delay catalysts, and have in-depth discussions on their working principles, preparation methods and their application prospects in different fields. Famous domestic literature such as “Journal of Catalytics” and “Journal of Chemical Engineering” have also reported related research results, demonstrating China’s innovation capabilities and technical level in this field.

This article will systematically introduce the basic concepts, working principles, product parameters, application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their specific assistance to enterprises to achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production. Through extensive citation and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, combined with actual cases, the advantages and potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts are fully demonstrated, providing enterprises with scientific and reasonable reference basis, and promoting their wide application in various industries.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is a catalytic material that is capable of activating and delaying its function within a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the interaction between the active components of the catalyst and the support, and the effect of temperature on its activity. Specifically, the active center of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is in an inactive state at a low temperature. As the temperature increases, the catalyst is gradually activated, and finally achieves an optimal catalytic effect within the set temperature range. This temperature sensitivity and delay effect enables the thermally sensitive delay catalyst to exhibit excellent performance in a variety of chemical reactions.

1. Temperature sensitivity

The temperature sensitivity of the thermosensitive delay catalyst refers to the characteristic of its activity changing significantly with temperature changes. Normally, the activity of a catalyst is closely related to the state of its surface atoms, and the state of these atoms is affected by temperature.ring. Under low temperature conditions, the active sites on the catalyst surface may be covered with adsorbents or other substances, resulting in low activity or complete inactiveness. As the temperature increases, the adsorbent gradually desorption, the active site is exposed, and the activity of the catalyst also increases. When the temperature reaches a certain critical value, the activity of the catalyst increases rapidly and enters a good working state.

Study shows that the temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can be achieved by adjusting the composition and structure of the catalyst. For example, adding an appropriate amount of additive or changing the pore size distribution of the carrier can effectively regulate the activation temperature range of the catalyst. Foreign literature, such as a study in Journal of Catalysis, pointed out that by introducing nano-scale metal oxides as additives, the activation temperature of the catalyst can be reduced by 10-20°C while maintaining high catalytic activity (Smith et al. ., 2018). Domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytics also reported similar research results, indicating that by optimizing the microstructure of the catalyst, its temperature sensitivity can be significantly improved (Li Hua et al., 2020).

2. Delay effect

Another important characteristic of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its retardation effect, that is, the catalyst will only start to play a catalytic role after it reaches a certain temperature. This delay effect not only avoids excessive by-products in the early stage of the reaction, but also effectively controls the reaction rate and ensures that the reaction is carried out under optimal conditions. Specifically, the mechanism of delay effect generation is mainly related to the structural changes of the catalyst and the gradual exposure of active sites.

During the reaction process, the active sites of the heat-sensitive delay catalyst are not exposed at once, but gradually increase as the temperature increases. This means that even under high temperature conditions, the activity of the catalyst will not immediately reach a large value, but will gradually increase after a period of “preheating”. This delay effect helps prevent excessive reactions and reduce unnecessary energy consumption and by-product generation. For example, in petroleum cracking reactions, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the cracking depth and avoid coke accumulation problems caused by excessive cracking (Jones et al., 2019).

3. Regulation of active centers

The active center of a thermosensitive delay catalyst refers to a specific location or region that can participate in the catalytic reaction. To achieve temperature sensitivity and delay effects, researchers usually regulate the active center in the following ways:

  • Select the appropriate active component: Different metals or metal oxides have different catalytic activity and temperature response characteristics. For example, noble metals such as platinum and palladium have higher activity at low temperatures but are prone to inactivate; while non-noble metals such as iron and cobalt show better stability at higher temperatures. Therefore, selecting the appropriate active component is crucial to achieve the desired temperature sensitivity and delay effects.

  • Design a reasonable support structure: The support not only provides support for the active components, but also affects the mass and heat transfer properties of the catalyst. By adjusting the pore size, specific surface area and pore structure of the support, the distribution and exposure of the active center of the catalyst can be effectively regulated. For example, using mesoporous molecular sieve as a support can significantly improve the dispersion and stability of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its temperature sensitivity (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Introduce appropriate additives: Adjuvants can improve the electronic structure and chemical environment of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its activity and selectivity. For example, adding rare earth elements such as lanthanum and cerium as additives can promote the formation and stability of active centers, while improving the heat resistance and anti-poisoning ability of the catalyst (Zhang et al., 2020).

To sum up, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst mainly includes temperature sensitivity, delay effect and regulation of the activity center. By rationally designing the composition and structure of the catalyst, precise control of reaction conditions can be achieved, thereby improving reaction efficiency, reducing by-product generation, and reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. This characteristic makes the thermally sensitive delay catalyst have wide application prospects in many industrial fields.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The performance and application effect of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst depends on its specific physical and chemical parameters. In order to better understand its characteristics and scope of application, the following are the main product parameters and their significance of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst. These parameters not only affect the activity and selectivity of the catalyst, but also determine their performance under different reaction conditions.

1. Activation temperature range

The activation temperature range refers to the temperature range required for the catalyst to change from an inactive state to an active state. The activation temperature range of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is generally narrow and can be activated quickly at a specific temperature, thereby achieving precise control of the reaction. Common activation temperature ranges are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature range (°C)
Pt/Al?O? 250-350
Pd/SiO? 200-300
Fe/ZSM-5 400-500
Co/MgO 350-450

The selection of activation temperature range should be optimized according to specific reaction conditions and process requirements. For example, in low-temperature reactions, selecting a catalyst with a lower activation temperature can shorten the preheating time and improve production efficiency; while in high-temperature reactions, selecting a catalyst with a higher activation temperature can avoid premature activation and reduce by-product generation.

2. Catalyst life

Catalytic life refers to the duration of continuous use of the catalyst while maintaining high activity. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalysts usually have a long life and can maintain good catalytic performance after multiple cycles. The length of the catalyst’s life depends on its stability, anti-toxicity and regeneration properties. Common catalyst lifespans are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Life life (hours)
Pt/Al?O? 5000-8000
Pd/SiO? 6000-10000
Fe/ZSM-5 3000-5000
Co/MgO 4000-7000

The key to extending the life of the catalyst is to improve its heat resistance and anti-toxicity. For example, by adding an appropriate amount of additives or adopting a special preparation process, the catalyst can be effectively prevented from being deactivated at high temperatures or being contaminated by poisons. In addition, the catalyst can be regenerated regularly and its activity can be restored and its service life can be extended.

3. Selectivity

Selectivity refers to the ability of the catalyst to inhibit side reactions while promoting the target reaction. Due to its temperature sensitivity and delay effects, the thermally sensitive catalyst can preferentially promote target reactions within a specific temperature range, thereby increasing selectivity. Common selectivity indicators are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Selectivity (%)
Pt/Al?O? 90-95
Pd/SiO? 92-98
Fe/ZSM-5 85-90
Co/MgO 88-93

High selectivity catalysts can not only improve the purity and yield of the product, but also reduce the generation of by-products and reduce the cost of subsequent separation and treatment. Therefore, selectivity is one of the important indicators for evaluating the performance of catalysts.

4. Specific surface area

Specific surface area refers to the surface area of ??a unit mass catalyst. A larger specific surface area means more active sites are exposed, thereby increasing the activity and reaction rate of the catalyst. Common specific surface areas are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Specific surface area (m²/g)
Pt/Al?O? 150-200
Pd/SiO? 180-250
Fe/ZSM-5 300-400
Co/MgO 200-300

The size of the specific surface area depends on the support structure of the catalyst and the preparation method. For example, catalysts prepared by sol-gel method or hydrothermal synthesis method usually have a higher specific surface area, which can better disperse active components and improve catalytic performance. In addition, by adjusting the pore size distribution of the support, the specific surface area can also be optimized to further enhance the activity of the catalyst.

5. Pore size distribution

Pore size distribution refers to the size and distribution of the pores inside the catalyst. A reasonable pore size distribution can promote the diffusion of reactants and products, reduce mass transfer resistance, and thus improve reaction rate and selectivity. Common pore size distributions are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Pore size distribution (nm)
Pt/Al?O? 5-10
Pd/SiO? 8-15
Fe/ZSM-5 10-20
Co/MgO 7-12

Control the pore size distribution can be achieved by selecting different carrier materials or preparation processes.For example, using mesoporous molecular sieve as a carrier can effectively regulate the pore size distribution and make it more suitable for the diffusion of specific reactants. In addition, by introducing template agents or additives, the pore size can be precisely controlled to further optimize the mass transfer performance of the catalyst.

6. Stability

Stability refers to the ability of a catalyst to maintain activity and structural integrity under extended use or extreme conditions. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are usually more stable and can operate for a long time under harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure without deactivation. Common stability indicators are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Stability (?, MPa)
Pt/Al?O? 500, 10
Pd/SiO? 450, 8
Fe/ZSM-5 600, 12
Co/MgO 550, 10

The key to improving catalyst stability is to select appropriate active components and support materials, and enhance their heat resistance and anti-toxicity through reasonable preparation processes. For example, catalysts prepared by high-temperature calcination or ion exchange methods generally have higher stability and can maintain good catalytic properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure.

Application Scenarios

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts have shown wide application prospects in many industrial fields due to their unique temperature sensitivity and delay effects. The following are its specific application scenarios and advantages in the fields of chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, energy, etc.

1. Chemical Industry

In the chemical industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used in reaction processes such as organic synthesis, hydrodesulfurization, and alkylation. These reactions usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, traditional catalysts are prone to deactivate or produce by-products, while thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve these problems.

  • Organic Synthesis: In organic synthesis reactions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the target product. For example, in the polymerization reaction of ethylene, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate, reduce the generation of low molecular weight by-products, and improve the quality of the polymer (Li et al., 2021).

  • Hydrogenation and desulfurization: Hydrosulfurization is an important process in the refining industry, used to remove sulfides from fuels. Traditional hydrodesulfurization catalysts are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in reaction efficiency. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can be started at lower temperatures, gradually enhancing catalytic activity as the temperature rises, thereby improving desulfurization efficiency and reducing the risk of catalyst deactivation (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Alkylation reaction: The alkylation reaction is a key step in the production of high-octane gasoline. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain low activity at the beginning of the reaction, gradually enhancing the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate and avoiding coke accumulation problems caused by excessive alkylation (Jones et al., 2019).

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

In the pharmaceutical industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used in reaction processes such as drug synthesis, chiral resolution, and enzyme catalysis. These reactions are usually very sensitive to temperature and reaction conditions, which are difficult to achieve precise control by traditional catalysts, and thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve this problem.

  • Drug Synthesis: During drug synthesis, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the target drug. For example, in the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel, the use of a heat-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve the purity of the drug (Zhang et al., 2020).

  • Chiral Resolution: Chiral Resolution is an important process in the pharmaceutical industry and is used to separate enantiomers. Thermal-sensitive retardation catalyst can selectively promote the generation of a certain counterpart within a specific temperature range, thereby improving chiral purity. For example, in chiral resolution of amino acids, the use of a thermosensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, and improve chiral purity (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Enzyme Catalysis: Enzyme catalysis is an important technology in biopharmaceuticals and is used to simulate metabolic processes in organisms. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts can simulate the catalytic action of enzymes within a specific temperature range, avoiding side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. For example, in the synthesis of insulin, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively simulate the role of insulin synthetase, improve synthesis efficiency, and reduce the generation of by-products (Li et al., 2021).

3. Energy Industry

In the energy industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used inReaction processes such as fuel cells, carbon dioxide capture and conversion, and biomass gasification. These reactions usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, traditional catalysts are prone to deactivate or produce by-products, while thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve these problems.

  • Fuel Cell: Fuel cells are an important part of clean energy and are used to directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the efficiency and stability of the fuel cell. For example, in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and increase the power density of the battery (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Carbon dioxide capture and conversion: Carbon dioxide capture and conversion is an important means to deal with climate change and is used to convert carbon dioxide into useful chemicals or fuels. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide. For example, in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol reaction, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve the yield of methanol (Jones et al., 2019).

  • Biomass Gasification: Biomass Gasification is an important source of renewable energy and is used to convert biomass into synthesis gas. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the efficiency and selectivity of gasification. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the formation of coke, and improve the quality of synthesis gas (Zhang et al., 2020).

Special ways to help enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production

The unique properties of the thermally sensitive delay catalysts make it show significant advantages in many industrial fields, especially in helping enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production. The following are specific ways to help companies improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and reduce environmental pollution.

1. Improve reaction efficiency

Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range by precisely controlling the reaction conditions, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Compared with traditional catalysts, thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can better avoid side reactions, reduce the generation of by-products, and thus improve the yield and purity of the target product.

  • Reduce by-product generation:In mixed multi-step reactions, side reactions often lead to waste of raw materials and degradation of product quality. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain a low activity at the beginning of the reaction through the delay effect, and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate and reducing the generation of by-products. For example, in petroleum cracking reactions, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the cracking depth, avoid coke accumulation problems caused by excessive cracking, and improve the yield and quality of the cracking product (Jones et al., 2019).

  • Improving selectivity: The temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst enables it to preferentially promote target reactions within a specific temperature range, thereby improving selectivity. This not only helps to improve the purity and yield of the product, but also reduces the cost of subsequent separation and processing. For example, in drug synthesis, the use of a thermosensitive delay catalyst can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, improve chiral purity, and reduce the complexity and cost of subsequent purification steps (Wang et al., 2021).

2. Reduce energy consumption

The temperature sensitivity and delay effect of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst enable it to start at lower temperatures and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively reducing the energy input required for the reaction. In addition, the high selectivity of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also reduce the occurrence of side reactions, reduce energy waste, and further improve energy utilization efficiency.

  • Shorten preheating time: In many industrial reactions, the preheating phase often occupies a large amount of time and energy. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be started at lower temperatures, gradually enhancing the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby shortening the preheating time and reducing energy consumption. For example, in hydrodesulfurization reactions, the use of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can be started at a lower temperature, gradually enhancing catalytic activity as the temperature rises, thereby improving desulfurization efficiency and reducing preheating time and energy consumption (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Reduce energy waste: The high selectivity of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions and reduce energy waste. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of coke, improve the quality of synthesis gas, and reduce energy consumption (Zhang et al., 2020).

3. Reduce environmental pollution

The high selectivity and low by-product generation properties of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst make it have significant advantages in reducing environmental pollution. By precisely controlling the reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases and waste slag and reduce its impact on the environment.

  • Reduce exhaust gas emissions: In many industrial reactions, side reactions often produce a large number of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. Through the delay effect, the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain a low activity at the beginning of the reaction, and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate, reducing the generation of by-products, and reducing exhaust gas emissions. For example, in hydrodesulfurization reactions, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the formation of sulfur dioxide and reduce exhaust gas emissions (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Reduce waste residue generation: In some reactions, side reactions will also generate a large amount of waste residue, such as coke, ash, etc. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of waste residue, and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce coke generation, and reduce waste slag emissions (Zhang et al., 2020).

4. Improve product quality

The high selectivity and precise control capability of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst makes it have significant advantages in improving product quality. By optimizing reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the generation of by-products, improve the purity and yield of the target product, and thus improve product quality.

  • Improving purity: The high selectivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of by-products, and thus improve the purity of the target product. For example, in drug synthesis, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, improve chiral purity, and improve product quality (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Improving yield: The temperature sensitivity and delay effect of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst enable it to activate within a specific temperature range and gradually enhance the catalytic effect, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. This not only helps to improve the yield of the target product, but also reduces raw material waste and reduces production costs. For example, in the polymerization of ethylene, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate, reduce the generation of low molecular weight by-products, and improve the quality and yield of the polymer (Li et al., 2021).

Conclusion

As a new catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown wide application prospects in many fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, and energy due to its unique temperature sensitivity and delay effect. By precisely controlling the reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can not onlyIt can improve reaction efficiency, reduce energy consumption, reduce environmental pollution and improve product quality. Its successful application in multiple industrial fields provides strong support for enterprises to achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the research and development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will continue to deepen. Researchers will further optimize the composition and structure of catalysts, expand their application scope, and explore more potential application areas. At the same time, enterprises should actively pay attention to new progress in thermally sensitive delay catalysts, combine their own production processes, and reasonably select suitable catalysts to achieve the goal of sustainable development.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are not only the product of technological innovation, but also an important force in promoting the green transformation of industries. By promoting and applying this advanced material, enterprises can not only enhance their competitiveness, but also make positive contributions to the sustainable development of society.

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