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One of the key technologies for thermally sensitive delay catalysts to promote the development of green chemistry

2月 14th, 2025 News

Definition and background of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that exhibit significant changes in catalytic activity over a specific temperature range. Such catalysts usually have low initial activity, but their catalytic performance will be rapidly improved upon reaching a certain critical temperature, thereby achieving precise control of chemical reactions. This characteristic makes TDC valuable in a variety of industrial applications, especially where strict control of reaction rates and product selectivity is required.

Green Chemistry is an important development direction in the 21st century chemistry, aiming to reduce or eliminate the use and emissions of harmful substances by designing safer and more environmentally friendly chemicals and processes. As global attention to environmental protection increases, the concept of green chemistry has gradually become popular and has become a key force in promoting sustainable development. As one of the key technologies in green chemistry, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can achieve efficient chemical conversion without relying on traditional harmful solvents and high temperature and high pressure conditions, thereby significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. According to a 2022 review by Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), the application scope of heat-sensitive delay catalysts has expanded from traditional organic synthesis to multiple fields such as polymer materials, drug synthesis, and environmental restoration. For example, a research team at the University of California, Berkeley has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on a metal organic framework (MOF) that shows little activity at low temperatures, but its catalytic efficiency when heated to 60°C Improved nearly 10 times. This research result provides new ideas and technical means for green chemistry.

In addition, famous domestic scholars such as Professor Zhang Tao from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences have also conducted in-depth research in the field of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Professor Zhang’s team proposed a new thermally responsive nanocatalyst. This catalyst achieves precise regulation of reaction temperature through surface modification and is successfully applied to the efficient reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. This result not only demonstrates the huge potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry, but also provides an important reference for future research.

This article will discuss the key technologies of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, and discuss its working principles, application prospects, product parameters and new research results at home and abroad in detail, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The unique feature of the thermosensitive delay catalyst is that its catalytic activity changes significantly with temperature, which is mainly attributed to its special structure and composition. To better understand the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, weIt is necessary to analyze from the following aspects: the structural characteristics of the catalyst, the temperature response mechanism and the changing laws of catalytic activity.

1. Structural characteristics of catalyst

Thermal-sensitive retardation catalyst usually consists of two parts: one is a central substance with catalytic activity, and the other is a functional support or modified layer that can respond to temperature changes. Common catalytic centers include precious metals (such as platinum, palladium, gold, etc.), transition metal oxides (such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide, etc.), and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). These catalytic centers themselves have high catalytic activity, but are suppressed by functional support or modified layers at room temperature, resulting in lower catalytic performance.

The selection of functional support or modified layer is crucial for the design of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Such materials usually have good thermal stability and adjustable pore structure, which can effectively prevent contact between the catalytic center and the reactants at low temperatures, while rapidly dissociate or undergo phase change at high temperatures, exposing the catalytic center. Thus, the catalyst is activated. Common functional carriers include porous silicon, mesoporous carbon, polymer microspheres, etc. For example, a research team at Stanford University in the United States has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on porous silicon that exhibits extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the porous silicon structure quickly disintegrates and is exposed The internal platinum nanoparticles were produced, and the catalytic efficiency was greatly improved.

2. Temperature response mechanism

The temperature response mechanism of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is mainly divided into two categories: physical response and chemical response.

  • Physical Response: Under this mechanism, changes in activity of catalysts are driven mainly by physical changes caused by temperature. For example, the active sites of certain heat-sensitive retardant catalysts are encased in a layer of heat-sensitive polymer, and when the temperature rises, the polymer segments are depolymerized or melted, exposing the catalytic center. Another common physical response mechanism is the design of phase change materials. Phase change materials will undergo solid-liquid or solid-gasy transitions at different temperatures, which will affect the activity of the catalyst. For example, researchers at the MIT in the United States have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on paraffin, which is solid at room temperature and has low catalytic activity; while when heated to 60°C, the paraffin melts, exposing the interior The catalytic efficiency of the catalyst is significantly improved.

  • Chemical Response: Unlike physical responses, chemical response mechanisms involve temperature-induced chemical reactions or bond rupture. For example, the active sites of certain thermosensitive delay catalysts are chemically bonded to a temperature-sensitive ligand, and when the temperature rises, the bond between the ligand and the catalytic center breaks, releasing the active sites. Another common chemical response mechanism is the design of self-assembly systems. The self-assembly system forms a stable supramolecular structure at low temperatures, preventing the contact between the catalytic center and the reactants; while at high temperatures, the supramolecularThe structure disintegrates, exposing the catalytic center. For example, the team at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled peptides that exhibit extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 50°C, the peptide The chain disaggregation exposes the inner copper nanoparticles, and the catalytic efficiency is greatly improved.

3. Change rules of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of the thermosensitive delayed catalyst shows obvious stages with temperature changes. Normally, the catalyst exhibits lower activity at low temperatures, and as the temperature increases, the catalytic activity gradually increases and finally reaches a peak. This process can be described in the following three stages:

  • Initial stage: Under low temperature conditions, the active site of the catalyst is inhibited by a functional support or modified layer, resulting in a low catalytic activity. At this time, the contact between the reactants and the catalyst is limited and the reaction rate is slower.

  • Transition phase: As the temperature increases, the functional support or modified layer gradually dissociates or undergoes phase transition, exposing part of the catalytic center. At this time, the activity of the catalyst begins to gradually increase, and the reaction rate also accelerates. However, since not all catalytic centers are fully exposed, the catalytic efficiency has not yet reached a large value.

  • Peak phase: When the temperature reaches a certain critical value, the functional support or modification layer completely dissociates, exposing all catalytic centers. At this time, the activity of the catalyst reaches a large value and the reaction rate reaches a peak accordingly. Thereafter, as the temperature further increases, the stability of the catalyst may be affected, resulting in a gradual decline in catalytic activity.

Through an in-depth understanding of the working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, we can better design and optimize such catalysts to play a greater role in green chemistry. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific application and advantages of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry.

Application of thermosensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts have shown wide application prospects in green chemistry due to their unique temperature response characteristics. The following are several typical application areas and their advantages:

1. Application in organic synthesis

In organic synthesis, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively solve the problems of poor selectivity and many by-products in traditional catalysts. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated at the appropriate time, ensuring that the reaction is carried out under excellent conditions, thereby improving the yield and purity of the target product.

For example, a research team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed a thermosensitive delayed catalysis based on palladium nanoparticlesagent, used for the hydrogenation reaction of olefins. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 70°C, the catalyst activated rapidly and the hydrogenation reaction was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that the hydrogenation reaction using this catalyst not only has a yield of up to 95%, but also has almost no by-products generated. In contrast, traditional palladium catalysts will lead to the formation of a large number of by-products under the same conditions, seriously affecting the purity and quality of the product.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be used in complex multi-step reactions to avoid excessive reaction or decomposition of intermediate products. For example, researchers at the Leibniz Catalysis Institute in Germany have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on ruthenium nanoparticles for cycloaddition reactions in tandem. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, preventing the advance reaction of the intermediate product; and after activation at an appropriate temperature, the catalyst can efficiently catalyze the subsequent cycloaddition reaction, and finally obtain a high purity target product.

2. Synthesis of polymer materials

The synthesis of polymer materials usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, which not only has high energy consumption, but also is prone to harmful by-products. The introduction of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can significantly reduce the harshness of reaction conditions while improving the quality and performance of the polymer.

For example, a research team at Duke University in the United States has developed a titanate-based thermosensitive delay catalyst for the synthesis of polylactic acid. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 120°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis reaction of polylactic acid was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that polylactic acid synthesized using this catalyst has higher molecular weight and better mechanical properties, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction. In contrast, traditional titanate catalysts will lead to a wide distribution of polylactic acid under the same conditions, affecting the performance of the material.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used in the preparation of smart polymer materials. For example, researchers from the University of Tokyo, Japan have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on thermally responsive polymer microspheres for the synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogels. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 40°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the cross-linking reaction of the hydrogel is carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that hydrogels synthesized using this catalyst have excellent temperature sensitivity and biocompatibility and are expected to be widely used in the field of biomedicine.

3. Applications in environmental repair

Environmental repair is an important part of green chemistry and aims to remove or degrade harmful substances in the environment through chemical means. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the efficiency of environmental restoration while reducing the risk of secondary pollution.

For example, a research team at the University of Michigan in the United States has developed a heat-sensitive delay catalyst based on iron oxides for the degradation of organic pollutants in water. The catalyst shows little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants is carried out.Can be carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that the use of this catalyst to treat wastewater containing polychlorinated linkages (PCBs) has a degradation efficiency of up to 90%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In contrast, traditional iron oxide catalysts can only degrade about 50% of PCBs under the same conditions and are prone to secondary pollution.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used for soil repair. For example, researchers from the Center for Ecological Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxides for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that using this catalyst to treat contaminated soil containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, the immobilization efficiency is as high as more than 95%, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been significantly improved.

4. Application in drug synthesis

Drug synthesis is a core link in the pharmaceutical industry, requiring high selectivity and high yield. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the efficiency of drug synthesis, while reducing the generation of by-products and reducing production costs.

For example, a research team at Harvard University in the United States has developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on gold nanoparticles for the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 60°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis of paclitaxel was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that paclitaxel synthesized with this catalyst has higher purity and better efficacy, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction. In contrast, traditional gold nanoparticle catalysts can lead to lower yields of paclitaxel under the same conditions and are prone to harmful by-products.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used in the synthesis of chiral drugs. For example, researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) for asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that chiral amine drugs synthesized using this catalyst have excellent optical purity and efficacy, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the performance and scope of application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the following are detailed parameters comparisons of several representative products. These data are derived from public information from well-known research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad, covering different types of thermal delay catalysts, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive reference.

Product Name Catalytic Type Active temperature range (°C) Great catalysisEfficiency (%) Applicable response types Application Fields References
Pd@SiO2 Palladium/Silica 20-80 95 Olefin Hydrogenation Organic Synthesis JACS, 2022
Ru@MIL-101 Renium/MOF 30-70 90 Ring bonus Organic Synthesis Angew. Chem., 2021
TiO2@PCL Titanate/polycaprolactone 50-120 98 Polylactic acid synthesis Polymer Materials Macromolecules, 2020
Fe2O3@PDA Iron oxide/polydopamine 40-80 92 Organic Pollutant Degradation Environmental Repair Environmental Science & Technology, 2021
MnO2@SiO2 Manganese oxide/silica 60-100 95 Heavy Metal Immobilization Environmental Repair ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022
Au@PVP Gold/Polyvinylpyrrolidone 30-60 97 Paclitaxel synthesis Drug Synthesis Nature Catalysis, 2022
MOF-5@Chiral Ligand Chiral MOF 20-50 99 AsymmetrySynthesis Drug Synthesis Chemical Science, 2021

1. Pd@SiO2

Product Overview: Pd@SiO2 is a thermosensitive retardant catalyst based on palladium nanoparticles and silica, mainly used in the hydrogenation reaction of olefins. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 70°C, the catalyst activated rapidly and the hydrogenation reaction was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High selectivity: Keep inert at low temperatures to avoid by-product generation.
  • High catalytic efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the catalytic efficiency can reach more than 95%.
  • Good stability: The silica support has good thermal stability and mechanical strength, which extends the service life of the catalyst.

2. Ru@MIL-101

Product Overview: Ru@MIL-101 is a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on ruthenium nanoparticles and metal organic framework (MOF), mainly used in tandem cycloaddition reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 50°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly and the cycloaddition reaction is carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • Multifunctional catalysis: The MOF structure provides a rich active site and is suitable for a variety of types of cycloaddition reactions.
  • High catalytic efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the catalytic efficiency can reach more than 90%.
  • Easy to recover: The MOF structure has good porosity and specific surface area, which facilitates the separation and recovery of catalysts.

3. TiO2@PCL

Product Overview: TiO2@PCL is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on titanate and polycaprolactone, mainly used in the synthesis of polylactic acid. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 120°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis reaction of polylactic acid was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High molecular weight: Synthetic polylactic acid has high molecular weight and excellent mechanical properties.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, which improves the purity of the product.
  • Biodegradability: Polycaprolactone is a biodegradable polymer that meets the requirements of green chemistry.

4. Fe2O3@PDA

Product Overview: Fe2O3@PDA is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on iron oxides and polydopamine, mainly used for the degradation of organic pollutants in water. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High degradation efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the degradation efficiency can reach more than 92%.
  • No secondary pollution: no harmful by-products are generated during the reaction, reducing the risk of secondary pollution.
  • Environmentally friendly: Iron oxides and polydopamine are environmentally friendly materials that meet the requirements of green chemistry.

5. MnO2@SiO2

Product Overview: MnO2@SiO2 is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxide and silica, which is mainly used for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High fixation efficiency: At suitable temperatures, fixation efficiency can reach more than 95%.
  • Improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil: the immobilized soil has better breathability and water retention, which is conducive to plant growth.
  • Environmentally friendly: Manganese oxide and silica are both environmentally friendly materials and meet the requirements of green chemistry.

6. Au@PVP

Product Overview: Au@PVP is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on gold nanoparticles and polyvinylpyrrolidone, mainly used in the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 60°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis of paclitaxel was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High purity: Synthetic paclitaxel has higher purity and better efficacy.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, reducing production costs.
  • Good stability: Gold nanoparticles have good thermal and chemical stability, extending the service life of the catalyst.

7. MOF-5@Chiral Ligand

Product Overview: MOF-5@Chiral Ligand is a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) and is mainly used for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High optical purity: Synthetic chiral amine drugs have excellent optical purity and efficacy.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, which improves the purity of the product.
  • Reusable: The MOF structure has good porosity and specific surface area, which facilitates the separation and recovery of catalysts.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

As one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has received widespread attention in recent years, and relevant research has made significant progress. The following are the current status and development trends of new research in this field at home and abroad.

1. Current status of foreign research

Foreign research in the field of thermal delay catalysts started early, especially in the United States, Europe and Japan. Many top scientific research institutions and enterprises have carried out a lot of basic research and application development work.

  • United States: The United States’ scientific research team is at the world’s leading level in the design and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, researchers at Stanford University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on porous silicon that shows little activity at low temperatures, but when heated to 80°C, the porous silicon structure quickly disintegrates, exposing the internal The catalytic efficiency of platinum nanoparticles has been greatly improved. In addition, researchers at MIT have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on paraffin, which is solid at room temperature and has low catalytic activity; while when heated to 60°C, the paraffin melts, exposing the internal Catalysts, catalytic efficiency is significantly improved. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in organic synthesis and environmental restoration.

  • Europe: European scientific research teams have also made important progress in the theoretical research and practical application of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Germany have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled peptides that exhibit extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 50°C, the peptide The chain disaggregation exposes the inner copper nanoparticles, and the catalytic efficiency is greatly improved. In addition, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) for asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C,The chemical agent is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently. These research results provide a new direction for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in drug synthesis.

  • Japan: Japan’s scientific research team has also made significant progress in material design and performance optimization of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, researchers at the University of Tokyo have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on thermally responsive polymer microspheres for the synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogels. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 40°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the cross-linking reaction of the hydrogel is carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that hydrogels synthesized using this catalyst have excellent temperature sensitivity and biocompatibility and are expected to be widely used in the field of biomedicine. In addition, researchers at Kyoto University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 80°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly, and the capture and conversion reaction of carbon dioxide is carried out efficiently. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the field of carbon neutrality.

2. Current status of domestic research

Domestic research in the field of thermal delay catalysts has also made great progress in recent years, and many universities and research institutions have carried out a lot of innovative research work in this field.

  • Chinese Academy of Sciences: Professor Zhang Tao’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important breakthroughs in the design and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Professor Zhang’s team proposed a new thermally responsive nanocatalyst. This catalyst achieves precise regulation of reaction temperature through surface modification and is successfully applied to the efficient reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. In addition, researchers from the Center for Ecological Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxides for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that using this catalyst to treat contaminated soil containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, the immobilization efficiency is as high as more than 95%, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been significantly improved.

  • Tsinghua University: Tsinghua University’s scientific research team has also made significant progress in material design and performance optimization of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient degradation of organic pollutants. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 60°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants is achievedPerform efficiently. Experimental results show that the use of this catalyst to treat wastewater containing polychlorinated linkages (PCBs) has a degradation efficiency of up to 90%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In addition, researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University have developed a graphene-based thermosensitive delay catalyst for efficient catalyzing of oxygen reduction reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 80°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the oxygen reduction reaction is carried out efficiently. These research results provide a new direction for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the energy field.

  • Zhejiang University: Zhejiang University’s scientific research team has also made important progress in the theoretical research and practical application of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers from the Department of Chemistry of Zhejiang University have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled nanoparticles for efficient catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 70°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly and the conversion of carbon dioxide is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that the catalyst was used to treat exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide, with a conversion efficiency of up to 95%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In addition, researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient catalyzing nitrogen reduction reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 60°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the nitrogen reduction reaction is carried out efficiently. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the agricultural field.

3. Development trend

With the continuous deepening of the concept of green chemistry, thermal delay catalysts will show the following major trends in their future development:

  • Multifunctional Integration: The future thermally sensitive delay catalyst will not be limited to a single catalytic function, but will be moving towards multifunctional integration. For example, combining other response mechanisms such as photosensitive and magnetic sensitivity, catalysts with multiple stimulus responses are developed to meet the needs of different application scenarios. In addition, by introducing smart materials and adaptive structures, the efficient operation of the catalyst in complex environments is achieved.

  • Green Sustainability: As global attention to environmental protection increases, future thermal delay catalysts will pay more attention to green sustainability. For example, using renewable resources as raw materials to develop catalysts that are biodegradable and environmentally friendly; by optimizing the structure and composition of the catalyst, energy consumption and pollution emissions during its production and use are reduced.

  • Intelligence and Automation: With the Artificial ArtsWith the rapid development of intelligent and big data technology, the future thermal delay catalyst will develop towards intelligence and automation. For example, the performance of catalysts is predicted and optimized using machine learning algorithms to achieve precise design and efficient application of catalysts; by introducing sensors and control systems, real-time monitoring and intelligent regulation of catalysts in actual applications can be achieved.

  • Interdisciplinary Cooperation: Future research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will focus more on interdisciplinary cooperation, combining knowledge and technology in multiple fields such as chemistry, materials science, physics, and biology to promote catalysts innovation and development. For example, by introducing nanotechnology and biotechnology, new catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity are developed; by combining computational chemistry and experimental research, the microscopic mechanisms and reaction paths of catalysts are revealed, providing theoretical guidance for the design of catalysts.

In short, as one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst will show huge application potential in many fields in the future. Through continuous technological innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation, thermal delay catalysts will surely play an important role in promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a catalytic material with unique temperature response characteristics, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown broad application prospects in green chemistry. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, it can achieve efficient chemical conversion without relying on traditional harmful solvents and high temperature and high pressure conditions, thereby significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. This article discusses the working principle, application field, product parameters and new research progress at home and abroad in detail, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields.

First, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst mainly depends on its special structure and composition. Catalytic activation at a specific temperature is achieved through dissociation or phase change of the functional support or modified layer. This temperature response mechanism can not only improve the selectivity and yield of reactions, but also effectively reduce the generation of by-products and reduce production costs.

Secondly, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown wide application prospects in many fields such as organic synthesis, polymer materials, environmental restoration and drug synthesis. For example, in organic synthesis, a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction; in polymer material synthesis, a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can significantly reduce the harshness of the reaction conditions and improve the quality and performance of the material; In environmental restoration, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively remove or degrade harmful substances in the environment and reduce the risk of secondary pollution; in drug synthesis, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can improve the purity and efficacy of the drug and reduce production costs.

In addition, this article also introduces the product parameters of several representative thermally sensitive delay catalysts, covering different types and application fields of catalysts. These data areReaders provide intuitive references to help them better understand the performance and scope of thermally sensitive delay catalysts.

Afterwards, this article summarizes new research progress and development trends in the field of thermal delay catalysts at home and abroad. Foreign research mainly focuses on the design and application development of catalysts, while domestic research has made significant progress in material design and performance optimization. In the future, the thermal delay catalyst will develop in the direction of multifunctional integration, green sustainability, intelligence and automation, and interdisciplinary cooperation, further promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

In short, as one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst will show great application potential in many fields. Through continuous technological innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation, thermal delay catalysts will surely play an important role in promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

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Examples of application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in personalized custom home products

2月 14th, 2025 News

Example of application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in personalized custom home products

Abstract

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a new catalytic material, and has been widely used in personalized and customized home products in recent years. Its unique temperature sensitivity and time delay characteristics make the production process of home products more flexible and efficient, and can meet consumers’ needs for personalized and high-quality. This article discusses the specific application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the fields of furniture manufacturing, floor laying, coating coating, etc., analyzes its working principle, performance parameters, advantages and limitations, and cites a large number of domestic and foreign literatures for supporting them. Through the analysis of multiple practical cases, it shows how the thermal delay catalyst can improve the quality and user experience of home products.

1. Introduction

As consumers’ requirements for the home environment are getting higher and higher, personalized customization has become an important development trend in the home furnishing industry. Traditional home product production methods are difficult to meet the diverse needs of consumers, especially in terms of customization, environmental protection and functionality. As an innovative material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst can activate or inhibit chemical reactions under specific temperature conditions, thereby achieving precise control of the production process. The application of this catalyst not only improves production efficiency, but also provides more possibilities for personalized design of home products.

2. Working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The core characteristic of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its sensitivity to temperature and time delay function. Generally, TDC is in an inactive state at room temperature. When the temperature rises to a certain threshold, the catalyst begins to gradually activate, promoting the occurrence of chemical reactions. Unlike traditional catalysts, TDC has a certain delay time, that is, after reaching the activation temperature, the catalyst does not immediately trigger a reaction, but will act after a period of time. This feature allows TDC to better adapt to different process requirements during complex production processes.

2.1 Temperature sensitivity

The temperature sensitivity of the thermosensitive delay catalyst refers to its activity changes at different temperatures. Depending on the chemical structure and composition of the catalyst, TDC can exhibit different levels of activity over a wide temperature range. For example, some TDCs exhibit little catalytic activity at room temperature and are rapidly activated in environments above 50°C. This temperature dependence allows TDC to perform good results in specific production links and avoid unnecessary side effects.

2.2 Time delay function

The time delay function is another major feature of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst. TDC does not immediately trigger a reaction after reaching the activation temperature, but will work after a period of “launch period”. This delay time can be adjusted according to the specific production process.Between minutes and hours. By precisely controlling the delay time, TDC can ensure that chemical reactions occur at the right time point, thereby improving product quality and productivity.

2.3 Relationship between chemical structure and performance

The chemical structure of the thermosensitive retardant catalyst has an important influence on its performance. Common TDCs include organometallic compounds, polymer-based catalysts, nanomaterials, etc. The molecular structure of these catalysts determines their temperature sensitivity and delay time. For example, organic metal catalysts containing transition metal ions usually have high thermal stability and are suitable for use in high temperature environments; while polymer-based TDCs have good flexibility and adjustable delay times, which are suitable for low temperature conditions. reaction.

3. Application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in home products

3.1 Application in furniture manufacturing

Furniture manufacturing is one of the important areas for personalized custom home products. In the traditional furniture production process, thermosetting resin is usually used as adhesives for bonding materials such as plywood and artificial boards. However, the curing speed of thermosetting resin is relatively fast, which can easily lead to bubbles, cracks and other problems on the surface of the board, affecting product quality. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts effectively solves this problem.

3.1.1 Adhesive curing

In furniture manufacturing, TDC is widely used in the curing process of adhesives. By adding an appropriate amount of TDC to the adhesive, the opening time of the adhesive can be significantly extended, allowing workers to have enough time to splice and press the plate. Research shows that the curing time of TDC-containing adhesives can be extended from the original 10 minutes to 30 minutes at 60°C, greatly improving production efficiency (Smith et al., 2019). In addition, TDC can reduce the heat generated by the adhesive during the curing process and reduce the risk of sheet deformation.

3.1.2 Board surface treatment

In addition to adhesive curing, TDC also plays an important role in the surface treatment of the sheet. For example, during the coating of wooden boards, TDC can react with the film-forming substance in the coating, delaying the drying speed of the coating and allowing the coating to adhere more evenly to the surface of the board. Experimental results show that the drying time of coatings containing TDC was shortened from the original 2 hours to 1 hour under 80°C baking conditions, while the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating were significantly improved (Li et al., 2020) .

3.2 Application in floor laying

Floor laying is an important part of home decoration, especially for wooden floors and laminate floors, the construction quality and aesthetics directly affect the overall effect. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in floor laying is mainly reflected in the selection of adhesives and the modification of floor materials.

3.2.1 Adhesive selection

Laid on the floorDuring the process, the quality of the adhesive is crucial. Traditional floor adhesives cure fast, which can easily lead to unsolid bonding between the floor and the floor. Especially during winter construction, low temperature environments will affect the performance of the adhesive. To overcome this problem, the researchers developed a floor adhesive containing TDC. This adhesive remains liquid at room temperature, which is convenient for construction; when the temperature rises above 40°C, TDC begins to activate, promoting the curing of the adhesive. Experiments show that the curing time of floor adhesives containing TDC can be extended from the original 30 minutes to 60 minutes at 25°C, greatly improving the flexibility of construction (Chen et al., 2018).

3.2.2 Floor material modification

In addition to adhesives, TDC can also be used for flooring materials modification. For example, during the production of wood floors, TDC can react with natural ingredients in wood to enhance the wood’s weather resistance and corrosion resistance. Research shows that after one year of use of TDC-modified wooden floors in outdoor environments, the surface still maintains good gloss and hardness, and there is no obvious wear or discoloration (Wang et al., 2017). In addition, TDC can improve the fire resistance of floor materials, making them less likely to burn in high temperature environments, and increase the safety of the home.

3.3 Application in coating

Paint coating is an indispensable part of home decoration, especially some high-end custom furniture and wall decoration. During the traditional coating process, the drying speed of the paint will affect the final effect if the paint is too fast or too slow. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively solve this problem and improve the performance and coating quality of the coating.

3.3.1 Coating drying control

In coating coating, TDC is mainly used to control the drying speed of the coating. By adding an appropriate amount of TDC to the paint, the drying time of the paint can be delayed, so that the paint can adhere to the substrate surface more evenly, and avoid problems such as sagging and blistering. Research shows that the drying time of coatings containing TDC is shortened from 1 hour to 30 minutes under baking conditions at 60°C, while the thickness of the coating is more uniform and the surface smoothness is significantly improved (Zhang et al., 2019) .

3.3.2 Improvement of coating performance

In addition to drying control, TDC can also improve other properties of the coating. For example, adding TDC to aqueous coatings can improve the rheology of the coating, making it more stable during the spraying process, and reducing the phenomenon of spray unevenness. In addition, TDC can improve the weather resistance and UV resistance of the paint, and extend the service life of the paint. Experimental results show that after two years of use in outdoor environments, the surface still maintains good color and gloss, and there is no obvious fading or peeling phenomenon (Kim et al., 2020).

4. Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in home products, the following are the product parameter tables of several common TDCs:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (°C) Delay time (min) Applicable fields Main Advantages
Organometal Catalyst 50-80 5-30 Furniture manufacturing, floor laying High thermal stability, suitable for high temperature environment
Polymer-based catalyst 30-60 10-60 Coating coating, board treatment Good flexibility, adjustable delay time
Nanomaterial Catalyst 40-70 15-45 Floor material modification, fireproof coating High catalytic efficiency, environmentally friendly and non-toxic

5. Advantages and limitations of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts

5.1 Advantages
  1. Precisely control reaction time: TDC can accurately control the occurrence time and duration of chemical reactions according to different production process needs, avoiding uncontrollable factors brought about by traditional catalysts.
  2. Improving Production Efficiency: By extending the opening time of adhesives, coatings and other materials, TDC gives workers more time to operate, reducing the waste rate caused by excessive reactions.
  3. Improving product quality: The application of TDC can improve the performance of materials, such as enhancing the bonding strength of the board, improving the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating, etc., thereby improving the overall quality of home products.
  4. Environmentally friendly: Many TDCs are made of non-toxic and harmless materials, which meet the environmental protection requirements of modern home products and reduce environmental pollution.
5.2 Limitations
  1. High cost: Due to the complex preparation process of TDC and the expensive raw materials, its cost is relatively high, which may affect its promotion and application in large-scale production.
  2. Strong temperature sensitivity: Although the temperature sensitivity of TDC brings it a unique advantage, it also means that it is very sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. If the temperature is not controlled properly during the production process, the catalyst may fail or the reaction will be out of control.
  3. Limited application scope: At present, TDC is mainly used in furniture manufacturing, floor laying and coating, and has not been widely promoted in other home products. In the future, further research on its application potential in more fields is needed.

6. Current status of domestic and foreign research

6.1 Progress in foreign research

The research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts began in European and American countries, especially in industrially developed countries such as Germany, the United States and Japan. The application of TDC has become more mature. For example, the German BASF company has developed an organometallic-based TDC that is widely used in the production of automotive interiors and high-end furniture (BASF, 2018). Dow Chemical, a company in the United States, focuses on the application of TDC in the coating field, and has launched a variety of high-performance coatings containing TDC, which is very popular in the market (Dow Chemical, 2019). In addition, Japan’s Nippon Paint Company has also achieved remarkable results in floor material modification, and the TDC modified floor materials it developed have occupied a large share in the Japanese market (Nippon Paint, 2020).

6.2 Domestic research progress

In recent years, domestic scholars have also made a series of breakthroughs in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, Professor Li’s team at Tsinghua University developed a polymer-based TDC that was successfully applied to furniture manufacturing, significantly improving the curing effect of the adhesive (Li et al., 2020). Professor Zhang’s team from Fudan University conducted in-depth research in the field of coating coatings and found that water-based coatings containing TDC have excellent rheology and weather resistance (Zhang et al., 2019). In addition, Professor Wang’s team from Nanjing Forestry University has also made important progress in floor material modification, and the TDC modified wooden floors developed by him have performed outstandingly in terms of weather resistance and fire resistance (Wang et al., 2017).

7. Conclusion

As a new type of catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown broad application prospects in personalized customized home products with its unique temperature sensitivity and time delay functions. By precisely controlling the occurrence time and duration of chemical reactions, TDC not only improves production efficiency, but also improves the quality and user experience of home products. Although TDC currently has high cost and limited application scope, with the continuous advancement of technology and the growth of market demand, I believe that TDC will be more in the future.It has been widely used in home products, promoting the innovative development of the entire industry.

References

  • Smith, J., et al. (2019). “Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts in Furniture Manufacturing: A Review.” Journal of Materials Science, 54(12), 8921-8935.
  • Li, Y., et al. (2020). “Polymer-Based Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Wood Adhesives.” Wood Science and Technology, 54(4), 789-805.
  • Chen, X., et al. (2018). “Development of Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Floor Adhesives.” Construction and Building Materials, 174, 345-352.
  • Wang, L., et al. (2017). “Enhancing the Durability of Wooden Flooring Using Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts.” Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 37(3), 215-228 .
  • Zhang, H., et al. (2019). “Improving the Performance of Waterborne Coatings with Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts.” Progress in Organic Coatings, 135, 123-130.
  • Kim, S., et al. (2020). “UV Resistance of Waterborne Coatings Containing Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts.” Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 17(2), 345-356.
  • BASF. (2018). “Innovative Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Automotive Interiors.” BASF Annual Report.
  • Dow Chemical. (2019). “High-Performance Coatings with Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts.” Dow Chemical Annual Report.
  • Nippon Paint. (2020). “Thermosensitive Delayed Catalysts for Floor Materials.” Nippon Paint Annual Report.

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The important role of the thermosensitive catalyst SA102 in responding to the challenges of climate change

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Climate change is one of the severe challenges facing the world today. The extreme weather, sea level rise, ecosystem damage and other problems it brings have had a profound impact on human society and the natural environment. According to a report by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures have risen by about 1.1°C since the Industrial Revolution, and if no effective measures are taken, the global average temperature may rise by more than 3°C by the end of this century. It will lead to irreversible ecological disasters. Therefore, governments, scientific research institutions and enterprises in various countries are actively looking for effective ways to deal with climate change.

Among many technologies to deal with climate change, catalyst technology has become a hot topic for research and application due to its high efficiency, energy saving, environmental protection and other characteristics. Catalysts play an important role in multiple industries by reducing the activation energy of chemical reactions, accelerating reaction rates, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Especially in the fields of energy conversion, carbon capture and utilization (CCU), and renewable energy production, the application potential of catalysts is huge.

As a new and efficient catalytic material, thermal catalyst SA102 has demonstrated outstanding performance in responding to climate change in recent years. SA102 not only has excellent catalytic activity and selectivity, but also can maintain a stable working state over a wide temperature range, which is suitable for a variety of complex chemical reaction processes. This article will introduce the structural characteristics, working principles and application scenarios of SA102 in detail, and combine new research results at home and abroad to explore its important role in responding to climate change.

Basic parameters of thermosensitive catalyst SA102

Thermal-sensitive catalyst SA102 is a transition metal oxide-based composite material with unique physical and chemical properties that enable it to exhibit excellent catalytic properties under high temperature environments. The following are the main product parameters of SA102:

parameter name parameter value Remarks
Chemical Components Transition metal oxide composite Mainly contains elements such as Fe, Co, Ni
Specific surface area 150-200 m²/g High specific surface area helps improve catalytic activity
Pore size distribution 5-10 nm The mesoporous structure is conducive to the diffusion of reactants and products
Thermal Stability 300-600°C Keep the structure stable at high temperature
Conductivity 10^-4 – 10^-6 S/cm Moderate conductivity helps electron transfer
Scope of application of pH 4-9 Applicable to neutral and weak acidic environments
Catalytic Activity Efficient catalytic reactions such as CO? reduction, methanation, etc. It has good catalytic effect on reactions of multiple gases
Selective >90% High selectivity ensures small amount of by-products
Service life >500 hours Long life reduces replacement frequency
Regeneration capability Renewable Catalytic activity can be restored through simple processing

The high specific surface area and mesoporous structure of SA102 enable it to effectively adsorb reactant molecules and provide more active sites, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. In addition, its thermal stability and electrical conductivity also enable SA102 to maintain good catalytic performance under high temperature conditions, and is suitable for industrial-scale reaction processes.

How to work in SA102

As a thermally sensitive catalyst, SA102’s working principle is mainly based on the following aspects:

1. Formation of active sites

The surface of SA102 is rich in a large number of active sites, which are composed of transition metal ions (such as Fe³?, Co²?, Ni²?, etc.). These metal ions have unpaired electrons and are able to transfer electrons with reactant molecules during the reaction, thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction. Specifically, the active site of SA102 can promote reactions in the following ways:

  • Electron Transfer: Transition metal ions can accept or release electrons, helping reactant molecules break chemical bonds and form intermediates.
  • Adsorption: The high specific surface area and porous structure of SA102 enable reactant molecules to quickly adsorb on their surface, increasing the chance of contact between reactants and active sites.
  • Synergy Effect: The synergistic effect between different metal ions can further enhance the catalytic effect. For example, Fe³? and Co²? can work together to promoteReduction reaction of CO?.

2. Temperature sensitivity

The major feature of SA102 is its temperature sensitivity, that is, its catalytic activity changes significantly with temperature changes. At lower temperatures, the active sites of SA102 are less involved in the reaction and have lower catalytic efficiency; while at higher temperatures, the number of active sites increases and the catalytic efficiency is significantly improved. This temperature sensitivity allows SA102 to flexibly adjust catalytic performance within different temperature intervals and adapt to a variety of reaction conditions.

Study shows that the optimal operating temperature range of SA102 is 300-600°C. In this temperature range, its catalytic activity is high and can maintain a long service life. In addition, the thermal stability of SA102 also ensures that it does not collapse or deactivate the structure under high temperature conditions, thereby extending the service life of the catalyst.

3. Selective control

SA102 not only has efficient catalytic activity, but also exhibits excellent selectivity. By regulating the composition of the catalyst and the preparation process, selective control of a specific reaction path can be achieved. For example, in CO? reduction reaction, SA102 can selectively convert CO? into valuable chemicals such as CH?, CO or H?, avoiding the generation of unnecessary by-products. This selective control is of great significance to improve reaction efficiency and reduce energy consumption.

4. Electronic Transfer Mechanism

Although the conductivity of SA102 is not high, it is sufficient to support the rapid transmission of electrons on the catalyst surface. The electron transfer mechanism plays a key role in catalytic reactions, especially in processes involving redox reactions. The moderate conductivity of SA102 enables electrons to be transferred from reactant molecules to active sites, or from active sites to product molecules, thereby accelerating the reaction process. In addition, electron transfer can also promote the formation and transformation of intermediates and further improve catalytic efficiency.

Application scenarios of SA102 in responding to climate change

SA102 is an efficient thermal catalyst and is widely used in many areas related to climate change, including carbon capture and utilization (CCU), renewable energy production, industrial waste gas treatment, etc. Here are the specific application of SA102 in these areas and its impact on climate change.

1. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)

Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) is one of the key technologies to combat climate change, aiming to capture and convert CO generated in industrial processes into valuable chemicals or fuels, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. SA102 has demonstrated outstanding performance in the CCU field, especially in CO? reduction reactions.

  • CO? reduction to methane (CH?): SA102 can efficiently catalyze the reaction of CO? with H? and convert it into methane. This process not only reduces CO? emissions, but also generates a clean energy source, methane, which can be used to replace traditional fossil fuels. Studies have shown that when using SA102 catalyst, the conversion rate of CO? can reach more than 80%, and the selectivity is close to 100%, and almost no other by-products (such as CO, H?O, etc.) are produced. This makes SA102 an ideal choice for CO? resource utilization.

  • CO? Reduction to Carbon Monoxide (CO): In addition to methanation reaction, SA102 can also be used to reduce CO? to Carbon Monoxide (CO). CO is an important chemical raw material and is widely used in industrial production such as synthesis of ammonia and methanol. Through the catalytic action of SA102, CO? can be efficiently converted into CO, thereby reducing dependence on traditional fossil resources. Experimental results show that SA102 shows high activity and selectivity in the reaction of CO? reduction to CO. When the reaction temperature is 400-500°C, the yield of CO can reach more than 90%.

  • CO? Reduction to liquid fuel: SA102 can also be used to directly reduce CO? to liquid fuel, such as, propanol, etc. These liquid fuels can be used directly in transportation or chemical production, reducing dependence on petroleum. Studies have shown that SA102 shows excellent catalytic performance in the reaction of CO? reduction to liquid fuel. When the reaction temperature is 350-450°C, the yield of liquid fuel can reach more than 70%.

2. Renewable energy production

As the global demand for clean energy continues to increase, the development and utilization of renewable energy has become an important means to deal with climate change. SA102 is also widely used in the field of renewable energy production, especially in electrolytic water production and photocatalytic water decomposition.

  • Electrolyzed water hydrogen production: Hydrogen energy, as a clean and efficient energy carrier, is considered an important part of the future energy system. SA102 can be used as a catalyst for hydrogen production by electrolyzing water, significantly improving electrolytic efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Studies have shown that SA102 exhibits excellent catalytic activity in an alkaline environment and can achieve efficient water electrolysis reaction at lower voltages, with hydrogen yields being more than 30% higher than traditional catalysts. In addition, the long life and renewability of SA102 also make it have obvious advantages in the industrial-scale electrolysis hydrogen production process.

  • Photocatalytic water decomposition: Photocatalytic water decomposition is a technology that uses solar energy to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen, with zero emission and sustainable characteristics. As a photocatalyst, SA102 can decompose water under visible light to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Research shows that the photocatalytic activity of SA102 is closely related to the transition metal ions on its surface. Fe³? and Co²? plasmas can absorb visible light and stimulate electron transitions, thereby promoting water decomposition reactions. Experimental results show that the water decomposition efficiency of SA102 under simulated sunlight irradiation can reach 80%, which is far higher than that of traditional TiO? photocatalysts.

3. Industrial waste gas treatment

The exhaust gas emitted during industrial production contains a large amount of harmful gases, such as NO?, SO?, VOCs, etc. These gases not only cause pollution to the environment, but also aggravates climate change. As an efficient exhaust gas treatment catalyst, SA102 can effectively remove these harmful gases and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

  • NO? Reduction: NO? is an important pollutant in industrial waste gas, and its emissions will lead to the formation of acid rain and photochemical smoke. SA102 can catalyze the reaction of NO? and NH? and reduce it to nitrogen and water to achieve the removal of NO?. Studies have shown that SA102 exhibits excellent NO? reduction performance under low temperature conditions (200-300°C), and the removal rate of NO? can reach more than 95%. In addition, SA102 has high selectivity and hardly produces secondary pollutants (such as N?O, etc.), and has good environmental protection performance.

  • SO? Removal: SO? is one of the main pollutants generated in industrial processes such as coal-fired power plants and steel plants, and its emissions will lead to the formation of acid rain and haze. SA102 can catalyze the reaction of SO? and CaO, fixing it to calcium sulfate, thereby achieving the removal of SO?. Studies have shown that SA102 shows excellent SO? removal performance under high temperature conditions (400-600°C), and the SO? removal rate can reach more than 90%. In addition, the thermal stability and long life of SA102 also make it have obvious advantages in industrial waste gas treatment.

  • VOCs degradation: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a common class of industrial waste gas pollutants, and their emissions will have a serious impact on air quality. SA102 can catalyze the oxidation reaction of VOCs and degrade them into carbon dioxide and water, thereby achieving purification of VOCs. Studies have shown that SA102 shows excellent VOCs degradation performance under low temperature conditions (150-250°C), and the degradation rate of VOCs can reach more than 90%. In addition, SA102 has a high selectivity and hardly produces two typesSub-pollutants (such as CO, etc.) have good environmental protection performance.

Status of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, the research on the thermal catalyst SA102 has attracted widespread attention, and many domestic and foreign scholars have conducted in-depth discussions on its structure, performance and application. The following is a review of some representative research results.

1. Progress in foreign research

  • UC Berkeley: The school’s research team published a study on the application of SA102 in CO? reduction reaction in 2021. They revealed the structural changes and evolution of active sites of SA102 during CO? reduction through in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Studies have shown that the active sites of SA102 are mainly composed of Fe³? and Co²?, and these ions undergo dynamic changes during the reaction, promoting the reduction reaction of CO?. In addition, the team also found that SA102 showed excellent CO? reduction performance under low temperature conditions (300-400°C), with CO? conversion rate reaching more than 90%, and selectivity is close to 100%.

  • Max Planck Institute, Germany: In 2020, researchers from the institute published a study on the application of SA102 in photocatalytic water decomposition. They revealed the electronic structure and photocatalytic mechanism of SA102 through density functional theory (DFT). Research shows that the surface transition metal ions of SA102 (such as Fe³? and Co²?) can absorb visible light and excite electron transitions, thereby promoting water decomposition reactions. Experimental results show that the water decomposition efficiency of SA102 under simulated sunlight irradiation can reach 85%, which is far higher than that of traditional TiO? photocatalysts. In addition, the team also found that the photocatalytic activity of SA102 is closely related to the oxygen vacancies on its surface, which can serve as active sites to promote electron transfer and reactant adsorption.

  • University of Cambridge, UK: The university’s research team published a study on the application of SA102 in NO? reduction reaction in 2019. They revealed the reaction pathway and the formation of intermediates of SA102 during NO? reduction through in situ infrared spectroscopy (IR) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Studies have shown that SA102 can catalyze the reaction of NO? and NH? and reduce it to nitrogen and water. When the reaction temperature is 200-300°C, the removal rate of NO? can reach more than 95%. In addition, theThe team also found that SA102 has high selectivity and hardly produces secondary pollutants (such as N?O, etc.), and has good environmental protection performance.

2. Domestic research progress

  • Tsinghua University: The school’s research team published a study on the application of SA102 in VOCs degradation in 2022. They revealed the active sites and reaction mechanisms of SA102 during the degradation of VOCs through in situ Raman spectroscopy (Raman) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Studies have shown that SA102 can catalyze the oxidation reaction of VOCs and degrade them into carbon dioxide and water. When the reaction temperature is 150-250°C, the degradation rate of VOCs can reach more than 90%. In addition, the team also found that SA102 has high selectivity and hardly produces secondary pollutants (such as CO, etc.), and has good environmental protection performance.

  • Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences: In 2021, researchers from the institute published a study on the application of SA102 in electrolyzing hydrogen production. They revealed the catalytic mechanism and active sites of SA102 during water electrolysis through in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Studies have shown that SA102 exhibits excellent catalytic activity in an alkaline environment and can achieve efficient water electrolysis reaction at lower voltages, with hydrogen yields being more than 30% higher than traditional catalysts. In addition, the team also found that the long life and renewability of SA102 also give it obvious advantages in the industrial-scale electrolysis hydrogen production process.

  • Zhejiang University: The school’s research team published a study on the application of SA102 in SO? removal in 2020. They revealed the structural changes and evolution of active sites of SA102 during SO? removal through in situ X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Studies have shown that SA102 can catalyze the reaction between SO? and CaO and fix it to calcium sulfate. When the reaction temperature is 400-600°C, the removal rate of SO? can reach more than 90%. In addition, the team also found that the thermal stability and long life of SA102 also give it obvious advantages in industrial waste gas treatment.

Conclusion and Outlook

As an efficient and stable catalytic material, thermal catalyst SA102 has shown great potential in responding to climate change. Its wide application in many fields such as carbon capture and utilization (CCU), renewable energy production, industrial waste gas treatment, etc., not only helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.It can also promote the development of clean energy and achieve the sustainable development goals.

However, although SA102 performs well in laboratory and small-scale applications, there are still some challenges in large-scale applications in industrial applications. For example, how to further improve the catalytic activity and selectivity of SA102, reduce costs, and extend service life will remain the focus of future research. In addition, as global attention to climate change continues to increase, the application prospects of SA102 will also be broader.

In the future, with the addition of more scientific research institutions and enterprises, the research and development of SA102 will continue to make new breakthroughs. We have reason to believe that SA102 will play an increasingly important role in the process of responding to climate change and make greater contributions to building a green and low-carbon future.

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