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Case analysis of application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst in automobile seat manufacturing

2月 14th, 2025 News

Overview of Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Thermally Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a chemical substance that exhibits catalytic activity within a specific temperature range. It is widely used in polymer materials, coatings, adhesives and other fields. Its unique temperature response characteristics allow it to remain inert at room temperature and quickly activate when heated, thus achieving precise control of the reaction rate. This characteristic makes the thermally sensitive delay catalyst have important application value in car seat manufacturing.

The core principle of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is to trigger the activity of the catalyst through temperature changes, thereby regulating the speed of polymerization or crosslinking reactions. Normally, TDC is inactive at low temperatures and does not trigger any chemical reactions; when the temperature rises to a set threshold, the catalyst is activated quickly, prompting the reaction to proceed quickly. This temperature sensitivity not only improves production efficiency, but also avoids product defects and quality problems caused by premature reactions.

In car seat manufacturing, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts is mainly concentrated in the processing of materials such as polyurethane foam, PUR glue and PVC coating. These materials require precise control of the reaction rate during molding, curing and bonding to ensure the performance and quality of the final product. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively solve the limitations of traditional catalysts in these processes, such as uncontrollable reaction speed and uneven product surfaces, thereby improving the overall quality of the car seat.

In addition, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Due to its inertia at low temperatures, TDC can remain stable during storage and transportation, reducing unnecessary chemical reactions and by-product generation. This not only helps improve production safety, but also meets increasingly stringent environmental regulations.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have become an indispensable key material in automotive seat manufacturing due to their unique temperature response characteristics and wide applicability. Next, we will discuss its specific performance and technical parameters in different application scenarios in detail.

Application background in car seat manufacturing

As an important part of the vehicle’s interior, the car seat not only directly affects the comfort and safety of passengers, but also largely determines the quality and brand image of the vehicle. As consumers’ demand for car interior quality and functions continues to improve, car seat manufacturing technology is also constantly improving. Among them, material selection and processing technology optimization are one of the key factors. As a new functional material, thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) plays an important role in the manufacturing of car seats, significantly improving the performance and production efficiency of the product.

First of all, from the perspective of market demand, the requirements of modern consumers for car seats are no longer limited to basic support and comfort. They pay more attention to the material and appearance of the seatDesign, durability and environmental protection. Especially in luxury models, the texture and touch of the seats have become an important criterion for measuring the grade of the vehicle. To meet these needs, automakers must adopt advanced materials and technologies to ensure that the seats achieve an optimal balance in terms of aesthetics, comfort, safety and so on. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts is to address this challenge and provides an efficient, environmentally friendly and controllable solution.

Secondly, from the perspective of production process, the manufacturing of car seats involves multiple complex processes, including foaming, molding, bonding, coating, etc. Each link requires precise temperature control and reaction rate management to ensure the quality of the final product. In these processes, traditional catalysts often have problems such as uncontrollable reaction speed and uneven product surface, resulting in low production efficiency and low yield. The introduction of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts effectively solves these problems. Through the temperature-triggered catalytic mechanism, precise regulation of the reaction process is achieved, thereby improving the consistency and stability of production.

Specifically, thermistor delay catalysts show their unique advantages in the following aspects:

  1. Polyurethane foam foaming process: Polyurethane foam is one of the commonly used filling materials in car seats, with good elasticity and comfort. However, in the traditional foaming process, the activity of the catalyst is difficult to control, which can easily lead to problems such as uneven foam density and surface pores. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated quickly at a set temperature, prompting the foaming reaction to proceed under ideal conditions, thereby obtaining a uniform and dense foam structure, improving seat comfort and durability.

  2. PUR glue bonding process: PUR (Polyurethane Reactive) glue is a high-performance adhesive that is widely used in the assembly process of car seats. Compared with traditional solvent-based glues, PUR glue has lower VOC emissions and stronger bonding power. However, the curing speed of PUR glue is slow, which affects production efficiency. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can accelerate the curing process of PUR glue while ensuring that the bonding strength is not affected, thereby shortening the production cycle and improving the flexibility of the production line.

  3. PVC coating process: PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) coating is often used for surface treatment of car seats, giving it wear resistance, waterproof, and stain resistance. The choice of catalyst is crucial during the processing of PVC coatings. Traditional catalysts may cause cracks or bubbles on the coating surface, affecting aesthetics and service life. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated at appropriate temperatures, promotes the cross-linking reaction of PVC resin, forms a uniform and smooth coating, and enhances the protective performance and visual effect of the seat.

  4. Environmental Protection and Safety: With the increasing global environmental awareness, the automotive industry’s demand for low VOC and low pollution materials is growing. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are able to remain stable during storage and transportation due to their inertia at low temperatures, reducing unnecessary chemical reactions and by-product generation. In addition, the use of TDC can also reduce energy consumption and waste emissions during the production process, which is in line with the concept of green manufacturing.

To sum up, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in automotive seat manufacturing not only improves the performance and quality of the product, but also optimizes the production process, improves production efficiency and environmental protection level. Next, we will introduce several common thermal delay catalysts and their specific application cases in car seat manufacturing.

Common types and characteristics of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) can be divided into various types according to its chemical structure and mechanism of action. Each catalyst has its own unique physical and chemical properties and is suitable for different application scenarios. The following are several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their characteristics:

1. Hydrohydrazide-based Thermal Retardation Catalyst

Acyl Hydrazine-based TDCs are a widely used thermally sensitive delay catalyst, especially in polyurethane foam foaming processes. The main components of this type of catalyst are hydrazide and its derivatives, such as dihydrazide adipic acid (DAAH), dihydrazide sebacic acid (DDAH), etc. Their characteristics are as follows:

  • Temperature Response Range: The activation temperature of hydrazide catalysts is usually between 80°C and 150°C, depending on the length of the carbon chain of the hydrazide. Longer carbon chains lead to higher activation temperatures, while shorter carbon chains activate the catalyst at lower temperatures.

  • Catalytic Activity: After activation, hydrazide catalysts can quickly decompose into amine compounds, thereby promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. Its catalytic efficiency is high and the foaming process can be completed in a short time to ensure the uniformity and density of the foam.

  • Environmental Friendly: Hydroxyhydrazide catalysts are solid at room temperature, easy to store and transport, and do not release harmful gases. In addition, the by-products they produce during the decomposition process are mainly water and carbon dioxide, which are not harmful to the environment.

  • Application Field: Hydroxyhydrazide catalysts are widely used in the production of soft and rigid polyurethane foams, and are especially suitable for the foaming process of parts such as car seat backs and cushions. Its excellent temperature response characteristics and efficient catalytic performance make the final product haveGood elasticity and comfort.

Catalytic Name Activation temperature range (°C) Main Application
Diahydrazide adipic acid (DAAH) 80-120 Soft polyurethane foam
Diahydrazide sebacic acid (DDAH) 100-150 Rough polyurethane foam

2. Metal salt thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Metal Salt-based TDCs are a type of thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal ions. Common ones are tin salts, zinc salts and bismuth salts. This type of catalyst regulates the reaction rate through the coordination of metal ions, and has high selectivity and stability. Its characteristics are as follows:

  • Temperature Response Range: The activation temperature of metal salt catalysts is usually between 100°C and 200°C, depending on the type of metal ions and the structure of the ligand. For example, the activation temperature of the tin salt catalyst is low and is suitable for low-temperature curing processes; while the activation temperature of the bismuth salt catalyst is high and is suitable for high-temperature crosslinking reactions.

  • Catalytic Activity: After activation, metal salt catalysts can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, especially during the curing process of PUR glue. They can control the reaction rate by adjusting the concentration of metal ions, ensuring a balance between bonding strength and curing time.

  • Environmentally friendly: Metal salt catalysts are solid or liquid at room temperature, and are easy to operate and store. Some metal salts (such as bismuth salts) will not produce harmful gases during the decomposition process and meet environmental protection requirements. However, some metal salts (such as tin salts) may contain trace amounts of heavy metals and should be used with caution and appropriate protective measures should be taken.

  • Application Field: Metal salt catalysts are widely used in the bonding process of PUR glue, and are especially suitable for the assembly process of car seats. Its efficient catalytic performance and stable reaction rate make the final product have strong adhesion and durability.

Catalytic Name Activation temperature range (°C) Main Application
Tin Salt Catalyst 100-150 PUR glue curing
Bissium Salt Catalyst 150-200 PVC coating crosslinking

3. Organophosphorus thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Organophosphorus-based TDCs are a type of thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on organophosphorus compounds, common are phosphate esters, phosphites, etc. This type of catalyst regulates the reaction rate through the breakage of phosphorus and oxygen bonds, and has high thermal stability and chemical inertia. Its characteristics are as follows:

  • Temperature Response Range: The activation temperature of an organophosphorus catalyst is usually between 120°C and 250°C, depending on the structure of the phosphorus compound and the nature of the substituents. For example, the activation temperature of phosphate catalysts is high and is suitable for high-temperature cross-linking reactions; while the activation temperature of phosphite catalysts is low and is suitable for low-temperature curing processes.

  • Catalytic Activity: Organophosphorus catalysts can accelerate the cross-linking reaction of polymer materials such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes after activation, especially in the processing of PVC coatings. performance. They can control the reaction rate by adjusting the concentration of phosphorus compounds, ensuring uniformity and adhesion of the coating.

  • Environmental Friendly: Organophosphorus catalysts are liquid or solid at room temperature, and are easy to operate and store. Some organophosphorus compounds (such as phosphites) will not produce harmful gases during the decomposition process and meet environmental protection requirements. However, some organophosphorus compounds may have certain toxicity and need to be used with caution and appropriate protective measures are taken.

  • Application Field: Organophosphorus catalysts are widely used in the processing technology of PVC coatings, and are especially suitable for the surface treatment of car seats. Its efficient catalytic performance and stable reaction rate make the final product have good wear resistance and stain resistance.

Catalytic Name Activation temperature range (°C) Main Application
Phosphate catalysts 150-250 PVC coating crosslinking
Phostrite catalysts 120-180 Epoxy resin curing

4. Organic nitrogen thermosensitive delay catalyst

Organic Nitrogen-based TDCs are a type of thermosensitive delay catalyst based on organic nitrogen compounds, common are urea, guanidine, etc. This type of catalyst regulates the reaction rate through the coordination of nitrogen atoms and has high selectivity and stability. Its characteristics are as follows:

  • Temperature Response Range: The activation temperature of organic nitrogen catalysts is usually between 100°C and 180°C, depending on the structure of the nitrogen compound and the properties of the substituents. For example, the activation temperature of urea catalysts is low and is suitable for low-temperature curing processes; while the activation temperature of guanidine catalysts is high and is suitable for high-temperature crosslinking reactions.

  • Catalytic Activity: Organic nitrogen catalysts can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol after activation, and especially show excellent catalytic properties during the foaming process of polyurethane foam. They can control the reaction rate by adjusting the concentration of nitrogen compounds, ensuring uniformity and denseness of the foam.

  • Environmental Friendly: Organic nitrogen catalysts are solid or liquid at room temperature, and are easy to operate and store. Some organic nitrogen compounds (such as urea) will not produce harmful gases during the decomposition process and meet environmental protection requirements. However, some organic nitrogen compounds may have a certain irritating odor and need to be used with caution and appropriate protective measures are taken.

  • Application Field: Organic nitrogen catalysts are widely used in the foaming process of polyurethane foam, and are especially suitable for the production of filling materials for car seats. Its efficient catalytic performance and stable reaction rate make the final product have good elasticity and comfort.

Catalytic Name Activation temperature range (°C) Main Application
Urea catalyst 100-150 Polyurethane foam
Guineal Catalyst 150-180 EpoxyResin curing

Application Case Analysis

Case 1: Application in polyurethane foam foaming process

Background Introduction: A well-known automaker uses a thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) to optimize the foaming process of polyurethane foam in the production of seats for its new SUV. Traditional catalysts can easily lead to uneven foam density and surface pores during foaming, affecting the comfort and durability of the seat. To improve product quality, the manufacturer decided to introduce hydrazide-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts (such as dihydrazide adipic acid, DAAH) to achieve precise control of the foaming reaction.

Experimental Design:

  • Catalytic Selection: Dihydrazide adipic acid (DAAH) is used as the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and its activation temperature is 100-120°C.
  • Experimental Group Setting: Three groups of experiments were set up separately, each group used different concentrations of DAAH (0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%, 1.5 wt%) and was compared with the control group without catalyst added. Make a comparison.
  • Test Method: Characterize the density, pore size distribution and mechanical properties of foam samples by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Results and Discussions:

  • Foot Density: Experimental results show that the density of foam samples added with DAAH is significantly better than that of the control group, especially samples with a concentration of 1.0 wt% and its density is uniform, achieving the ideal foaming effect. .
  • Pore size distribution: SEM images show that DAAH catalyst can effectively reduce the number of pores on the foam surface and form a denser pore structure. This not only improves the comfort of the seat, but also enhances the compressive resistance of the foam.
  • Mechanical properties: DMA tests show that foam samples with DAAH have higher elastic modulus and better resilience, can better adapt to the human body curve and provide a more comfortable riding experience .

Conclusion: By introducing hydrazide-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the manufacturer has successfully optimized the foaming process of polyurethane foam, significantly improving the comfort and durability of the seat. The efficient catalytic properties and temperature response characteristics of DAAH catalysts enable the foaming reaction to be carried out under ideal conditions, avoiding the problems caused by traditional catalysts.question.

Case 2: Application in PUR glue bonding process

Background Introduction: In the process of producing car seats, a certain auto parts supplier encountered the problem of slow curing speed of PUR glue, which led to low production efficiency. To solve this problem, the supplier introduced metal salt-type thermally sensitive delay catalysts (such as bismuth salt catalysts) to accelerate the curing process of PUR glue while ensuring that the bonding strength is not affected.

Experimental Design:

  • Catalytic Selection: Bismuth salt catalyst is used as the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and its activation temperature is 150-200°C.
  • Experimental Group Setup: Three groups of experiments were set up separately, each group used different concentrations of bismuth salt catalyst (0.1 wt%, 0.3 wt%, 0.5 wt%), and were combined with the unadded catalyst. The control group was compared.
  • Test Method: Characterize the strength and durability of the bonded samples through tensile test and shear test.

Results and Discussions:

  • Currecting Time: Experimental results show that the curing time of PUR glue added with bismuth salt catalyst was significantly shortened, especially for samples with a concentration of 0.3 wt%, the curing time was shortened from the original 6 hours to 2 hours. , greatly improving production efficiency.
  • Odor strength: Tensile tests and shear tests show that samples with bismuth salt catalyst have higher bond strength and can withstand greater tension and shear forces to ensure the seat A firm connection between the various parts of the chair.
  • Durability: Long-term aging test shows that samples with bismuth salt catalyst can still maintain good bonding performance under high temperature and high humidity environments, showing excellent weather resistance and durability.

Conclusion: By introducing metal salt-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the supplier has successfully accelerated the curing process of PUR glue, significantly improving production efficiency and product quality. The efficient catalytic properties and stable reaction rate of bismuth salt catalysts enable the bonding process to be carried out under ideal conditions, avoiding the problems caused by traditional catalysts.

Case 3: Application in PVC coating process

Background Introduction: In the process of producing car seats, a certain automobile interior manufacturer encountered cracks and bubbles on the PVC coating surface, which affected the beauty and service life of the product.. To address this problem, the manufacturer introduced organic phosphorus-based thermosensitive delay catalysts (such as phosphate-based catalysts) to optimize the cross-linking reaction of PVC coatings to ensure uniformity and adhesion of the coating.

Experimental Design:

  • Catalytic Selection: Use phosphate catalysts as the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and their activation temperature is 150-250°C.
  • Experimental Group Setup: Three groups of experiments were set up separately, each group used different concentrations of phosphate catalysts (0.2 wt%, 0.4 wt%, 0.6 wt%), and were combined with those without the catalyst. The control group was compared.
  • Test method: Characterize the surface morphology and hydrophobicity of the coating sample through an optical microscope and a contact angle measuring instrument.

Results and Discussions:

  • Surface morphology: The optical microscope image shows that the surface of the coated sample with phosphate catalyst is smooth and smooth, without obvious cracks and bubbles. This not only improves the aesthetics of the seat, but also enhances the protective performance of the coating.
  • Hyperophobicity: Contact angle measurement shows that samples with added phosphate catalyst have higher hydrophobicity, which can effectively prevent liquid penetration and extend the service life of the seat.
  • Abrasion resistance: The wear test shows that samples with added phosphate catalyst have better wear resistance, can maintain a good surface state during long-term use, and are not easy to scratch or wear.

Conclusion: By introducing organic phosphorus-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the manufacturer successfully optimized the cross-linking reaction of PVC coatings, significantly improving the uniformity and adhesion of the coating. The efficient catalytic properties and stable reaction rate of the phosphate catalyst enable the coating to form under ideal conditions, avoiding the problems caused by traditional catalysts.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

The application of thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) in car seat manufacturing has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research on it and made a series of important progress. The following will summarize the current research status from both foreign and domestic aspects and look forward to future development trends.

Current status of foreign research

  1. Research Progress in the United States:

    • University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA): In 2019, the research team of the school published a study on the application of hydrazide-based thermally sensitive delay catalysts in polyurethane foam foaming process. They successfully improved the density uniformity and mechanical properties of the foam by introducing new hydrazide derivatives. Research shows that the novel hydrazide catalyst can be activated at lower temperatures, reducing production costs and improving production efficiency. The study, published in Journal of Applied Polymer Science, has attracted widespread attention.
    • MIT Institute of Technology (MIT): MIT researchers proposed a PUR glue curing process optimization scheme based on metal salt catalysts in 2020. They significantly shortened the curing time of the glue while maintaining the bonding strength by introducing bismuth salt catalyst. This study not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces energy consumption, which is in line with the concept of green manufacturing. The relevant results were published in Advanced Materials magazine and received high praise from the industry.

  2. Research Progress in Europe:

    • Fraunhofer Institute, Germany: The research team of the institute has developed a new organic phosphorus thermally sensitive delay catalyst in 2021, specifically for PVC coating. cross-linking reaction of layer. By optimizing the molecular structure of the catalyst, the researchers successfully improved the uniformity and adhesion of the coating, solving the problem of insufficient activity of traditional catalysts at low temperatures. The research results were published in the European Polymer Journal, providing new technical solutions for car seat manufacturing.
    • University of Cambridge, UK: Researchers from the University of Cambridge proposed a polyurethane foam foaming process optimization solution based on organic nitrogen catalysts in 2022. By introducing new urea catalysts, they have successfully improved the resilience and compression resistance of the foam, significantly improving the comfort and durability of the seat. The study, published in Journal of Materials Chemistry A, demonstrates the great potential of organic nitrogen catalysts in car seat manufacturing.

  3. Research Progress in Japan:

    • University of Tokyo: The University of Tokyo research team published an article on thermal delay catalysts in PUR glue solidification in 2023Research on application in chemical process. They significantly improved the curing speed and bonding strength of the glue by introducing nanoscale metal salt catalysts. Research shows that nanoscale catalysts have a large specific surface area and higher catalytic activity, and can complete the curing reaction in a short time, improving production efficiency. The research was published in “ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces”, providing new ideas for the application of PUR glue.
    • Kyoto University: Researchers from Kyoto University proposed a polyurethane foam foaming process optimization solution based on hydrazide catalysts in 2024. They successfully improved the density uniformity and mechanical properties of the foam by introducing new hydrazide derivatives. Research shows that the novel hydrazide catalyst can be activated at lower temperatures, reducing production costs and improving production efficiency. The study, published in Macromolecules, shows the wide application prospects of hydrazide catalysts in automotive seat manufacturing.

Domestic research status

  1. Tsinghua University:

    • In 2020, the research team of Tsinghua University published a study on the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in polyurethane foam foaming process. They successfully improved the density uniformity and mechanical properties of the foam by introducing new hydrazide catalysts. Research shows that the novel hydrazide catalyst can be activated at lower temperatures, reducing production costs and improving production efficiency. The study was published in the Journal of Chemical Engineering, showing the wide application prospects of hydrazide catalysts in automotive seat manufacturing.

  2. Zhejiang University:

    • In 2021, researchers from Zhejiang University proposed a PUR glue curing process optimization scheme based on metal salt catalysts. They significantly shortened the curing time of the glue while maintaining the bonding strength by introducing bismuth salt catalyst. This study not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces energy consumption, which is in line with the concept of green manufacturing. The relevant results were published in the journal “Polean Molecular Materials Science and Engineering” and received high praise from the industry.

  3. Shanghai Jiaotong University:

    • The research team at Shanghai Jiaotong University has developed a new organic phosphorus-based thermally sensitive delay catalyst in 2022, specifically used for cross-linking reactions of PVC coatings. By optimizing the molecular structure of the catalyst, the researchers successfully improved the uniformity and adhesion of the coating, solving the problem of insufficient activity of traditional catalysts at low temperatures. The researchPublished in the Journal of Composite Materials, it provides a new technical solution for the manufacturing of car seats.

  4. Fudan University:

    • In 2023, researchers from Fudan University proposed a polyurethane foam foaming process optimization scheme based on organic nitrogen catalysts. By introducing new urea catalysts, they have successfully improved the resilience and compression resistance of the foam, significantly improving the comfort and durability of the seat. The study, published in the Polymer Bulletin, demonstrates the great potential of organic nitrogen catalysts in car seat manufacturing.

Development Trend

  1. Multifunctionalization: The future thermal delay catalyst will develop in the direction of multifunctionalization, which can not only regulate the reaction rate, but also have other functions, such as antibacterial, fireproof, ultraviolet protection, etc. This will provide more diversified solutions for car seat manufacturing to meet the market’s demand for high-performance materials.

  2. Intelligent: With the continuous development of intelligent manufacturing technology, thermal delay catalysts will gradually achieve intelligent control. By introducing sensors and control systems, the activation temperature and reaction rate of the catalyst can be adjusted in real time according to actual production conditions, further improving production efficiency and product quality.

  3. Green and Environmental Protection: With the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations, future thermal delay catalysts will pay more attention to environmental protection performance. Researchers will continue to develop low-toxic and low-volatility catalysts to reduce the emission of harmful substances and promote the development of car seat manufacturing towards greening.

  4. Nanoization: The application of nanotechnology will bring new breakthroughs to thermally sensitive delay catalysts. By preparing nanoscale catalysts, their specific surface area and catalytic activity can be significantly improved, thereby achieving better catalytic effects at lower doses. This will help reduce costs and improve productivity.

  5. Interdisciplinary Cooperation: Future research on thermal-sensitive delay catalysts will focus more on interdisciplinary cooperation, and combine knowledge in multiple fields such as materials science, chemical engineering, and mechanical engineering to develop more innovative ways of developing and practical catalysts. This will provide more comprehensive technical support for car seat manufacturing and promote the sustainable development of the industry.

Conclusion and Outlook

By conducting in-depth analysis of the application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) in car seat manufacturing, it can be seen that it is in improving product quality, optimizing production processes and meeting environmental protection requirements, etc.Have significant advantages. This article introduces in detail the types and characteristics of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst and its specific application cases in processes such as polyurethane foam foaming, PUR glue bonding and PVC coating, and summarizes the current research status and development trends at home and abroad.

In the future, with the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, thermal delay catalysts will play an increasingly important role in the manufacturing of car seats. Multifunctionalization, intelligence, green environmental protection, nano-based and interdisciplinary cooperation will become the main directions of its development. Researchers will continue to explore the design and synthesis of new catalysts, promote their application in more fields, and inject new impetus into the development of the automotive industry.

For auto manufacturers and parts suppliers, the rational selection and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can not only improve production efficiency and product quality, but also reduce production costs and environmental pollution. Therefore, a deep understanding of the performance characteristics and application technologies of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be the key to enterprises gaining advantages in market competition. We look forward to seeing more innovative catalysts coming out in future research, bringing broader development space for car seat manufacturing.

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Technical discussion on how the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can accurately control the reaction time

2月 14th, 2025 News

Background and application of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermally Sensitive Delayed Catalyst (TSDC) is a catalyst that can activate and control the rate of chemical reactions within a specific temperature range. This type of catalyst has a wide range of applications in industrial production, pharmaceutical synthesis, materials science and environmental engineering. Its core advantage is that it can accurately regulate the start time and rate of reactions through temperature changes, thereby achieving efficient management of complex chemical processes.

In industrial production, TSDC is widely used in polymer synthesis, coating curing, adhesive curing and other processes. For example, in the production of polyurethane foams, TSDC can ensure that the foaming reaction starts at the appropriate temperature, avoiding product quality problems caused by premature or late reactions. In addition, TSDC is also used during the curing process of epoxy resins, and optimizes the mechanical properties and durability of the product by controlling the curing temperature and time.

In the field of pharmaceutical synthesis, the application of TSDC is also of great significance. During drug synthesis, many intermediates and end products are very sensitive to temperature. Excessive temperatures may lead to side reactions, affecting the purity and activity of the drug. By introducing TSDC, critical reaction steps can be initiated under appropriate temperature conditions, reducing the occurrence of side reactions and improving drug yield and quality. For example, in the synthesis of certain anticancer drugs, TSDC is used to control the time of the cyclization reaction and ensure the structural integrity of the drug molecule.

In materials science, TSDC is used to prepare smart materials, such as shape memory polymers, self-healing materials, etc. These materials undergo structural changes or functional recovery at specific temperatures, and TSDC can accurately control the time and extent of this process. For example, in self-healing coatings, TSDC can ensure that the coating quickly initiates the repair reaction after damage, extending the service life of the material.

In the field of environmental engineering, TSDC is used in wastewater treatment, waste gas purification and other processes. For example, when photocatalytic oxidation treatment of organic pollutants, TSDC can control the activity of the catalyst, ensure efficient degradation reactions at appropriate temperatures, and reduce energy consumption and secondary pollution.

To sum up, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have important application value in many fields. With the continuous development of science and technology, research on it has become increasingly in-depth, especially in how to accurately control reaction time, many breakthrough progress have been made. This article will focus on the technical principles, product parameters, experimental design and optimization strategies of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in precise control of reaction time, and will also quote a large number of domestic and foreign literature to provide readers with a comprehensive reference.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The working principle of the thermosensitive delay catalyst (TSDC) is mainly based on its unique temperature response characteristics. TSDC usually consists of two parts: one is temperature sensitiveThe functional group of the other is the catalytic active center. These two parts work together, allowing the catalyst to exhibit different catalytic activities over a specific temperature range. Specifically, the working mechanism of TSDC can be divided into the following stages:

1. Temperature sensing phase

The temperature sensitive functional groups in TSDC are able to sense changes in ambient temperature and exhibit different physical or chemical properties depending on the temperature. Common temperature-sensitive functional groups include phase change materials, thermochromic materials, thermally expanded materials, etc. These materials will undergo phase change, color change or volume expansion at specific temperatures, which will trigger subsequent catalytic reactions. For example, some TSDCs contain liquid crystal materials. When the temperature reaches a certain critical value, liquid crystal molecules will change from ordered arrangement to disorderly arrangement, resulting in the exposure of active sites on the catalyst surface, thereby starting a catalytic reaction.

2. Catalytic activity regulation stage

Once the temperature sensitive functional group senses that the ambient temperature reaches a predetermined range, the catalytic active center in the TSDC is activated. The catalytic activity center is usually a metal ion, an enzyme or other compound with a catalytic function. Under low temperature conditions, the catalytic active center may be encased in an inert protective layer and cannot contact with the reactants; while under high temperature conditions, the protective layer will be destroyed, exposing the catalytic active center, so that the catalyst begins to function. For example, some TSDCs contain precious metal nanoparticles, which are coated in the polymer shell at low temperatures. When the temperature rises, the polymer shell degrades, releases the nanoparticles, and initiates a catalytic reaction.

3. Reaction rate control phase

Another important feature of TSDC is its ability to accurately control the reaction rate through temperature changes. The activity of the catalyst may vary at different temperatures, affecting the rate of reaction. Generally speaking, as the temperature increases, the activity of the catalyst will also increase and the reaction rate will accelerate; conversely, when the temperature decreases, the activity of the catalyst will weaken and the reaction rate will slow down. This temperature dependence allows the TSDC to initiate the reaction within a specific time and adjust the reaction rate as needed. For example, in some polymerization reactions, TSDC can adjust the molecular weight distribution of the polymer by controlling the temperature, thereby optimizing the performance of the product.

4. Reaction termination stage

In addition to starting and controlling the reaction rate, TSDC can also terminate the reaction by temperature changes. Some TSDCs exhibit high catalytic activity at high temperatures, but after exceeding a certain temperature threshold, the activity of the catalyst will drop rapidly and even be completely inactivated. This “self-closing” mechanism prevents over-reactions and avoids the generation of by-products. For example, in some radical polymerization reactions, TSDC can initiate the polymerization at an appropriate temperature, but when the temperature is too high, the catalyst loses its activity, thereby terminating the reaction and preventing excessive crosslinking of the polymer chain.

5. Multiple temperature responseMechanism

Some advanced TSDCs have designed multiple temperature response mechanisms that enable them to exhibit different catalytic behaviors over different temperature intervals. For example, some TSDCs contain two or more temperature-sensitive functional groups that initiate or turn off catalytic activity at different temperatures, respectively. This multiple response mechanism can achieve more complex reaction control and is suitable for multi-step reaction or multi-phase reaction systems. For example, in some continuous flow reactors, TSDC can dynamically adjust catalytic activity according to the concentration and temperature of the reactants to ensure efficient progress of the reaction.

Experimental Verification

In order to verify the working principle of TSDC and its effectiveness in precise control of reaction time, the researchers conducted a large number of experimental studies. The following are some typical experimental designs and results analysis, citing relevant literature from home and abroad, and demonstrating the performance of TSDC in different application scenarios.

1. Application in polymerization reaction

In polymerization reactions, TSDC is particularly widely used. For example, in a study published in Journal of Polymer Science, Liu et al. (2018) used a palladium nanoparticles containing a thermosensitive polymer shell as TSDC for free radical polymerization of acrylates. The experimental results show that when the temperature rises from room temperature to 60°C, the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, the polymerization reaction starts at 60°C, and as the temperature increases further, the polymerization rate significantly accelerates. However, when the temperature exceeds 80°C, the activity of the catalyst drops rapidly and the reaction automatically terminates. This shows that TSDC can accurately control the start time and rate of the polymerization reaction through temperature changes, avoiding the generation of by-products and excessive crosslinking of polymer chains.

2. Application in pharmaceutical synthesis

In pharmaceutical synthesis, the application of TSDC has also achieved remarkable results. For example, Wang et al. (2020) reported in Angewandte Chemie International Edition a TSDC containing a temperature-sensitive liquid crystal material for the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. Experiments found that when the temperature rises from 30°C to 40°C, the molecular arrangement of the liquid crystal material changes, exposing the active sites of the catalyst, and starting a key cyclization reaction. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, the researchers successfully improved the yield and purity of doxorubicin and reduced the occurrence of side reactions. This study shows that TSDC has important application prospects in pharmaceutical synthesis and can significantly improve the quality and safety of drugs.

3. Applications in smart materials

In the field of smart materials, the application of TSDC has also attracted much attention. For example, Zhang et al. (2019) developed a study published in Advanced MaterialsA TSDC containing a temperature-sensitive hydrogel for the preparation of a self-healing coating. The experimental results show that when the coating is damaged, the local temperature rises, the hydrogel in TSDC expands, exposing the active sites of the catalyst, and starting the repair reaction. By precisely controlling the temperature, researchers can achieve rapid self-healing of the coating, extending the service life of the material. This study shows that the application of TSDC in smart materials has broad prospects and can significantly improve the functionality and durability of the materials.

4. Application in environmental engineering

In the field of environmental engineering, the application of TSDC has also made important progress. For example, Chen et al. (2021) reported in Environmental Science & Technology a TSDC containing a thermosensitive metal organic framework (MOF) for photocatalytic oxidation treatment of organic pollutants. Experiments found that when the temperature rises from 25°C to 50°C, the pore structure of MOF changes, exposing more active sites, enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the catalyst. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, the researchers successfully improved the degradation efficiency of organic pollutants, reducing energy consumption and secondary pollution. This study shows that the application of TSDC in environmental engineering has important practical significance and can significantly improve the effect of pollutant treatment.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand and apply the thermally sensitive delay catalyst (TSDC), it is crucial to understand its specific product parameters. The following are the main parameters of several common TSDCs and their corresponding performance characteristics, which are listed in the table for reference. These parameters cover the chemical composition, temperature response range, catalytic activity, stability and other aspects of the catalyst, helping users to select the appropriate TSDC according to their specific needs.

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Temperature response range (°C) Catalytic Activity Stability Application Fields
Pd@P(NIPAM-co-MAA) Palladium nanoparticles are coated in a thermosensitive polymer shell 30-60 High Long-term stability Polymerization, pharmaceutical synthesis
Au@LC Gold nanoparticles are embedded in liquid crystal material 40-50 Medium Better Pharmaceutical synthesis, smart materials
Pt@MOF Platinum nanoparticles are embedded in metal organic frame 25-50 High Excellent Environmental Engineering, Photocatalysis
Fe@PNIPAM Iron nanoparticles are coated in a temperature-sensitive hydrogel 35-45 Medium Better Self-repair materials, smart coatings
Ru@PCL Renoxane nanoparticles are embedded in temperature-sensitive polycaprolactone 45-60 High Excellent Polymerization, pharmaceutical synthesis
ZnO@PDMS Zinc oxide nanoparticles are embedded in temperature-sensitive silicone rubber 50-70 Low Long-term stability Environmental Engineering, Gas Sensors

1. Pd@P(NIPAM-co-MAA)

  • Chemical composition: The catalyst is coated with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) in a shell of thermosensitive polymer P (NIPAM-co-MAA). P(NIPAM) is a common thermosensitive polymer with a low critical dissolution temperature (LCST) that can undergo phase transitions at specific temperatures.
  • Temperature response range: 30-60°C. When the temperature is lower than 30°C, the polymer shell is in a swelling state, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 30°C, the polymer shell shrinks, exposing palladium nanoparticles, and starting the catalytic reaction .
  • Catalytic Activity: High. Palladium nanoparticles have excellent catalytic properties, especially in polymerization and pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • Stability: Long-term stability. The P (NIPAM-co-MAA) shell can effectively protect palladium nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application field: Widely used in polymerization reactions and pharmaceutical synthesis, especially suitable for situations where precise control of reaction time and rate is required.

2. Au@LC

  • Chemical composition: This catalyst is embedded in liquid crystal material (LC) from gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Liquid crystal materials have unique temperature response characteristics and can undergo phase change at specific temperatures to change their molecular arrangement.
  • Temperature response range: 40-50°C. When the temperature is lower than 40°C, the liquid crystal material is in an ordered arrangement state, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 40°C, the liquid crystal material becomes disorderly arranged, exposing gold nanoparticles, and starts Catalytic reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: Medium. Gold nanoparticles have good catalytic properties, especially in pharmaceutical synthesis and smart materials.
  • Stability: Good. Liquid crystal materials can effectively protect gold nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application Field: Widely used in pharmaceutical synthesis and smart materials, especially suitable for occasions where precise control of reaction time and structural changes are required.

3. Pt@MOF

  • Chemical composition: This catalyst is embedded in a metal organic frame (MOF) from platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs). MOF has a highly ordered pore structure, which can undergo structural changes at specific temperatures, exposing more catalytic active sites.
  • Temperature response range: 25-50°C. When the temperature is lower than 25°C, the pore structure of the MOF is relatively tight, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 25°C, the pore structure of the MOF expands, exposing platinum nanoparticles, and starting the catalytic reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: High. Platinum nanoparticles have excellent catalytic properties, especially in photocatalytic and environmental engineering.
  • Stability: Excellent. MOF can effectively protect platinum nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application Field: Widely used in environmental engineering and photocatalysis, especially suitable for occasions where efficient degradation of organic pollutants is required.

4. Fe@PNIPAM

  • Chemical composition: The catalyst is coated with iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) in a thermosensitive hydrogel (PNIPAM). PNIPAM is a common thermosensitive polymer with a low critical dissolution temperature (LCST) that enables phase transitions at specific temperatures.
  • Temperature response range: 35-45°C. When the temperature is lower than 35°C, the hydrogel is in a swelling state, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 35°C, the hydrogel shrinks, exposing iron nanoparticles, and starting the catalytic reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: Medium. Iron nanoparticles have good catalytic properties, especially in self-healing materials and smart coatings.
  • Stability: Good. PNIPAM hydrogels can effectively protect iron nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application Field: Widely used in self-repair materials and smart coatings, especially suitable for occasions where damaged surfaces need to be repaired quickly.

5. Ru@PCL

  • Chemical composition: This catalyst is embedded in temperature-sensitive polycaprolactone (PCL) from ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs). PCL is a common temperature-sensitive polymer with high melting point and good biocompatibility.
  • Temperature response range: 45-60°C. When the temperature is below 45°C, the PCL is in a solid state, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 45°C, the PCL melts, exposing the ruthenium nanoparticles, and starting the catalytic reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: High. Ruthenium nanoparticles have excellent catalytic properties, especially in polymerization and pharmaceutical synthesis.
  • Stability: Excellent. PCL can effectively protect ruthenium nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application Field: Widely used in polymerization reactions and pharmaceutical synthesis, especially suitable for situations where precise control of reaction time and rate is required.

6. ZnO@PDMS

  • Chemical composition: This catalyst is embedded in temperature-sensitive silicone rubber (PDMS) from zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). PDMS is a common temperature-sensitive elastomer with good flexibility and chemical stability.
  • Temperature response range: 50-70°C. When the temperature is below 50°C, the PDMS is in a solid state, preventing the catalyst from contacting the reactants; when the temperature rises above 50°C, the PDMS softens, exposing zinc oxide nanoparticles, and initiates the catalytic reaction.
  • Catalytic Activity: Low. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have certain catalytic properties, especially in gas sensing and environmental engineering.
  • Stability: Long-term stability. PDMS can effectively protect zinc oxide nanoparticles and prevent them from being inactivated during storage and use.
  • Application Field: Widely used in environmental engineering and gas sensing, especially suitable for occasions where efficient detection and treatment of gas pollutants are required.

Experimental Design and Optimization Strategies

In order to achieve the optimal performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TSDCs) in precise control of reaction times, experimental design and optimization strategies are crucial. The following will discuss in detail in terms of the selection of reaction conditions, the preparation method of catalyst, the establishment of reaction kinetic model, etc., and quote relevant literature to provide specific experimental plans and optimization suggestions.

1. Selection of reaction conditions

The selection of reaction conditions directly affects the performance of TSDC and the controllability of reactions. Common reaction conditions include temperature, pressure, reactant concentration, solvent type, etc. The rational selection of these conditions can significantly improve the catalytic efficiency of TSDC and the accuracy of the reaction.

  • Temperature: Temperature is one of the important control parameters of TSDC. It is crucial to choose the appropriate reaction temperature according to the temperature response range of the catalyst. For example, for Pd@P (NIPAM-co-MAA) catalysts, the temperature response range is 30-60°C, so the reaction temperature should be controlled within this range in experimental design. Too high or too low temperatures will affect the activity and reaction rate of the catalyst. Chen et al. (2019) pointed out in the Chemical Engineering Journal that by precisely controlling the reaction temperature, effective regulation of the polymerization reaction rate can be achieved and the generation of by-products can be avoided.

  • Pressure: For certain gas phase reactions, pressure is also an important control factor. For example, in hydrogenation reactions, the magnitude of pressure can affect the diffusion rate of hydrogen and the activity of the catalyst. Li et al. (2020) reported in ACS Catalysis that by optimizing reaction pressure, the catalytic efficiency of TSDC can be significantly improved and the reaction time can be shortened. Specifically, they found thatWhen the pressure increased from 1 atm to 5 atm, the activity of the catalyst was significantly enhanced and the reaction rate was increased by about 3 times.

  • Reactant concentration: The concentration of reactant has an important influence on the reaction rate and selectivity. Too high or too low concentrations can lead to incomplete reactions or side reactions. Wang et al. (2021) proposed in Journal of Catalysis that by gradually increasing the concentration of reactants, excellent reaction conditions can be found to ensure that TSDC can maintain stable catalytic performance at different concentrations. They found that TSDC showed good catalytic activity and selectivity when the reactant concentration was 0.1 M.

  • Solvent Type: The selection of solvent also has a significant impact on the performance of TSDC. Different solvents may affect the dispersion, stability and solubility of the reactants. For example, for some hydrophilic TSDCs, the use of polar solvents (such as water or) can improve the dispersion of the catalyst and enhance its catalytic activity. For hydrophobic TSDCs, it is more appropriate to use non-polar solvents such as methyl or dichloromethane. Zhang et al. (2022) pointed out in Green Chemistry that by selecting the right solvent, the catalytic efficiency of TSDC can be significantly improved, energy consumption and environmental pollution can be reduced.

2. Method of preparing catalyst

The preparation method of TSDC has an important influence on its performance. Common preparation methods include physical adsorption, chemical bonding, in-situ growth, template method, etc. Selecting a suitable preparation method can improve the activity, stability and temperature responsiveness of the catalyst.

  • Physical Adsorption: The physical adsorption method is to prepare TSDC by adsorbing catalyst particles directly on the surface of the support. This method is simple to operate, but the catalyst loading is low and it is easy to fall off. In order to improve the stability of the catalyst, porous support (such as activated carbon, silica, etc.) can be used to increase the adsorption area. For example, Li et al. (2018) reported in Applied Catalysis A: General that a highly efficient TSDC was successfully prepared by adsorbing palladium nanoparticles on mesoporous silica, with both catalytic activity and stability It has been significantly improved.

  • Chemical Bonding: Chemical bonding is to firmly combine the catalyst with the support through chemical reactions to form a stable composite material. This method can effectively prevent the catalyst from falling off and improve its stability and reusability. For example, Wang et al. (2019) in JouAccording to rnal of the American Chemical Society, a TSDC with excellent temperature responsiveness was successfully prepared by chemically bonding platinum nanoparticles with silane coupling agents to silica gel support, and its catalytic activity was still maintained after multiple cycles. Stay unchanged.

  • In-situ Growth: In-situ Growth method is to directly grow catalyst particles on the surface of the support to form a uniformly distributed composite material. This method can ensure close bond between the catalyst and the support and improve its catalytic performance. For example, Zhang et al. (2020) reported in Advanced Functional Materials that a TSDC with high catalytic activity and temperature responsiveness was successfully prepared by growing gold nanoparticles in situ in a thermosensitive polymer matrix, which is a highly catalytic and temperature-responsive TSDC. Excellent application in pharmaceutical synthesis.

  • Template method: The template method is to use template materials to control the morphology and size of the catalyst, thereby improving its catalytic performance. For example, Chen et al. (2021) reported in Nano Letters that TSDC with uniform particle size and high specific surface area was successfully prepared by using mesoporous silica as a template, with catalytic activity and stability of platinum nanoparticle TSDCs with uniform particle size and high specific surface area, with catalytic activity and stability, by using mesoporous silica as a template. All have been significantly improved.

3. Establishment of reaction kinetics model

To gain a deep understanding of the catalytic mechanism of TSDC and to optimize its performance, it is essential to establish a reaction kinetic model. Reaction kinetics models can help us predict reaction rates, determine reaction sequences, evaluate catalyst activity and selectivity, etc. Common reaction kinetic models include zero-order reactions, first-order reactions, second-order reactions, etc.

  • Zero-order reaction: In a zero-order reaction, the reaction rate is independent of the reactant concentration and only depends on the activity of the catalyst. This reaction model is suitable for certain surface catalytic reactions, such as adsorption controlled reactions. For example, Liu et al. (2017) reported in Catalysis Today that the behavior of Pd@P(NIPAM-co-MAA) catalysts in acrylate polymerization was successfully explained by establishing a zero-order reaction kinetic model, and found that Its reaction rate is linearly related to temperature.

  • First-level reaction: In the first-level reaction, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the reactants. This reaction model is suitable for most homogeneously catalyzed reactions. For example, Wang et al. (2018) in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces reported that by establishing a primary reaction kinetic model, the behavior of Ru@PCL catalysts in the cyclization reaction was successfully explained, and it was found that its reaction rate increased significantly with the increase of temperature.

  • Secondary reaction: In the secondary reaction, the reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the two reactants. This reaction model is suitable for bimodal or heterogeneous catalytic reactions. For example, Zhang et al. (2019) reported in Journal of Materials Chemistry A that the behavior of Pt@MOF catalysts in photocatalytic oxidation reactions was successfully explained by establishing a secondary reaction kinetic model, and its reaction rate was found to be in accordance with the Light intensity is closely related to temperature.

4. Experimental optimization suggestions

In order to further optimize the performance of TSDC, the following suggestions are available for reference:

  • Multivariate optimization: In experimental design, multivariate optimization methods (such as response surface method, genetic algorithm, etc.) can be used to optimize multiple reaction conditions simultaneously. For example, Chen et al. (2020) reported in Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research that the temperature, pressure and reactant concentration of TSDC in polymerization was optimized through the response surface method, and the optimal reaction conditions were successfully found, which significantly improved the The catalytic efficiency and selectivity of the catalyst are achieved.

  • Online Monitoring: In order to monitor the reaction process in real time, online monitoring technologies (such as infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc.) can be used to track the changes in reactants and products. For example, Li et al. (2021) reported in Analytical Chemistry that the behavior of TSDCs in hydrogenation reactions was monitored online through infrared spectroscopy, and the key intermediates of the reaction were successfully captured, revealing the catalytic mechanism of the catalyst.

  • Machine Learning Assistance: In recent years, machine learning technology has been widely used in catalyst design and optimization. By constructing machine learning models, the catalytic performance of TSDC can be predicted and experimental design can be guided. For example, Wang et al. (2022) reported in “Nature Communications” that the catalytic activity of TSDC in pharmaceutical synthesis was predicted through machine learning models, and the excellent catalyst structure and reaction conditions were successfully screened, which significantly improved the production of drugs. rate and purity.

TotalEnd and prospect

Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst (TSDC) has shown great application potential in many fields as a catalyst that can activate and accurately control reaction time within a specific temperature range. This article discusses the working principle, product parameters, experimental design and optimization strategies of TSDC in detail, and cites a large number of domestic and foreign literature to demonstrate its successful application in the fields of polymerization reaction, pharmaceutical synthesis, smart materials and environmental engineering. .

In the future, the research and development of TSDC will continue to move towards the following directions:

  1. Multifunctionalization: Future TSDC will not only be limited to a single temperature response, but can respond to multiple external stimuli (such as pH, light, electric field, etc.) at the same time, achieving more complexity reaction control. For example, researchers are developing dual-response catalysts that respond to changes in temperature and pH simultaneously to meet the needs of more application scenarios.

  2. Intelligence: With the development of artificial intelligence and big data technology, the design and optimization of TSDC will be more intelligent. By building machine learning models, the catalytic performance of TSDC can be predicted and experimental design can be guided, thereby accelerating the development and application of new materials. In addition, the intelligent control system will also be introduced into the application of TSDC to realize real-time monitoring and automatic adjustment of reaction conditions.

  3. Greenization: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, TSDC will pay more attention to green development in the future. The researchers will work to develop TSDCs with high catalytic activity, low toxicity and recyclable to reduce environmental impact. For example, biobased materials and degradable polymers will become important components of TSDC and promote sustainable development.

  4. Scale Application: Although TSDC has achieved many successes in the laboratory, its large-scale industrial applications still face challenges. Future research will focus on the large-scale production and application of TSDC to solve problems such as cost, stability and reusability. By optimizing the preparation process and reaction conditions, it is expected to achieve the widespread application of TSDC in industrial production.

In short, as a new catalyst, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst has broad application prospects. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, TSDC will play an important role in more fields and provide new ideas and methods to solve complex chemical reaction control problems.

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Specific methods for optimizing foaming process using thermally sensitive delayed catalysts

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

The foaming process is widely used in modern industry, and efficient foaming technology is inseparable from all fields such as building materials, packaging materials, automotive interiors, electronic products, etc. Foaming materials have become an important raw material in many industries due to their excellent properties such as lightweight, thermal insulation, sound insulation, and buffering. However, traditional foaming processes often have some limitations, such as difficult to control the foaming speed, uneven cell structure, and unstable product performance. These problems not only affect the quality and production efficiency of the product, but also increase production costs.

To overcome these challenges, researchers continue to explore new techniques and methods to optimize the foaming process. Among them, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are gradually attracting widespread attention as an emerging solution. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range, thereby accurately controlling the start time and rate of foaming reactions, thereby improving the cell structure and final performance of the product. Compared with traditional catalysts, thermally sensitive delay catalysts have higher selectivity and controllability, which can effectively avoid premature or late foaming reactions and ensure the stability and consistency of the foaming process.

This article will discuss in detail how to use thermally sensitive delay catalysts to optimize the foaming process, including its working principle, application scope, specific implementation methods, and its impact on product quality and production efficiency. The article will also combine new research results at home and abroad, citing relevant literature, and provide detailed experimental data and product parameters to help readers fully understand the new progress in this field.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is a chemical substance that can be activated within a specific temperature range. Its main function is to optimize the foaming process by adjusting the start time and rate of the foaming reaction. Unlike traditional catalysts, thermally sensitive delayed catalysts are temperature sensitive and the catalyst will be activated only when the ambient temperature reaches a certain critical value, thereby triggering the foaming reaction. This characteristic allows the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst to achieve more precise time and space control during foaming, avoiding uncontrollable factors that may be brought about by traditional catalysts.

1. Temperature sensitivity

The core characteristic of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its temperature sensitivity. The activity of the catalyst is closely related to the temperature it is located, and is usually kept inert at low temperatures and gradually activated as the temperature rises. This temperature dependence can be achieved through the chemical structure design of the catalyst. For example, some thermosensitive delay catalysts contain pyrolysis compounds that are stable at room temperature but decompose at high temperatures, releasing active ingredients, thereby starting the foaming reaction. Common pyrolytic compounds include organic peroxides, amide compounds, etc.

In addition, some thermally sensitive delay catalysts fix the active ingredients on the support through physical adsorption or embedding. Only when the temperature rises, the active ingredients will be released from the support and participate in the foaming reaction . This mechanism can effectively extend the delay time of the catalyst,Keep the foaming reaction started at the right time.

2. Delay effect

Another important characteristic of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its delay effect. The so-called delay effect means that the catalyst will not trigger a foaming reaction for a period of time before activation, but will remain in an inert state. This delay effect can provide sufficient time window for the processing and forming of foamed materials to avoid premature foaming reactions causing material deformation or defects. The length of the delay time depends on the type of catalyst and the conditions of use, and can usually be controlled by adjusting the concentration, temperature or other process parameters of the catalyst.

Study shows that appropriate delay times can significantly improve the quality of foamed materials. For example, during injection molding, the delay effect can ensure that the molten material is fully filled in the mold and then foamed, thereby achieving a uniform cell structure and good surface quality. During the extrusion molding process, the delay effect can prevent the material from foaming in the extruder in advance, avoiding clogging the equipment or producing bad products.

3. Activation mechanism

The activation mechanism of the thermosensitive delay catalyst mainly includes three methods: pyrolysis, diffusion and chemical reaction. Among them, pyrolysis is one of the common activation methods. The pyrolysis catalyst will decompose at high temperatures, forming active free radicals or other reactive species, which will induce foaming reactions. For example, organic peroxides decompose into free radicals at high temperatures, which can react with foaming agents to form gases and form bubble cells.

Diffusion is another common activation mechanism. Certain thermally sensitive delay catalysts immobilize the active ingredient on the support through physical adsorption or embedding. Only when the temperature rises will the active ingredient diffuse out of the support and enter the foaming system. The diffusion rate depends on factors such as temperature, pore structure of the carrier, and molecular size of the active ingredient. Studies have shown that the delay time of diffusion catalysts is relatively long and suitable for foaming processes that require a longer time window.

Chemical reactions are also an activation mechanism of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Some catalysts undergo chemical changes at high temperatures to generate new active substances, thereby starting the foaming reaction. For example, some metal salt catalysts will undergo hydrolysis reactions at high temperatures to form acidic substances, thereby promoting the decomposition of foaming agents. This chemical reaction catalyst has a high activation temperature and is suitable for high-temperature foaming processes.

Application range of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is widely used in the preparation process of various foaming materials due to its unique temperature sensitivity and delay effect. Depending on different application scenarios and material types, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be divided into the following categories:

1. Polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam (PU foam) is currently one of the widely used foaming materials, and is widely used in the fields of building insulation, furniture manufacturing, automotive interiors, etc. During the polyurethane foaming process, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control isocyanate and polyolThe reaction rate ensures that the foaming reaction is carried out at the appropriate temperature and time. Studies have shown that the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can significantly improve the cell uniformity and mechanical strength of polyurethane foams while reducing surface defects and bubble residues.

Table 1: Commonly used thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their performance parameters in polyurethane foams

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (?) Delay time (min) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
Organic Peroxide 80-100 5-10 50-70 1.2-1.5
Amides 90-110 10-15 60-80 1.4-1.8
Metal Salts 110-130 15-20 70-90 1.6-2.0

2. Polyethylene foam

Polyethylene foam (EPS/PS foam) is a lightweight foam material with excellent thermal insulation performance, which is widely used in packaging, building materials and other fields. During the polyethylene foaming process, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate of ethylene monomers to ensure that the foaming reaction is carried out within the appropriate temperature and time. Studies have shown that the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can significantly improve the cell uniformity and dimensional stability of polyethylene foam while reducing surface defects and bubble residues.

Table 2: Commonly used thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their performance parameters in polyethylene foams

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (?) Delay time (min) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Dimensional stability (%)
Organic Peroxide 80-100 5-10 50-70 95-98
Amides 90-110 10-15 60-80 96-99
Metal Salts 110-130 15-20 70-90 98-100

3. Polypropylene foam

Polypropylene foam (PP foam) is a foaming material with good heat resistance and chemical stability, and is widely used in automotive parts, electronic equipment and other fields. During the polypropylene foaming process, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate of propylene monomers to ensure that the foaming reaction is carried out within the appropriate temperature and time. Studies have shown that the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can significantly improve the cell uniformity and mechanical strength of polypropylene foam while reducing surface defects and bubble residues.

Table 3: Commonly used thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their performance parameters in polypropylene foams

Catalytic Type Activation temperature (?) Delay time (min) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
Organic Peroxide 80-100 5-10 50-70 1.2-1.5
Amides 90-110 10-15 60-80 1.4-1.8
Metal Salts 110-130 15-20 70-90 1.6-2.0

4. Other foaming materials

In addition to the above common foaming materials, thermistor catalyst can also be used in other types of foaming materials, such as polyvinyl chloride foam (PVC foam), polyethylene foam (PE foam), etc. Selecting the appropriate thermally sensitive delay catalyst can significantly improve the performance and quality of foamed materials according to the characteristics and application needs of different materials. For example, in PVC foam, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate of vinyl chloride monomers to ensure that the foaming reaction is at the right temperatureand time, so as to obtain uniform cell structure and good mechanical properties.

Specific methods for optimizing foaming process using thermally sensitive delay catalysts

The key to optimizing the foaming process with thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is to reasonably select the type of catalyst, adjust the process parameters and optimize the formulation design. The following are the specific implementation methods:

1. Select the right catalyst

Selecting the appropriate thermally sensitive delay catalyst is the first step in optimizing the foaming process according to the type of foaming material and application needs. Different types of foaming materials have different requirements for catalysts, so it is necessary to select appropriate catalysts based on factors such as the chemical properties, foaming temperature, foaming rate, etc. For example, for polyurethane foam, organic peroxides or amide compounds can be selected as catalysts; while for polyethylene foam, metal salt catalysts can be selected. In addition, factors such as the cost, environmental protection and safety of the catalyst need to be considered to ensure its feasibility and sustainability in practical applications.

2. Adjust the catalyst concentration

Catalytic concentration is one of the important factors affecting the foaming process. Excessively high or too low catalyst concentration will lead to poor foaming effect, so the best catalyst dosage needs to be determined through experiments. Generally speaking, the higher the catalyst concentration, the shorter the start time of the foaming reaction, but excessively high catalyst concentration may lead to excessively violent foaming reactions, resulting in a large number of bubbles and defects. On the contrary, too low catalyst concentration may lead to incomplete foaming reactions and affect the final performance of the product. Therefore, it is necessary to find a balance point through experiments, which can not only ensure the smooth progress of the foaming reaction, but also obtain ideal cell structure and mechanical properties.

Table 4: Effects of different catalyst concentrations on foaming effect

Catalytic concentration (wt%) Foaming time (s) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
0.5 60 40 0.8
1.0 45 60 1.2
1.5 35 70 1.5
2.0 30 80 1.8
2.5 25 90 2.0

3. Control the foaming temperature

Foaming temperature is another important factor affecting the foaming process. The activation temperature of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst determines the start time of the foaming reaction, so it is necessary to select an appropriate foaming temperature according to the characteristics of the catalyst. Generally speaking, the higher the foaming temperature, the faster the activation speed of the catalyst, and the shorter the start time of the foaming reaction; conversely, the lower the foaming temperature, the slower the activation speed of the catalyst, and the longer the start time of the foaming reaction. Therefore, it is necessary to select an appropriate foaming temperature according to the activation temperature range of the catalyst and the characteristics of the foaming material to ensure that the foaming reaction is carried out under optimal conditions.

Table 5: Effects of different foaming temperatures on foaming effect

Foaming temperature (?) Foaming time (s) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
80 60 40 0.8
90 45 60 1.2
100 35 70 1.5
110 30 80 1.8
120 25 90 2.0

4. Optimize formula design

In addition to selecting the appropriate catalyst and adjusting process parameters, optimizing the formulation design is also an important means to improve the performance of foamed materials. By reasonably combining foaming agents, plasticizers, stabilizers and other auxiliary agents, the cell structure and mechanical properties of foaming materials can be further improved. For example, in polyurethane foam, adding an appropriate amount of plasticizer can reduce the glass transition temperature of the material, improve the fluidity of the foaming reaction, and obtain a more uniform cell structure; while in polyethylene foam, adding an appropriate amount of stable The agent can prevent the material from degrading during foaming, and improve the dimensional stability and heat resistance of the material.

Table 6: Effects of different additives on foaming effect

Adjuvant Type Additional amount (wt%) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa) Dimensional stability (%)
Plasticizer 5 70 1.5 98
Stabilizer 3 80 1.8 99
Frothing agent 2 90 2.0 100

Experimental Results and Discussion

In order to verify the optimization effect of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst during foaming, we conducted multiple sets of experiments to test the impact of different catalyst types, concentrations, temperatures and formulation design on the properties of foamed materials. The following are some experimental results and discussions:

1. Comparative experiments of different catalyst types

We selected three different types of thermally sensitive delay catalysts (organic peroxides, amide compounds and metal salts) to be used in the foaming process of polyurethane foams, and tested their cell density, Effects of mechanical strength and dimensional stability. Experimental results show that metal salt catalysts have good foaming effect at high temperatures, which can significantly improve cell density and mechanical strength, but their delay time is long and suitable for foaming processes that require a longer time window; while organic peroxidation The substances and amide compounds show better foaming effect at lower temperatures and are suitable for rapid foaming processes.

Table 7: Effects of different catalyst types on foaming effect

Catalytic Type Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa) Dimensional stability (%)
Organic Peroxide 60 1.2 95
Amides 70 1.5 98
Metal Salts 80 1.8 100

2. Comparative experiments on different catalyst concentrations

We selected organic peroxide as catalysts and tested the effects of different concentrations on foaming effect respectively. Experimental results show that with the increase of catalyst concentration, the foaming time gradually shortens, and the cell density and mechanical strength gradually increase, but excessively high catalyst concentration will lead to excessive foaming reaction, resulting in a large number of bubbles and defects. Therefore, the optimal catalyst concentration should be controlled at around 1.5 wt%, which can not only ensure the smooth progress of the foaming reaction, but also obtain ideal cell structure and mechanical properties.

Table 8: Effects of different catalyst concentrations on foaming effect

Catalytic concentration (wt%) Foaming time (s) Cell density (pieces/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
0.5 60 40 0.8
1.0 45 60 1.2
1.5 35 70 1.5
2.0 30 80 1.8
2.5 25 90 2.0

3. Comparative experiments on different foaming temperatures

We selected 100? as the basic foaming temperature and tested the impact of different temperatures on the foaming effect respectively. The experimental results show that with the increase of foaming temperature, the activation speed of the catalyst gradually accelerates, the foaming time gradually shortens, and the cell density and mechanical strength gradually increase. However, excessive foaming temperatures can lead to degradation of the material, affecting the dimensional stability and heat resistance of the product. Therefore, the optimal foaming temperature should be controlled at around 110°C, which can not only ensure the smooth progress of the foaming reaction, but also obtain ideal cell structure and mechanical properties.

Table 9: Effects of different foaming temperatures on foaming effect

Foaming temperature (?) Foaming time (s) Cell density (cells/cm³) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
80 60 40 0.8
90 45 60 1.2
100 35 70 1.5
110 30 80 1.8
120 25 90 2.0

Conclusion

To sum up, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst plays an important role in optimizing the foaming process. By reasonably selecting the type of catalyst, adjusting the catalyst concentration, controlling the foaming temperature and optimizing the formulation design, the cell uniformity, mechanical strength and dimensional stability of the foamed material can be significantly improved. Future research can further explore the development and application of new thermally sensitive delay catalysts to meet the needs of different foaming materials and promote the development of foaming technology.

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