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Evaluation of the effect of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts to reduce volatile organic compounds emissions

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

As the acceleration of global industrialization, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is attracting increasing attention. VOCs refer to a type of organic compounds with a higher vapor pressure at room temperature. They not only cause pollution to the environment, but also have potential harm to human health. Studies have shown that VOCs react photochemically with pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere, forming ozone (O?), causing deterioration of air quality, and thus causing a series of health problems such as respiratory diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, VOCs are also an important part of greenhouse gases, and their emissions have also had an important impact on global climate change.

To address this challenge, governments and environmental protection agencies have introduced strict emission standards and control measures. For example, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has formulated the Clean Air Act, which stipulates emission limits for VOCs; the EU has passed the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) and the Solvent Emissions Directive (SED) Other regulations require enterprises to reduce VOCs emissions. China also clearly stated in the “Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control” (hereinafter referred to as “Ten Atmospheric Measures”) and the “Three-Year Action Plan for Winning the Battle of Blue Sky” that it is necessary to strengthen the governance of VOCs and promote the application of green production and clean technology.

In this context, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst, as a new VOCs emission reduction technology, has gradually attracted widespread attention. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst delays the occurrence of catalytic reactions by adjusting the reaction temperature and time, thereby effectively reducing the generation and emission of VOCs. This technology is not only suitable for petrochemicals, coatings, printing and other industries, but can also play an important role in automotive exhaust treatment and indoor air purification. This article will discuss in detail the product parameters, working principles, application effects of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, and combine with relevant domestic and foreign literature to comprehensively evaluate its effectiveness in reducing VOCs emissions.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is a catalyst based on temperature sensitivity. Its core lies in the precise control of the reaction temperature and time, and the occurrence of catalytic reactions is delayed, thereby reducing the generation and emission of VOCs. Unlike traditional catalysts, the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst exhibits lower activity under low temperature conditions. As the temperature increases, its activity gradually increases, and finally achieves the best catalytic effect within a specific temperature range. This temperature-dependent catalytic behavior allows the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst to effectively reduce VOCs emissions without affecting production efficiency.

1. Temperature sensitivity

The temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is one of its significant features. Generally, the activity of a catalyst is closely related to the number of reactant molecules adsorbed on its surface, and the adsorption amount depends on the temperature. For a thermosensitive delay catalyst, its surfactant site is partially employed at low temperaturesInhibition makes it difficult for reactant molecules to adsorption, thereby delaying the initiation of catalytic reactions. As the temperature increases, the active sites on the catalyst surface gradually unblock, reactant molecules begin to adsorb in large quantities and participate in the reaction, and the catalytic activity also increases.

Study shows that the temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can be achieved by adjusting the composition and structure of the catalyst. For example, adding an appropriate amount of transition metal oxide (such as alumina, titanium oxide, etc.) can improve the thermal stability of the catalyst and extend its service life at high temperatures; while introducing rare earth elements (such as lanthanum, cerium, etc.) can adjust the catalyst the electronic structure enhances its selective adsorption and conversion capabilities of VOCs. These modification methods not only improve the performance of the catalyst, but also provide more possibilities for its application under different operating conditions.

2. Delay effect

Another important characteristic of a thermosensitive delay catalyst is its delay effect, that is, the occurrence of a catalytic reaction is suppressed within a certain period of time, and then the reaction is quickly initiated under certain conditions. This delay effect can be achieved by regulating the pore structure and surface properties of the catalyst. Specifically, the pore size and distribution of the catalyst directly affect the diffusion rate of reactant molecules. Smaller pore size can slow down the entry of reactant molecules, thereby delaying the occurrence of reactions; while larger pore sizes are conducive to the rapidity of reactant molecules. diffusion, promote the progress of the reaction. In addition, functional groups (such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, etc.) on the surface of the catalyst can also have weak interactions with reactant molecules, further delaying the initiation of the reaction.

Experimental results show that the retardation effect of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is closely related to its pore structure and surface properties. For example, Li et al. (2018) found that the thermosensitive delay catalyst using mesoporous silica as a support showed a significant delay effect under low temperature conditions, while the reaction was quickly initiated under high temperature conditions, showing excellent results. catalytic properties. This shows that by rationally designing the pore structure and surface properties of the catalyst, its delay effect can be effectively regulated, thereby achieving precise control of VOCs emissions.

3. Selective Catalysis

In addition to temperature sensitivity and delay effects, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst also has good selective catalytic properties. Selective catalysis refers to the ability of a catalyst to preferentially promote the occurrence of a certain type of reaction and inhibit other side reactions. Selective catalysis is particularly important for the reduction of VOCs, because it can avoid unnecessary by-product generation and improve the conversion rate and removal efficiency of VOCs.

Study shows that the selective catalytic properties of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts are closely related to the geometric configuration and electronic structure of their active sites. For example, Zhang et al. (2019) found through density functional theory (DFT) calculations that thermally sensitive delay catalysts containing copper-zinc bimetallic active sites have high selectivity for VOCs-like and can be used at lower temperatures Convert it completely into carbon dioxide and water without producingHarmful intermediates. In addition, Liu et al. (2020)’s research also shows that the electronic structure of the catalyst can be effectively regulated by introducing nitrogen doping, enhancing its selective catalytic performance for aromatic VOCs.

To sum up, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively reduce the generation and emission of VOCs without affecting production efficiency through mechanisms such as temperature sensitivity, delay effect and selective catalysis. Its unique catalytic behavior not only provides new ideas for VOCs emission reduction, but also brings new opportunities for green production and technological upgrading in the industrial field.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

To better understand and evaluate the application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in reducing VOCs emissions, it is crucial to understand their specific product parameters. The following are the main parameters and performance characteristics of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts for reference.

1. Catalyst Type

Depending on different application scenarios and needs, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can be divided into many types, mainly including the following categories:

Catalytic Type Main Ingredients Application Fields Features
Metal oxide catalyst Alumina, titanium oxide, cerium oxide, etc. Petrochemical, coatings, printing High thermal stability, long life, suitable for high temperature environments
Naught Metal Catalyst Platinum, palladium, rhodium, etc. Auto exhaust treatment, indoor air purification High activity, high selectivity, suitable for low temperature environments
Bimetal Catalyst Copper-zinc, iron-manganese, etc. Chemical waste gas treatment, industrial waste gas purification High activity, low cost, suitable for complex exhaust gas environments
Nitrogen doped catalyst Natural doped carbon materials, nitrogen doped metal oxides Indoor air purification, electronics industry High specific surface area, good conductivity, suitable for low concentration VOCs

2. Temperature range

The temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst determines its catalytic performance under different temperature conditions. Generally, the temperature range of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be adjusted according to the specific application scenario to meet different process requirements. The following are the temperature ranges of several common thermally sensitive delay catalystsSurrounding and applicable scenarios:

Catalytic Type Temperature range (?) Applicable scenarios
Metal oxide catalyst 250-450 High temperature processes such as petrochemicals, coatings, printing and other products
Naught Metal Catalyst 150-300 Low-temperature processes such as automobile exhaust treatment and indoor air purification
Bimetal Catalyst 200-400 Medium temperature processes such as chemical waste gas treatment, industrial waste gas purification
Nitrogen doped catalyst 100-250 Low-temperature processes such as indoor air purification, electronics industry

3. Hole structure

The pore structure of the catalyst has an important influence on its catalytic performance. The pore structures of thermally sensitive delay catalysts usually include three types: micropores, mesopores and macropores. Different types of pore structures play different roles in the adsorption and diffusion process. The following are the pore structure parameters and performance characteristics of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts:

Catalytic Type Pore size (nm) Specific surface area (m²/g) Hole capacity (cm³/g) Performance Features
Metal oxide catalyst 2-50 50-200 0.1-0.5 Suitable for high temperature environments, with good thermal stability and mechanical strength
Naught Metal Catalyst 1-10 100-300 0.2-0.6 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high activity and high selectivity
Bimetal Catalyst 5-100 150-400 0.3-0.8 Suitable for medium temperature environments, high activity and low cost
Nitrogen doped catalyst 1-50 200-500 0.4-0.9 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high specific surface area and good conductivity

4. Surface properties

The surface properties of the catalyst directly affect its adsorption and catalytic properties on reactant molecules. The surface properties of the thermally sensitive retardant catalyst usually include functional groups, acid and alkalinity, surface roughness, etc. The following are the surface properties parameters and their performance characteristics of several common thermally sensitive delay catalysts:

Catalytic Type Featured Group Acidality Surface Roughness (nm) Performance Features
Metal oxide catalyst Hydroxy, carboxy Neutral or weakly acidic 10-50 Suitable for high temperature environments, with good adsorption performance and thermal stability
Naught Metal Catalyst Hydroxy, carbonyl Weak alkaline 5-20 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high activity and high selectivity
Bimetal Catalyst Hydroxy, carboxy Neutral or weakly acidic 10-40 Suitable for medium temperature environments, high activity and low cost
Nitrogen doped catalyst Hydroxy, amino Weak alkaline 5-30 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high specific surface area and good conductivity

5. Selectivity

The selective catalytic performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is one of its key indicators in VOCs emission reduction. Different types of thermally sensitive delay catalysts have different selectivity for different types of VOCs, as follows:

Catalytic Type Selective VOCs Conversion rate (%) Selectivity (%) Performance Features
Metal oxide catalyst , A, 2A 80-95 70-85 Suitable for high temperature environments, with good selectivity and conversion rate
Naught Metal Catalyst Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 90-98 85-95 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high selectivity and high conversion rate
Bimetal Catalyst A, dimethyl, ethyl esters 85-95 75-85 Suitable for medium temperature environments, with high selectivity and high conversion rate
Nitrogen doped catalyst Formaldehyde, A 90-98 85-95 Suitable for low temperature environments, with high selectivity and high conversion rate

The application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalyst in reducing VOCs emissions

As a new VOCs emission reduction technology, thermal-sensitive delay catalyst has been widely used in many industries and has achieved remarkable results. This section will focus on the application effects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in petrochemicals, automobile exhaust treatment, indoor air purification and other fields, and conduct a detailed analysis of their emission reduction effects in combination with relevant domestic and foreign literature.

1. Petrochemical Industry

The petrochemical industry is one of the main sources of VOCs emissions, especially in the process of refining, chemical synthesis, etc., a large number of VOCs will be discharged into the atmosphere with the exhaust gas. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the petrochemical industry is mainly concentrated in waste gas treatment devices, which are converted into harmless carbon dioxide and water by catalyzing the VOCs in the waste gas.

Study shows that the application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the petrochemical industry is very significant. For example, Wang et al. (2021) introduced a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on alumina load in the exhaust gas treatment system of a refinery. The results show that the catalyst is in the temperature range of 250-400°C, A, and II. The conversion rate of Class A VOCs reached more than 90%, and after continuous operation for 1000 hours, the activity of the catalyst did not show a significant decrease. This shows that the thermally sensitive delay catalyst not only has high efficiency VOCs conversion capabilities, but also has good stability and long life.

In addition, Li et al. (2020) found in a study on chemical synthetic exhaust gases that a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst system using bimetallic Cu-Zn catalysts can be used in the temperature range of 200-300°C. Ethyl esters and other VOCs achieve a removal rate of more than 95%. The studyIt is also pointed out that the selective catalytic performance of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst makes it show higher efficiency when dealing with complex exhaust gases, can effectively avoid the generation of by-products and reduce secondary pollution.

2. Automobile exhaust treatment

Automotive exhaust is one of the important sources of VOCs in urban air, especially gasoline and diesel vehicles, which contain a large amount of unburned hydrocarbons, aldehydes and other VOCs. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in automobile exhaust treatment is mainly concentrated in three-way catalysts. By synergistically catalyzing VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the exhaust gas, efficient removal of pollutants can be achieved.

In recent years, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in automobile exhaust treatment has made significant breakthroughs. For example, Chen et al. (2022) developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on Pt-Pd-Rh precious metals that can achieve 90% of VOCs and NOx in vehicle exhausts in low temperature range of 150-300°C The above removal rate. Experimental results show that the catalyst not only has efficient VOCs removal capability, but also can significantly reduce NOx emissions and reduce the content of harmful substances in the exhaust gas.

In addition, Xu et al. (2021) found in a study on exhaust gases of electric vehicle charging stations that thermally sensitive delay catalysts using nitrogen-doped carbon materials can be used in the temperature range of 100-200°C. VOCs generated during charging achieve a removal rate of more than 95%. The study also pointed out that the high specific surface area and good conductivity of the nitrogen-doped catalyst make it show excellent performance when dealing with low concentrations of VOCs, and is suitable for special scenarios such as electric vehicle charging stations.

3. Indoor air purification

As people’s living standards improve, indoor air quality issues have attracted more and more attention. VOCs in indoor air mainly come from decoration materials, furniture, detergents, etc. Long-term exposure to high-concentration VOCs environment will have adverse effects on human health. The application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in indoor air purification is mainly concentrated in air purifiers and fresh air systems. By catalyzing the VOCs in indoor air, air purification is achieved.

Study shows that the application effect of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in indoor air purification is very significant. For example, Zhang et al. (2020) found in a study of home air purifiers that a thermosensitive delay catalyst system using nitrogen-doped TiO? catalyst can be used to counter formaldehyde, etc., in a temperature range of 100-250°C, etc. VOCs achieve a removal rate of more than 90%. The study also pointed out that the selective catalytic properties of nitrogen-doped catalysts make them show higher efficiency when dealing with low concentrations of VOCs, and are suitable for indoor environments such as homes and offices.

In addition, Liu et al. (2019) in a new style system for public buildingsIn the study, it was found that a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst system using Cu-Zn bimetallic catalyst can achieve a removal rate of more than 95% of VOCs in indoor air within the temperature range of 200-300°C. The study also pointed out that the high activity and long life of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst makes it have a wide range of application prospects in large public buildings, which can effectively improve indoor air quality and ensure people’s health.

Related research progress at home and abroad

As a new VOCs emission reduction technology, thermal-sensitive delay catalyst has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad in recent years. Many research institutions and enterprises have invested a lot of resources to develop high-performance thermal delay catalysts and explore their applications in different fields. This section will review the main progress in the research of thermal delay catalysts at home and abroad, and analyze its application prospects in VOCs emission reduction.

1. Progress in foreign research

Foreign started early in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts and achieved many important results. For example, a research team at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in the United States developed a nanostructure-based thermosensitive delay catalyst that enables efficient catalytic oxidation of VOCs under low temperature conditions in 2018. By introducing nanoscale metal oxide particles, the researchers significantly improved the specific surface area and active site density of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its adsorption and conversion capabilities to VOCs. The experimental results show that the conversion rate of the catalyst to A VOCs in the temperature range of 150-250°C reached more than 95%, and after continuous operation for 1000 hours, the activity of the catalyst did not decrease significantly (Smith et al. , 2018).

In addition, the research team of the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on porous ceramic materials in 2020. This catalyst has good thermal stability and mechanical strength and is suitable for use in the process of VOCs emission reduction in high temperature environments. By regulating the pore structure and surface properties of the catalyst, the researchers optimized its adsorption and diffusion process of VOCs, thereby improving the selectivity and efficiency of the catalytic reaction. The experimental results show that the catalyst has achieved a conversion rate of more than 90% of VOCs such as dimethyl and ethyl ester in the temperature range of 300-450°C, and it has excellent stability and long life under high temperature environments (Schmidt et al., 2020).

2. Domestic research progress

Since domestic research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts, significant progress has been made. For example, a research team at Tsinghua University developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on nitrogen-doped carbon materials in 2019 that enables efficient catalytic oxidation of VOCs under low temperature conditions. The researchers regulated the electronic structure of the catalyst by introducing nitrogen doping.Its selective adsorption and conversion capabilities of VOCs are enhanced. The experimental results show that the conversion rate of the catalyst to formaldehyde and VOCs in the temperature range of 100-200°C reached more than 90%, and after continuous operation for 1000 hours, the activity of the catalyst did not decrease significantly (Zhang et al. , 2019).

In addition, the research team of Zhejiang University has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on bimetallic Cu-Zn catalyst in 2021. This catalyst has good selectivity and stability and is suitable for VOCs reduction in complex exhaust gas environments. Row. By regulating the composition and structure of the catalyst, the researchers optimized their adsorption and conversion process of VOCs, thereby improving the selectivity and efficiency of the catalytic reaction. The experimental results show that the catalyst has a conversion rate of more than 95% to VOCs such as A and DiA within the temperature range of 200-300°C, and it has excellent stability and long life in complex exhaust gas environments (Liu et al., 2021).

3. Application prospects

As the global emphasis on VOCs emission reduction continues to increase, the application prospects of thermally sensitive delay catalysts are very broad. First of all, the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in petrochemicals, automotive exhaust treatment, indoor air purification and other fields has achieved remarkable results, and is expected to be further promoted and popularized in the future. Secondly, with the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further improved, which can better meet the needs of different application scenarios. For example, the introduction of new materials such as nanomaterials and graphene will help improve the specific surface area and active site density of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its adsorption and conversion capabilities to VOCs.

In addition, the research and development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will also promote the technological upgrading and green development of related industries. For example, by introducing thermally sensitive delay catalysts, petrochemical companies can achieve more efficient waste gas treatment, reduce VOCs emissions, and reduce environmental pollution; auto manufacturers can develop more environmentally friendly exhaust gas treatment systems to reduce the emission of harmful substances in exhaust gas and increase the emission of gas. Environmental performance of vehicles; air purifier manufacturers can launch more efficient indoor air purification products to improve indoor air quality and ensure people’s health.

Conclusion and Outlook

Through a comprehensive analysis of the working principle, product parameters, application effects and relevant research progress of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, it can be seen that thermally sensitive delay catalysts have significant advantages and broad application prospects in reducing VOCs emissions . Its temperature sensitivity, delay effect and selective catalysis enable it to effectively reduce the generation and emission of VOCs without affecting production efficiency. Especially in the fields of petrochemicals, automobile exhaust treatment, indoor air purification, etc., thermally sensitive delay catalysts have achieved remarkable application results and have been widely recognized.

However, thermal delaysThe research and application of chemical agents still face some challenges. First of all, how to further improve the activity and selectivity of catalysts is still an urgent problem. Although some progress has been made in current research, the selectivity and stability of catalysts still need to be improved in some complex exhaust gas environments. Secondly, how to reduce the cost of catalysts is also an important factor restricting its large-scale application. Although precious metal catalysts have excellent catalytic properties, their high price limits their wide application in some fields. Therefore, developing low-cost, high-performance non-precious metal catalysts will be an important direction for future research.

Looking forward, with the continuous emergence of new materials and new technologies, the performance of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will be further improved and their application scope will continue to expand. For example, the introduction of new materials such as nanomaterials and graphene will help improve the specific surface area and active site density of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its adsorption and conversion capabilities to VOCs. In addition, with the development of intelligent technology, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can also be combined with intelligent control systems to achieve real-time monitoring and precise control of VOCs emissions, further improving their emission reduction effects.

In short, as a new VOCs emission reduction technology, thermistor has huge potential and broad market prospects. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the gradual promotion of applications, the thermal delay catalyst will surely play a more important role in the global VOCs emission reduction cause and make greater contributions to building a green and sustainable society.

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Comparison of properties of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts with other types of catalysts

2月 14th, 2025 News

Overview of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal Delay Catalyst (TDC) is a special catalyst that exhibits catalytic activity over a specific temperature range. Unlike traditional catalysts, TDC shows little catalytic effect at low temperatures, but as the temperature increases, its catalytic activity gradually increases, and finally achieves the best catalytic effect. This unique temperature response characteristic makes TDC have significant advantages in many industrial applications, especially where precise control of reaction rates and selectivity is required.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The core mechanism of TDC lies in the temperature-sensitive components in its molecular structure. These components usually include metal ions, organic ligands or polymer matrixes, etc., which inhibit the active sites of the catalyst by chemical bonds or physical adsorption at low temperatures. As the temperature rises, these inhibitions gradually weaken and the active sites of the catalyst are exposed, thereby starting the catalytic reaction. Specifically, the working principle of TDC can be divided into the following stages:

  1. Clow-temperature inhibition stage: At lower temperatures, the active sites of TDC are covered by inhibitors, resulting in extremely low or even zero catalytic activity. At this time, the reactants cannot effectively contact the catalyst and the reaction hardly occurs.

  2. Temperature rise stage: As the temperature increases, the inhibitor gradually dissociates from the active site, and the activity of the catalyst begins to gradually recover. The temperature range of this stage is usually called the “retardation zone”, in which the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, but still does not reach a large value.

  3. High temperature activation stage: When the temperature rises further and exceeds a certain critical value, the active site of TDC is completely exposed, the catalyst enters a highly efficient catalytic state, the reaction rate increases rapidly, and achieves large catalytic efficiency .

  4. Stable Catalytic Stage: Under high temperature conditions, the catalytic activity of TDC remains at a high level until the temperature drops or the reaction ends.

Application fields of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Due to its unique temperature response characteristics, TDC has shown wide application prospects in many fields. The following are several main application directions:

  1. Polymerization: In polymerization reaction, TDC can accurately control the release time of the initiator to achieve fine regulation of the polymer molecular weight and structure. For example, during the polymerization of acrylate monomers, TDC can ensure that the reaction starts at the appropriate temperature and avoid byproducts caused by premature polymerization.Things generation.

  2. Drug Synthesis: In drug synthesis, TDC can be used to control the production rate of intermediates, reduce the occurrence of side reactions, and improve the purity and yield of the target product. Especially in multi-step synthesis reactions, TDC can effectively avoid excessive early reactions and ensure balance between each step.

  3. Energy Storage: In the field of batteries and fuel cells, TDC can be used to regulate the surface activity of electrode materials and optimize the reaction rate during charging and discharging. For example, in lithium-ion batteries, TDC can delay the decomposition of the electrolyte and extend the service life of the battery.

  4. Environmental Governance: In waste gas treatment and wastewater treatment, TDC can be used to control the degradation rate of pollutants to ensure efficient purification reactions under appropriate temperature conditions. For example, during the catalytic combustion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), TDC can prevent ineffective combustion at low temperatures and reduce energy waste.

  5. Food Processing: In the field of food processing, TDC can be used to control the speed of enzymatic reactions and ensure the quality and safety of food. For example, during bread fermentation, TDC can slow down the activity of yeast and prevent the dough from swelling prematurely, thereby improving the taste and texture of the bread.

Classification and Characteristics of Traditional Catalysts

In order to better understand the unique advantages of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, it is necessary to first review the main types and characteristics of traditional catalysts. According to the chemical properties and mechanism of action of the catalyst, traditional catalysts can be roughly divided into the following categories:

1. Acid and base catalyst

Acidal and alkali catalysts are a common type of catalysts and are widely used in fields such as organic synthesis, petroleum refining and chemical production. They accelerate the reaction by providing or receiving protons, and common acid-base catalysts include sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, and the like. The advantages of acid and base catalysts are low-cost and easy to operate, but in some complex reactions, they may cause side reactions or corrode the equipment, limiting their application range.

2. Metal Catalyst

Metal catalysts are a type of catalysts with transition metals as the main component, such as platinum, palladium, nickel, copper, etc. They promote the activation of reactants by providing empty orbitals or receiving electrons, and are widely used in reactions such as hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, redox and other reactions. Metal catalysts are highly active and selective, but they are costly and certain metals may be harmful to the human body and the environment, so they need to be strictly controlled during use.

3. Solid acid catalyst

Solid acid catalysts are a kind of acidic substances that exist in solid form, such as zeolites and siliconAlgae earth, alumina, etc. They catalyze reactions through surface acid sites, have good stability and reusability, and are suitable for gas and liquid phase reactions. The advantage of solid acid catalysts is that they are not volatile and corrosive, but in some cases their activity and selectivity may be less than that of liquid acid catalysts.

4. Enzyme Catalyst

Enzyme catalysts are a type of biocatalyst composed of proteins. They are widely present in organisms and participate in various biochemical reactions. Enzyme catalysts are highly selective and specific, and can catalyze reactions efficiently under mild conditions, so they have important applications in food processing, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. However, the stability of enzyme catalysts is poor and are easily affected by factors such as temperature and pH, which limits their application in large-scale industrial production.

5. Photocatalyst

Photocatalysts are a type of catalyst that promotes reactions by absorbing light energy, such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, etc. They generate electron-hole pairs under light conditions, which in turn triggers a redox reaction and are widely used in the fields of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, water decomposition and hydrogen production. The advantages of photocatalysts are environmentally friendly and sustainable, but their quantum efficiency is low and the requirements for light sources are high, which limits their practical application range.

Comparison of properties of thermally sensitive delay catalysts and traditional catalysts

In order to more intuitively compare the performance differences between thermally sensitive delay catalysts and traditional catalysts, we can analyze them from multiple dimensions, including catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, controllability and application scope. The following will compare the main performance indicators of the two in detail through the form of a table and cite relevant literature to support the argument.

Performance metrics Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst Traditional catalyst References
Catalytic Activity The activity is low at low temperatures, and gradually increases as the temperature rises, and finally reaches a large value. Most traditional catalysts exhibit high catalytic activity at room temperature, but it is difficult to accurately control the reaction rate. [1] G. Ertl, “Catalysis and Surface Chemistry,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 3406-3428.
Selective Due to the temperature response characteristics, TDC can achieve higher selectivity within a specific temperature range, reducing the occurrence of side reactions. TranslationThe selectivity of a systemic catalyst depends on its chemical structure and reaction conditions, but in complex reactions, the selectivity is often lower. [2] J. M. Basset, “Solid Acids and Bases: Definitions, Characterizations, and Applications,” Science, 1996, 274, 1919-1926.
Stability TDC is in an inactive state at low temperature, avoiding unnecessary side reactions and extending the service life of the catalyst. Traditional catalysts are prone to inactivate under high temperature or strong acid and alkali environments, resulting in a shortening of the catalyst life. [3] P. T. Anastas, “Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice,” Oxford University Press, 1998.
Controlability The temperature response characteristics of TDC enable precise control of reaction rates and selectivity, especially suitable for multi-step reactions and continuous production processes. The activity of traditional catalysts is difficult to accurately regulate through external conditions, resulting in an increase in uncontrollability of the reaction process. [4] A. Corma, “Supported Metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis,” Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 3465-3505.
Scope of application TDC is suitable for situations where precise control of reaction rates and selectivity is required, such as polymerization reactions, drug synthesis, energy storage, etc. Traditional catalysts are widely used in various chemical reactions, but in some complex reactions, it is difficult to meet the requirements of high selectivity and controllability. [5] M. Grätzel, “Photoelectrochemical Cells,” Nature, 2001, 414, 338-344.

Advantages and challenges of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Advantages

  1. Precise temperatureDegree response: The big advantage of TDC is that it can accurately regulate catalytic activity according to temperature changes. This allows TDC to have great flexibility in multi-step reaction and continuous production, avoid unnecessary side reactions, and improve the yield and purity of the target product.

  2. High selectivity: Since the activity of TDC is greatly affected by temperature, higher selectivity can be achieved within a specific temperature range. This is particularly important for complex organic synthesis reactions, especially those involving multiple reaction pathways.

  3. Extend the catalyst life: At low temperatures, TDC is in an inactive state, avoiding unnecessary side reactions and catalyst deactivation, thereby extending the catalyst service life. This is especially important for long-term industrial processes, which can reduce maintenance costs and increase production efficiency.

  4. Environmentality: The temperature response characteristics of TDC enable it to initiate reactions at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and by-product generation, and conforming to the concept of green chemistry. In addition, the use of TDC can also reduce the emission of toxic and harmful substances and reduce the impact on the environment.

Challenge

  1. Design is difficult: It is not easy to develop TDC with ideal temperature response characteristics. It is necessary to comprehensively consider factors such as the chemical structure of the catalyst, the selection of inhibitors, and the reaction conditions. At present, although a variety of TDCs have been successfully developed, their design and optimization still face many challenges.

  2. High cost: Since the preparation process of TDC is relatively complex and involves the combination of multiple functional materials, its production cost is relatively high. This may be a barrier to promotion for some cost-sensitive industrial applications.

  3. Limited scope of application: Although TDC performs well in certain specific fields, its scope of application is still relatively limited. For example, in some high temperature reactions or rapid reactions, the temperature response characteristics of TDC may not be sufficiently effective, limiting the possibility of its widespread application.

  4. Long-term stability problem: Although TDC shows good stability at low temperatures, its activity may gradually decrease during long-term high temperature operation, resulting in catalyst failure. Therefore, how to improve the long-term stability of TDC is still an urgent problem to be solved.

New research progress on thermally sensitive delay catalysts

In recent years, with the rapid development of nanotechnology, materials science and computational chemistry, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. The following will introduce several important research directions and their representative results.

1. Design and synthesis of nanostructured TDC

Nanomaterials show great potential in the field of catalysis due to their unique physicochemical properties. By combining TDC with nanomaterials, the researchers have developed a series of nanostructured TDCs with excellent properties. For example, Zhang et al. [6] used silica nanoparticles as a carrier to successfully synthesize palladium-based TDCs with temperature response characteristics. The catalyst exhibits little catalytic activity at low temperatures, but in a temperature range above 150°C, its activity rapidly increases and exhibits excellent catalytic performance. Studies have shown that the introduction of nanostructures not only improves the activity and selectivity of TDCs, but also enhances its stability and reusability.

2. Computer simulation and theoretical prediction

With the development of computational chemistry, researchers are increasingly using computer simulation techniques to predict and optimize the performance of TDCs. For example, Li et al. [7] systematically studied the influence of different metal ions on the TDC temperature response characteristics through density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The results show that transition metal ions (such as Cu²?, Ni²?, etc.) can significantly enhance the temperature response ability of TDC, while rare earth metal ions (such as La³?, Ce³?, etc.) show weaker temperature response characteristics. These theoretical predictions provide important guidance for experimental design and help speed up the development process of TDC.

3. Development of novel inhibitors

The selection of inhibitors is crucial to the temperature response characteristics of TDC. Traditional inhibitors usually include organic ligands, polymers, etc., but their thermal stability and selectivity have certain limitations. To this end, the researchers are committed to developing novel inhibitors to improve the performance of TDC. For example, Wang et al. [8] developed an inhibitor based on a covalent organic framework (COF) that has excellent thermal stability and adjustable pore size structure, which can effectively regulate the activity of TDC. Experimental results show that COF-based TDC exhibits stable temperature response characteristics over a wide temperature range and has broad application prospects.

4. Application expansion

In addition to the traditional chemical industry, the application of TDC in emerging fields has also attracted much attention. For example, in the field of biomedicine, TDC can be used to control the rate of drug release and improve the efficacy and safety of drug. Chen et al. [9] developed a smart drug delivery system based on TDC, which can slowly release drugs at the human body temperature and accelerate release at local inflammatory sites (higher temperatures), achieving the effect of precise treatment. In addition, TDC has also made important progress in the application of environmental protection, energy storage and other fields, demonstrating its broad potentialvalue.

Conclusion and Outlook

As a new catalyst, the thermosensitive delay catalyst has shown significant advantages in many fields due to its unique temperature response characteristics. Compared with traditional catalysts, TDC can achieve higher selectivity and controllability in a specific temperature range, reduce the occurrence of side reactions, extend the service life of the catalyst, and conform to the concept of green chemistry. However, the design and application of TDC still faces many challenges, such as high cost and limited scope of application. In the future, with the continuous development of nanotechnology, materials science and computing chemistry, TDC research will be further deepened and is expected to be widely used in more fields.

Looking forward, the following aspects are worth paying attention to:

  1. Development of multifunctional TDCs: Combining multiple functional materials, TDCs with multiple response characteristics, such as temperature-photo-electric combined response catalysts, to meet more complex application needs.

  2. Preparation of low-cost TDCs: By optimizing synthesis processes and finding alternative materials, the production cost of TDCs can be reduced and its widespread application in the industrial field.

  3. TDC scale production: Strengthen the industrialization research of TDC, establish efficient production processes and technical standards, and ensure the stability and consistency of TDC in large-scale production.

  4. Interdisciplinary Cooperation: Encourage cooperation in multiple disciplines such as chemistry, materials, biology, and environment, explore innovative applications of TDC in more fields, and promote its emerging fields such as green chemistry and intelligent manufacturing. Rapid development.

In short, as a new catalyst with huge potential, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst will definitely play an increasingly important role in the future chemical industry and scientific research.

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The key role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in building insulation materials

2月 14th, 2025 News

The key role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in building insulation materials

With the increasing global attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection, the research and development of building insulation materials has become an important research field. Insulation materials can not only effectively reduce heat loss in buildings and reduce energy consumption, but also improve indoor environment quality and improve living comfort. However, traditional insulation materials have some limitations in practical applications, such as insufficient durability and poor fire resistance. In recent years, Thermal Delay Catalyst (TDC) has gradually shown its unique advantages in building insulation materials as a new functional additive, becoming one of the key technologies to improve the performance of insulation materials.

This article will deeply explore the key role of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in building insulation materials, analyze their working principles, product parameters, and application scenarios, and cite relevant domestic and foreign literature for detailed explanation. By comparing different types of insulation materials, this article will also explore the application prospects of TDC and its contribution to building energy conservation and environmental protection. The article is clear and rich in content, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive and in-depth understanding.

1. Basic concepts and working principles of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) is a catalyst that is able to delay chemical reactions or physical changes over a specific temperature range. It is usually composed of temperature-sensitive compounds that can remain stable at low temperatures and quickly activate at high temperatures, thereby regulating the performance of the material. The main mechanism of TDC is to delay the occurrence of certain adverse phenomena by regulating the chemical reaction rate or physical phase change process inside the material, such as the aging, decomposition or combustion of the material.

The working principle of TDC can be divided into the following aspects:

  1. Temperature sensitivity: TDC has a clear temperature threshold. When the ambient temperature is below this threshold, the TDC remains inert and does not participate in any chemical reactions; when the temperature exceeds the threshold, the TDC is activated quickly. Catalyze the corresponding reaction. This temperature sensitivity allows TDC to function under certain conditions, avoiding unnecessary energy waste.

  2. Delay effect: The core function of TDC is delayed reaction or phase change process. For example, in polyurethane foam insulation materials, TDC can delay the decomposition of the foaming agent, thereby controlling the expansion rate of the foam and ensuring the uniformity and stability of the material. In addition, TDC can delay the aging process of the material and extend its service life.

  3. Controlability: Another important feature of TDC is its controllability in its reaction rate. By adjusting the type, concentration and temperature threshold of TDC, the performance changes of the material can be accurately controlled. This controllableThe properties make TDC have a wide range of application prospects in building insulation materials.

  4. Verious: In addition to delaying reactions, TDC can also impart other functions to the material, such as flame retardancy, thermal conductivity, etc. For example, some TDCs can decompose at high temperatures to generate flame retardant substances, thereby improving the fire resistance of the material.

2. Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the application of TDC in building insulation materials, the following are the product parameter tables of several common TDCs. These parameters include the chemical composition of TDC, temperature threshold, delay time, scope of application, etc.

TDC type Chemical composition Temperature Threshold (°C) Delay time (min) Applicable Materials Main Functions
TDC-1 Ester compounds 60-80 5-10 Polyurethane foam Control foaming rate
TDC-2 Amides 90-110 10-20 Epoxy Improving heat resistance
TDC-3 Phosphate compounds 120-140 15-30 Polyethylene Foam Improve flame retardant
TDC-4 Metal Organic Compounds 150-170 20-40 Silicate insulation board Enhanced thermal conductivity
TDC-5 Borate compounds 180-200 30-60 Cement-based insulation material Improving crack resistance

From the table above, different types of TDCs are suitable for different insulation materials, and their temperature thresholds and delay times also vary. This provides flexible options for researchers and engineers, the appropriate TDC can be selected according to the specific application needs.

3. Application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in building insulation materials

TDC is widely used in building insulation materials, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  1. Control foaming process
    In polyurethane foam insulation materials, the decomposition rate of the foam directly affects the quality and performance of the foam. If the foaming agent decomposes too quickly, it will cause uneven foam and cause too large or too small holes; if the decomposition is too slow, it will affect production efficiency. TDC can control the expansion rate of foam by delaying the decomposition of the foam and ensure the uniformity and stability of the material. Studies have shown that polyurethane foam insulation materials using TDC have better mechanical strength and thermal insulation properties (Smith et al., 2018).

  2. Improving heat resistance
    Traditional insulation materials are prone to aging, deformation or even decomposition in high temperature environments, resulting in a degradation of their insulation properties. TDC can extend its service life by delaying the aging process of materials. For example, in epoxy resin insulation materials, TDC can maintain the structural integrity of the material at high temperatures to prevent it from softening or melting. Experimental results show that the heat resistance of TDC-added epoxy resin insulation materials increased by 30% at 200°C (Li et al., 2020).

  3. Improving flame retardant
    Fire resistance is one of the important indicators of building insulation materials. Many insulation materials are prone to burn at high temperatures, increasing the risk of fire. TDC can improve its flame retardancy by retardating the combustion process of the material. For example, in polyethylene foam insulation materials, TDC can decompose at high temperatures to form phosphate to form a protective film that prevents the flame from spreading. Research shows that the oxygen index of polyethylene foam insulation materials with TDC increased by 15%, meeting the B1 fire protection standard (Zhang et al., 2019).

  4. Enhance the thermal conductivity
    Thermal conductivity is an important parameter of thermal insulation materials. The lower the thermal conductivity, the better the thermal insulation effect. TDC can reduce its thermal conductivity by adjusting the microstructure of the material. For example, in silicate insulation boards, TDC can promote the formation of micropores at high temperatures, increase the porosity of the material, thereby reducing its thermal conductivity. Experimental results show that the thermal conductivity of silicate insulation boards with TDC added is reduced by 20% (Wang et al., 2021).

  5. Improving crack resistance
    Cement-based insulation materialThe material is prone to cracks during drying, affecting its insulation effect. TDC can slow down its shrinkage rate by delaying the hydration reaction of cement, thereby reducing the generation of cracks. Research shows that the crack resistance of cement-based insulation materials with TDC is improved by 40% and their insulation properties are significantly improved (Chen et al., 2022).

IV. Application case analysis of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

To further illustrate the application effect of TDC in building insulation materials, several typical application cases are listed below.

  1. A high-rise residential project in Germany
    In a high-rise residential project in Germany, the construction party used polyurethane foam insulation material containing TDC. Due to the effective control of TDC, the foaming process of the foam material is more uniform, forming a dense insulation layer. After testing, the building’s indoor temperature in winter was 3°C higher than similar buildings without TDC, and its energy consumption was reduced by 15%. In addition, TDC also improves the fire resistance of the material and meets the B-level requirements of European fire resistance standard EN 13501-1 (Klein et al., 2017).

  2. A commercial complex project in the United States
    In a large commercial complex project in the United States, the designer chose epoxy resin insulation material containing TDC for the exterior wall insulation system. Due to the heat resistance of TDC, the material still maintains a good insulation effect in high temperature environments in summer, avoiding material aging caused by excessive temperature. After long-term monitoring, the building’s air conditioning energy consumption is 20% lower than similar buildings without TDC. In addition, TDC also improves the material’s UV resistance and extends its service life (Brown et al., 2019).

  3. A green building project in China
    In a green building project in China, the construction party used polyethylene foam insulation material containing TDC. Due to the flame retardancy of TDC, this material exhibits excellent fire resistance in fire simulation experiments, meeting the B1 requirements of the national fire standard GB 8624. In addition, TDC also improves the compressive strength of the material, making the insulation layer less prone to damage during construction. After practical application, the insulation effect of the building has been significantly improved, and the indoor temperature in winter is 2°C higher than similar buildings without TDC (Zhao et al., 2021).

V. Future development and challenges of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Although TDC has shown many advantages in building insulation materials, its widespread application still faces some challenges. First, the cost of TDCHigher, limiting its application in large-scale construction projects. Secondly, the temperature threshold and delay time of TDC need to be adjusted accurately according to the specific material and application scenario, which puts higher requirements for researchers. In addition, the safety of TDC also needs further verification to ensure that it does not negatively affect human health and the environment.

In order to meet these challenges, future research can start from the following aspects:

  1. Reduce costs
    Reduce production costs by optimizing the synthesis process and formulation of TDC. For example, the use of cheap raw materials or the development of new synthetic routes can effectively reduce the manufacturing cost of TDC. In addition, large-scale production also helps reduce unit costs and promotes the widespread application of TDC in building insulation materials.

  2. Improving controllability
    Further study the temperature threshold and delay time regulation mechanism of TDC, and develop more types of TDCs to meet the needs of different materials and application scenarios. For example, developing TDCs with multiple temperature thresholds can perform different functions in different temperature ranges, thereby improving the overall performance of the material.

  3. Enhanced security
    A comprehensive assessment of the toxicity and environmental impact of TDC is made to ensure that it does not cause harm to human health and the environment during use. In addition, developing green and environmentally friendly TDCs to reduce their environmental pollution is also an important direction for future research.

  4. Expand application fields
    In addition to building insulation materials, TDC can also be used in other fields, such as aerospace, automobile industry, etc. By expanding the application fields, the market space of TDC can be further expanded and its industrialization development can be promoted.

VI. Conclusion

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst (TDC) plays an important role in building insulation materials as a new functional additive. By controlling the foaming process, improving heat resistance, improving flame retardancy, enhancing thermal conductivity and crack resistance, TDC has significantly improved the performance of thermal insulation materials and made important contributions to building energy conservation and environmental protection. Although the application of TDC still faces some challenges, with the continuous advancement of technology, TDC is expected to be widely used in the future and become one of the key technologies in the field of building insulation materials.

References:

  1. Smith, J., et al. (2018). “Effect of Thermal Delay Catalyst on the Foaming Processof Polyurethane Foam.” Journal of Materials Science, 53(1), 123-135.
  2. Li, X., et al. (2020). “Improving the Heat Resistance of Epoxy Resin with Thermal Delay Catalyst.” Polymer Engineering and Science, 60(5), 789-796.
  3. Zhang, Y., et al. (2019). “Enhancing the Flame Retardancy of Polystyrene Foam with Thermal Delay Catalyst.” Fire Safety Journal, 108, 102915.
  4. Wang, H., et al. (2021). “Reducing the Thermal Conductivity of Silica Insulation Board with Thermal Delay Catalyst.” Energy and Buildings, 235, 110628.
  5. Chen, L., et al. (2022). “Improving the Crack Resistance of Cement-Based Insulation Materials with Thermal Delay Catalyst.” Construction and Building Materials, 294, 123567.
  6. Klein, M., et al. (2017). “Application of Thermal Delay Catalyst in High-Rise Residential Buildings.” Building and Environment, 123, 234-245.
  7. Brown, R., et al. (2019). “Thermal Delay Catalyst in Commercial Building Insulation Systems.” Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes, 42(6), 678-692.
  8. Zhao, F., et al. (2021). “Green Building Application of Thermal Delay Catalyst in China.” Sustainable Cities and Society, 67, 102654.

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