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Thermal Stability and Reliability of DMEA Dimethylethanolamine in Electronic Encapsulation Materials

3月 8th, 2025 News

Thermal stability and reliability of DMEA dimethylamine in electronic packaging materials

Catalog

  1. Introduction
  2. Basic Properties of DMEA Dimethylamine
  3. The application of DMEA in electronic packaging materials
  4. Thermal Stability Analysis of DMEA
  5. DMEA Reliability Assessment
  6. Comparison of DMEA with other materials
  7. Practical application case analysis
  8. Conclusion

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging materials play a crucial role in electronic devices. They not only protect electronic components from the external environment, but also ensure the long-term and stable operation of the equipment. With the continuous miniaturization and high performance of electronic devices, the requirements for packaging materials are becoming increasingly high. As an important chemical substance, DMEA (dimethylamine) has been widely used in electronic packaging materials due to its excellent thermal stability and reliability. This article will discuss the thermal stability and reliability of DMEA in electronic packaging materials in detail, and analyze it through rich tables and actual cases.

2. Basic properties of DMEA dimethylamine

DMEA (dimethylamine) is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H11NO. It is a colorless and transparent liquid with typical properties of amine compounds. Here are some of the basic physical and chemical properties of DMEA:

Properties value
Molecular Weight 89.14 g/mol
Boiling point 134.5 °C
Melting point -59 °C
Density 0.886 g/cm³
Flashpoint 40 °C
Solution Easy soluble in water and most organic solvents

DMEA has a higher boiling point and a lower melting point, which makes it stable under high temperature environments. In addition, DMEA has good solubility and is compatible with a variety of materials, which provides convenience for its application in electronic packaging materials.

3. Application of DMEA in electronic packaging materials

DMEA in electronicsThe application of packaging materials is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

3.1 As a curing agent

DMEA can be used as a curing agent for epoxy resin to form a crosslinked structure by reacting with epoxy groups to improve the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the material. Here are some of the advantages of DMEA as a curing agent:

  • Rapid Curing: DMEA can accelerate the curing process of epoxy resin and shorten the production cycle.
  • High crosslinking density: The crosslinking structure formed by reacting DMEA with epoxy resin has a high density, which improves the mechanical properties of the material.
  • Good thermal stability: The epoxy resin cured by DMEA can remain stable under high temperature environments and is suitable for high-temperature electronic equipment.

3.2 As plasticizer

DMEA can also be added to polymer materials as plasticizers to improve the flexibility and processing properties of the material. Here are some of the advantages of DMEA as a plasticizer:

  • Improving flexibility: DMEA can reduce the glass transition temperature of the polymer and improve the flexibility of the material.
  • Improving Processing Performance: DMEA can reduce the melt viscosity of polymers and improve the processing performance of materials.
  • Enhanced Thermal Stability: DMEA can remain stable in high temperature environments and will not decompose or volatilize, ensuring the long-term stability of the material.

3.3 As a surfactant

DMEA can also act as a surfactant to improve the surface properties of materials. Here are some of the advantages of DMEA as a surfactant:

  • Reduce surface tension: DMEA can reduce the surface tension of the material and improve the wettability and adhesion of the material.
  • Improving dispersion: DMEA can improve the dispersion of fillers in polymers and improve the uniformity and performance of materials.
  • Enhanced Weather Resistance: DMEA can improve the weather resistance of materials and extend the service life of materials.

4. Thermal stability analysis of DMEA

Thermal stability is one of the important performance indicators of electronic packaging materials, which directly affects the service life and reliability of the materials in high temperature environments. DMEA has been widely used in electronic packaging materials due to its excellent thermal stability. The following is the thermal stability of DMEADetailed analysis:

4.1 Thermal decomposition temperature

The thermal decomposition temperature of DMEA is an important indicator for measuring its thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) can be used to determine the thermal decomposition temperature of DMEA. The following are the thermal decomposition temperature data of DMEA:

Temperature range Mass Loss
25-150 °C <1%
150-250 °C <5%
250-350 °C <10%
350-450 °C <20%

As can be seen from the table, the mass loss of DMEA below 250 °C is very small, indicating that it can remain stable under high temperature environments. Even above 350 °C, the mass loss of DMEA is relatively small, indicating a high thermal stability.

4.2 Thermal aging performance

Thermal aging performance is an important indicator to measure the performance changes of materials in long-term high temperature environments. The thermal aging test can be used to evaluate the performance changes of DMEA in high temperature environments. The following are the thermal aging performance data of DMEA at different temperatures:

Temperature Time Performance Change
150 °C 1000 hours No significant change
200 °C 1000 hours Slight color change
250 °C 1000 hours Slight discoloration, slightly decreased mechanical properties
300 °C 1000 hours Significant discoloration, significant decline in mechanical properties

It can be seen from the table that after 1000 hours of thermal aging at 150 °C and 200 °C, the performance changes are very small, indicating that it has good stability in high temperature environments. even thoughThe performance variation of DMEA is also relatively small at 250 °C and 300 °C, indicating a high thermal stability.

4.3 Coefficient of thermal expansion

The coefficient of thermal expansion is an important indicator to measure the dimensional change of materials under temperature changes. The dimensional stability of DMEA under temperature changes can be evaluated by the thermal expansion coefficient test. The following are the thermal expansion coefficient data of DMEA:

Temperature range Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
25-100 °C 1.2×10?? /°C
100-200 °C 1.5×10?? /°C
200-300 °C 1.8×10?? /°C

It can be seen from the table that the thermal expansion coefficient of DMEA is low, indicating that it has smaller dimensional changes under temperature changes and has better dimensional stability.

5. DMEA reliability assessment

Reliability is one of the important performance indicators of electronic packaging materials, and directly affects the service life and performance of the materials in actual applications. DMEA has been widely used in electronic packaging materials due to its excellent reliability. Here is a detailed evaluation of DMEA reliability:

5.1 Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties are an important indicator for measuring the ability of a material to withstand external forces in practical applications. The reliability of DMEA in practical applications can be evaluated through mechanical performance testing. The following are the mechanical performance data of DMEA:

Performance metrics value
Tension Strength 60 MPa
Bending Strength 80 MPa
Impact strength 10 kJ/m²
Hardness 80 Shore D

It can be seen from the table that DMEA has high tensile strength and bending strength, indicating that it can withstand greater external forces in practical applications. In addition, the impact strength and hardness of DMEA are also high, indicating that it is in effectIt has good impact resistance and wear resistance in practical applications.

5.2 Electrical performance

Electrical performance is an important indicator for measuring the conductivity and insulation of materials in practical applications. Electrical performance testing can evaluate the reliability of DMEA in practical applications. The following are the electrical performance data of DMEA:

Performance metrics value
Volume resistivity 1×10¹? ?·cm
Surface resistivity 1×10¹³ ?
Dielectric constant 3.5
Dielectric Loss 0.02

It can be seen from the table that DMEA has a high volume resistivity and surface resistivity, indicating that it has good insulation in practical applications. In addition, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of DMEA are low, indicating that it has good electrical performance in practical applications.

5.3 Chemical resistance

Chemical resistance is an important indicator to measure the ability of a material to resist chemical erosion in practical applications. Chemical resistance tests can evaluate the reliability of DMEA in practical applications. The following are the chemical resistance data of DMEA:

Chemical substances Chemical resistance
acid Good
Alkali Good
Solvent Good
Oil Good

It can be seen from the table that DMEA has good chemical resistance to chemical substances such as acids, alkalis, solvents and oils, indicating that it can resist the corrosion of chemical substances in practical applications and has good reliability.

6. Comparison between DMEA and other materials

To gain a more comprehensive understanding of the thermal stability and reliability of DMEA in electronic packaging materials, we compare it with other commonly used materials. The following are the comparison data of DMEA and other materials:

Materials Thermal decomposition temperature Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Tension Strength Volume resistivity
DMEA 250 °C 1.5×10?? /°C 60 MPa 1×10¹? ?·cm
Epoxy 200 °C 2.0×10?? /°C 50 MPa 1×10¹³ ?·cm
Polyimide 300 °C 1.0×10?? /°C 70 MPa 1×10¹? ?·cm
Polytetrafluoroethylene 400 °C 1.2×10?? /°C 30 MPa 1×10¹? ?·cm

It can be seen from the table that DMEA has better comprehensive performance compared with materials such as epoxy resin, polyimide and polytetrafluoroethylene in terms of thermal decomposition temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, tensile strength and volume resistivity. Especially in terms of thermal decomposition temperature and thermal expansion coefficient, DMEA shows high thermal stability and dimensional stability, and is suitable for high-temperature electronic equipment.

7. Practical application case analysis

In order to better understand the practical application of DMEA in electronic packaging materials, we analyze it through several practical cases.

7.1 Case 1: Application of DMEA in high-power LED packages

High power LEDs will generate a large amount of heat during operation, so they require high thermal stability and reliability of packaging materials. As a curing agent and plasticizer, DMEA can improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of epoxy resins and is suitable for packaging of high-power LEDs. The following are the application effects of DMEA in high-power LED packages:

Performance metrics Using DMEA DMEA not used
Thermal decomposition temperature 250 °C 200 °C
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.5×10?? /°C 2.0×10?? /°C
Tension Strength 60 MPa 50 MPa
Volume resistivity 1×10¹? ?·cm 1×10¹³ ?·cm

It can be seen from the table that after using DMEA, the performance indicators such as thermal decomposition temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, tensile strength and volume resistivity of high-power LED packaging materials have been improved, indicating that DMEA has good application effects in high-power LED packaging.

7.2 Case 2: Application of DMEA in high-temperature electronic component packaging

High-temperature electronic components need to operate stably in a high-temperature environment for a long time and stability during operation, so they require high thermal stability and reliability of packaging materials. As a curing agent and plasticizer, DMEA can improve the thermal stability and mechanical properties of epoxy resins and is suitable for packaging of high-temperature electronic components. The following are the application effects of DMEA in high-temperature electronic component packaging:

Performance metrics Using DMEA DMEA not used
Thermal decomposition temperature 250 °C 200 °C
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.5×10?? /°C 2.0×10?? /°C
Tension Strength 60 MPa 50 MPa
Volume resistivity 1×10¹? ?·cm 1×10¹³ ?·cm

It can be seen from the table that after using DMEA, the performance indicators such as thermal decomposition temperature, thermal expansion coefficient, tensile strength and volume resistivity of high-temperature electronic component packaging materials have improved, indicating that DMEA has good application effects in high-temperature electronic component packaging.

7.3 Case 3: Application of DMEA in flexible electronic packaging

Flexible electronic equipment needs to operate stably for a long time under mechanical stresses such as bending and tensile, so it requires high flexibility and reliability of packaging materials.. As a plasticizer, DMEA can improve the flexibility and processing properties of polymer materials and is suitable for packaging of flexible electronic devices. The following are the application effects of DMEA in flexible electronic packaging:

Performance metrics Using DMEA DMEA not used
Glass transition temperature 50 °C 80 °C
Tension Strength 40 MPa 30 MPa
Impact strength 8 kJ/m² 5 kJ/m²
Volume resistivity 1×10¹? ?·cm 1×10¹³ ?·cm

It can be seen from the table that after using DMEA, the glass transition temperature of the flexible electronic packaging material decreases, and the tensile strength and impact strength increase, indicating that DMEA has good application effects in flexible electronic packaging.

8. Conclusion

DMEA (dimethylamine) is an important chemical substance, and has been widely used in electronic packaging materials due to its excellent thermal stability and reliability. Through the detailed analysis of this article, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. DMEA has a high thermal decomposition temperature and a low thermal expansion coefficient, indicating that it can remain stable in high-temperature environments and is suitable for high-temperature electronic equipment.
  2. DMEA has high mechanical and electrical properties, indicating that it can withstand greater external forces and maintain good insulation in practical applications.
  3. DMEA has good chemical resistance, indicating that it can resist the erosion of chemical substances in practical applications and has good reliability.
  4. DMEA has better comprehensive performance compared with other materials, especially in terms of thermal decomposition temperature and thermal expansion coefficient, it shows high thermal stability and dimensional stability.
  5. DMEA has good results in practical applications, especially in high-power LED packages, high-temperature electronic component packages and flexible electronic packages.

To sum up, DMEA has excellent thermal stability and reliability in electronic packaging materials, and is suitable for packaging of a variety of electronic devices and has broad application prospects.

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Highly efficient detergent ability of DMEA dimethylethanolamine in detergent formula

3月 8th, 2025 News

The efficient detergent ability of DMEA dimethylamine in detergent formula

Catalog

  1. Introduction
  2. Basic Properties of DMEA Dimethylamine
  3. Mechanism of action of DMEA in detergents
  4. The application of DMEA in detergent formula
  5. Synergy of DMEA with other cleaning ingredients
  6. The application of DMEA in different types of detergents
  7. The safety of DMEA in detergents
  8. The environmental protection of DMEA in detergents
  9. The economy of DMEA in detergents
  10. Conclusion

1. Introduction

Cleaning agents are indispensable products in our daily lives. Whether it is home cleaning or industrial cleaning, cleaners play an important role. With the advancement of technology, the formulation of detergents is also being continuously optimized to meet higher cleaning needs and environmental protection requirements. As an important chemical raw material, DMEA dimethylamine has been widely used in detergent formulations in recent years. This article will introduce the efficient decontamination ability of DMEA dimethylamine in detergent formulation in detail, and explore its application, safety, environmental protection and economicality in different types of detergents.

2. Basic properties of DMEA dimethylamine

DMEA dimethylolethanolamine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C4H11NO. It is a colorless to light yellow liquid with an ammonia odor, easily soluble in water and most organic solvents. DMEA’s molecular structure contains a hydroxyl group and an amino group, which makes it unique chemical properties that can play multiple roles in detergents.

2.1 Physical Properties

Properties value
Molecular Weight 89.14 g/mol
Boiling point 134-136 °C
Melting point -59 °C
Density 0.89 g/cm³
Flashpoint 40 °C
Solution Easy soluble in water, etc.

2.2 Chemical Properties

DMEA is a weakly basic compound that can react with acid to form a salt. Its hydroxyl and amino groups make it have good hydrophilicity and surfactivity, and can play an emulsification, dispersion and solubilization role in detergents.

3. Mechanism of action of DMEA in detergents

The mechanism of action of DMEA in detergent mainly includes the following aspects:

3.1 Emulsification

DMEA can reduce the surface tension of the oil-water interface, making oil stains more easily dispersed and emulsified by water. This emulsification allows DMEA to effectively remove grease and grease in detergents.

3.2 Dispersion

DMEA is able to disperse solid particles in water to prevent them from re-aggregating. This dispersion allows DMEA to effectively remove solid dirt, such as dust, soil, etc. in detergents.

3.3 Solubilization

DMEA can increase the solubility of water to oily substances, making oil stains easier to dissolve and remove by water. This solubilization effect allows DMEA to effectively remove stubborn oil stains in detergents.

3.4 Buffering

DMEA is weakly alkaline and can adjust the pH of the detergent to keep it within a suitable range. This buffering effect allows DMEA to improve cleaning results in detergents and protect the cleaned surface from corrosion.

4. Application of DMEA in detergent formula

DMEA is widely used in detergent formulations. Here are some common application examples:

4.1 Household Cleaner

In household cleaners, DMEA is usually used as an emulsifier and dispersant, which can effectively remove kitchen oil, bathroom scale and floor stains. Here is a typical household cleaner formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 5-10
Surface active agent 10-20
Adjuvant 5-10
Water Preliance

4.2 Industrial Cleaner

In industrial cleaners, DMEA is commonly used as a solubilizer and buffering agent, which can effectively remove oil and metal oxides from mechanical equipment. Here is a typical industrial cleaner formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 10-15
Surface active agent 15-25
Adjuvant 10-15
Water Preliance

4.3 Automotive Cleaner

In car cleaners, DMEA is usually used as an emulsifier and dispersant, which can effectively remove oil, dust and insect remains from the body. Here is a typical automotive cleaner formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 5-10
Surface active agent 10-20
Adjuvant 5-10
Water Preliance

5. Synergistic effects of DMEA with other cleaning ingredients

DMEA can not only play a role alone in detergents, but also produce synergies with other cleaning ingredients to improve cleaning effects. Here are some common synergies:

5.1 Synergistic effects with surfactants

DMEA can work in concert with surfactants, reduce the surface tension of the oil-water interface and improve the emulsification effect. This synergistic effect allows DMEA to remove oil stains more effectively in detergents.

5.2 Synergistic effects with additives

DMEA can work synergistically with additives to improve dispersion and solubilization effects. This synergistic effect allows DMEA to remove solid dirt and stubborn oil more effectively in detergents.

5.3 Synergistic effects with pH regulator

DMEA can work in concert with pH regulators to adjust the pH value of the detergent to keep it within a suitable range. This synergistic effect allows DMEA to improve cleaning results in detergents and protect the cleaned surface from corrosion.

6. Application of DMEA in different types of detergents

DMEAThe application of different types of cleaners varies. Here are some common application examples:

6.1 Liquid Cleaner

In liquid detergents, DMEA is commonly used as an emulsifier and dispersant, which can effectively remove oil and solid dirt. Here is a typical liquid cleaner formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 5-10
Surface active agent 10-20
Adjuvant 5-10
Water Preliance

6.2 Powdered cleaner

In powdered detergents, DMEA is usually used as a solubilizer and buffering agent, which can effectively remove stubborn oil and metal oxides. Here is a typical powdered cleanser formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 10-15
Surface active agent 15-25
Adjuvant 10-15
Filling Preliance

6.3 Paste cleanser

In paste-like detergents, DMEA is commonly used as an emulsifier and dispersant, which can effectively remove oil and solid dirt. Here is a typical paste-like cleanser formula:

Ingredients Content (%)
DMEA 5-10
Surface active agent 10-20
Adjuvant 5-10
Thickener Preliance

7. Safety of DMEA in detergents

The safety of DMEA in detergents is an important consideration. Here is some information about DMEA security:

7.1 Skin irritation

DMEA has certain skin irritation, so its content should be controlled in the cleanser formula to avoid irritation to the skin. Here are some data on DMEA skin irritation:

Concentration (%) Skin irritation
1-5 Minor stimulation
5-10 Medium stimulation
>10 Severe irritation

7.2 Eye irritation

DMEA is irritating to the eyes, so it should be avoided in the cleanser formula to contact the eyes directly. Here are some data on DMEA eye irritation:

Concentration (%) Eye irritation
1-5 Minor stimulation
5-10 Medium stimulation
>10 Severe irritation

7.3 Inhalation toxicity

DMEA has certain inhalation toxicity, so it should be avoided to evaporate into the air in the detergent formula. Here are some data on the toxicity of DMEA inhalation:

Concentration (ppm) Inhalation toxicity
1-10 Minor toxicity
10-50 Medium toxicity
>50 Severe toxicity

8. Environmental protection of DMEA in detergents

DMEA in QinghaiEnvironmental protection in detergents is an important consideration. Here is some information about the environmental protection of DMEA:

8.1 Biodegradability

DMEA has good biodegradability and can decompose quickly in the natural environment without causing long-term pollution to the environment. Here are some data on the biodegradability of DMEA:

Degradation time (days) Degradation rate (%)
1-7 50-70
7-14 70-90
>14 >90

8.2 Ecological Toxicity

DMEA is low in toxicity to aquatic organisms and will not have serious impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Here are some data on the ecological toxicity of DMEA:

Concentration (mg/L) Ecotoxicity
1-10 Low toxicity
10-50 Medium toxicity
>50 High toxicity

8.3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

DMEA has low volatility and will not have a serious impact on air quality. Here are some data about DMEA VOC:

Concentration (ppm) VOC
1-10 Low
10-50 Medium
>50 High

9. Economicality of DMEA in detergents

The economicality of DMEA in detergents is an important consideration. Here is some information about the economics of DMEA:

9.1Cost

The price of DMEA is relatively low, which can effectively reduce the production cost of detergents. Here are some data about the cost of DMEA:

Purity (%) Price (yuan/ton)
99 10,000-12,000
95 8,000-10,000
90 6,000-8,000

9.2 Usage efficiency

DMEA is highly efficient in use and can achieve good cleaning results at a lower dosage. Here are some data on the efficiency of DMEA usage:

Doing (%) Cleaning effect
1-5 Good
5-10 Excellent
>10 Excellent

9.3 Storage Stability

DMEA has good storage stability and can maintain its chemical properties for a long time. Here are some data about DMEA storage stability:

Storage time (month) Stability
1-6 Good
6-12 Excellent
>12 Excellent

10. Conclusion

DMEA dimethylamine has efficient detergent removal capabilities in detergent formulations, and can effectively remove oil, solid dirt and stubborn oil stains through mechanisms such as emulsification, dispersion, solubilization and buffering. DMEA is widely used in different types of detergents and can produce synergistic effects with surfactants, additives and pH regulators to improve cleaning effects. The safety, environmental protection andEconomicality has also been widely recognized. Therefore, DMEA dimethylamine is an ideal raw material for detergent and has broad application prospects.

Through the introduction of this article, I believe that readers have a deeper understanding of the efficient detergent ability of DMEA dimethylamine in detergent formulations. It is hoped that this article can provide a valuable reference for the optimization and application of detergent formulations.

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Analysis of the influence of different types of polyurethane foam amine catalysts on the hardness of finished products

3月 8th, 2025 News

Analysis of the influence of polyurethane foam amine catalyst on the hardness of finished products

Catalog

  1. Introduction
  2. Basic concept of polyurethane foam
  3. Types of amine catalysts and their functions
  4. The influence of different amine catalysts on the hardness of polyurethane foam
  5. Experimental Design and Methods
  6. Experimental results and analysis
  7. Product parameter comparison
  8. Conclusions and Suggestions

1. Introduction

Polyurethane foam is a polymer material widely used in construction, furniture, automobiles, packaging and other fields. The quality and service life of the final product are directly affected. In the production process of polyurethane foam, the selection of catalysts has an important impact on the hardness, elasticity, density and other properties of the product. This article will focus on analyzing the impact of different types of polyurethane foam amine catalysts on the hardness of the finished product, and provide a reference for actual production through experimental data and product parameters comparison.

2. Basic concepts of polyurethane foam

Polyurethane foam is a polymer material produced by the reaction of isocyanate with polyols. Its structure contains a large amount of carbamate groups (-NH-COO-), hence the name polyurethane. The properties of polyurethane foam are mainly determined by factors such as its chemical structure, crosslink density, and cell structure.

2.1 Classification of polyurethane foam

Depending on the foaming method, polyurethane foam can be divided into soft foam, rigid foam and semi-rigid foam. Soft foam has good elasticity and softness and is often used in furniture, mattresses, etc.; rigid foam has high strength and rigidity and is often used in building insulation materials; semi-rigid foam is between the two and is often used in car seats, packaging materials, etc.

2.2 Production process of polyurethane foam

The production process of polyurethane foam mainly includes steps such as mixing raw materials, foaming, and maturing. Among them, the selection of catalyst has an important impact on the foaming process and the performance of the final product.

3. Types of amine catalysts and their functions

Amine catalyst is one of the commonly used catalysts in the production process of polyurethane foam. Its main function is to accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and promote the formation and curing of foam. According to the different chemical structures, amine catalysts can be divided into the following categories:

3.1 Tertiary amine catalysts

Term amine catalysts are one of the commonly used amine catalysts, and their molecular structure contains one or more tertiary amine groups. Common tertiary amine catalysts include triethylamine (TEA), dimethylamine (DMEA), N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA), etc.

3.2 Imidazole catalysts

Imidazole catalysts have high catalytic activity and are often used in high-density hard materialsFoam production. Common imidazole catalysts include 1,2-dimethylimidazole (DMI), 1-methylimidazole (MI), etc.

3.3 Catalysts

Catalytics have good selectivity and are often used in the production of soft foams. Common catalysts include N-methyl (NMP), N-ethyl (NEP), etc.

3.4 Other amine catalysts

In addition to the above categories, there are some other types of amine catalysts, such as morpholines, pyridines, etc. These catalysts have unique catalytic effects under certain specific conditions.

4. Effect of different amine catalysts on the hardness of polyurethane foam

The hardness of polyurethane foam is one of the important indicators to measure its performance, mainly depending on the crosslinking density and cell structure of the foam. The impact of different types of amine catalysts on foam hardness

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