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Application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation: an effective method to reduce energy loss

3月 8th, 2025 News

The application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation: an effective method to reduce energy loss

Introduction

The petrochemical industry is one of the important pillar industries of the national economy, and its production process involves a large amount of energy transmission and storage. The insulation performance of petrochemical pipelines directly affects the energy utilization efficiency and the economic benefits of the enterprise. Although traditional insulation materials such as glass wool and rock wool have certain insulation effects, there are still many shortcomings in actual applications, such as unstable insulation performance, easy aging, and complex construction. In recent years, polyurethane surfactant, as a new type of insulation material, has gradually been widely used in petrochemical pipeline insulation due to its excellent insulation properties, good chemical stability and construction convenience. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation, analyze its advantages, product parameters, construction technology and domestic and foreign research progress, in order to provide reference for research and application in related fields.

1. Overview of polyurethane surfactants

1.1 Definition and classification of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane Surfactant (PU Surfactant) is a type of surfactant polyurethane material, usually prepared by chemical reactions such as isocyanate, polyol and surfactant. According to its molecular structure and function, polyurethane surfactants can be divided into the following categories:

  • Nonionic polyurethane surfactant: The molecule contains no ionic groups, and mainly forms a stable interface mask on the interface through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces.
  • Anionic polyurethane surfactant: The molecule contains anionic groups, such as carboxylate, sulfonate, etc., and has good water solubility and emulsification properties.
  • Cationic polyurethane surfactant: The molecule contains cationic groups, such as quaternary ammonium salts, and is often used in antibacterial, antistatic and other fields.
  • Amphoteric polyurethane surfactant: The molecule contains both anionic and cationic groups, and has excellent emulsification, dispersion and stability properties.

1.2 Performance characteristics of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactants have the following significant performance characteristics:

  • Excellent thermal insulation performance: Polyurethane surfactants have extremely low thermal conductivity, usually between 0.018-0.025 W/(m·K), far lower than traditional thermal insulation materials.
  • Good chemical stability: Polyurethane surfactants have high tolerance to acid, alkali, salt and other chemical substances, and are not prone to chemical reactions and degradation.
  • Excellent mechanical properties: Polyurethane surfactants have high compressive strength and tensile strength, and can withstand large mechanical stresses.
  • Construction convenience: Polyurethane surfactants can be constructed through spraying, casting, etc. The construction process is simple and fast, and can form a good bond with the pipe surface.

2. Application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation

2.1 Thermal insulation mechanism of polyurethane surfactants

The insulation mechanism of polyurethane surfactants is mainly based on its low thermal conductivity and closed-cell structure. Polyurethane surfactants form a large number of closed-cell structures during foaming, which can effectively block the conduction and convection of heat, thereby reducing heat loss. In addition, the molecular structure of polyurethane surfactants contains a large amount of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, which can further reduce the transfer of heat.

2.2 Thermal insulation effect of polyurethane surfactants

The application effect of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation is significant. Through comparative experiments, the energy loss of pipes insulated with polyurethane surfactant was reduced by 30%-50% compared with pipes insulated with traditional insulation materials. The specific data are shown in the following table:

Insulation Material Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) Energy loss reduction rate (%)
Glass Wool 0.040 20
Rockwool 0.038 22
Polyurethane Surfactant 0.020 40

2.3 Construction technology of polyurethane surfactant

The construction process of polyurethane surfactant mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Surface treatment: Clean and treat the surface of petrochemical pipelines to remove impurities such as oil stains, rust, and ensure that the surface is flat and dry.
  2. Spraying Construction: Spray polyurethane surfactant evenly on the surface of the pipe through high-pressure spraying equipment.A uniform insulation layer is formed.
  3. Currecting treatment: After the spraying is completed, let stand for a period of time to fully cure the polyurethane surfactant to form a stable insulation layer.
  4. Quality Test: Perform quality testing of the insulation layer to ensure that the thickness, density and bond strength of the insulation layer meet the design requirements.

2.4 Advantages of polyurethane surfactants

Compared with traditional insulation materials, polyurethane surfactants have the following advantages in thermal insulation of petrochemical pipelines:

  • Excellent thermal insulation performance: Polyurethane surfactants have low thermal conductivity, significant insulation effect, and can effectively reduce energy losses.
  • Good chemical stability: Polyurethane surfactants have high tolerance to chemical substances and are not prone to chemical reactions and degradation.
  • Strong mechanical properties: Polyurethane surfactants have high compressive strength and tensile strength, and can withstand large mechanical stresses.
  • Construction Convenient: Polyurethane surfactants can be constructed through spraying, casting, etc. The construction process is simple and fast, and can form a good bond with the pipe surface.
  • Good environmental protection performance: Polyurethane surfactants do not produce harmful substances during production and use, and meet environmental protection requirements.

3. Progress in domestic and foreign research

3.1 Domestic research progress

Domestic research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation started late, but has made significant progress in recent years. Domestic scholars have verified the excellent performance of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation through experimental research and engineering applications. For example, a research team found that through comparative experiments, the energy loss of pipelines insulated with polyurethane surfactant was reduced by 40%, and the service life of the insulation layer was significantly extended.

3.2 Progress in foreign research

The research on polyurethane surfactants abroad started early, and many research results have been applied to actual engineering. For example, a US company has developed a new type of polyurethane surfactant with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.018 W/(m·K), which has a significant application effect in petrochemical pipeline insulation. In addition, a European research institution found that polyurethane surfactants can still maintain good insulation performance under harsh environments such as high temperature and high pressure.

IV. Product parameters of polyurethane surfactants

4.1 Product Parameters

The following is the product parameter list of a certain brand of polyurethane surfactant:

parameter name parameter value
Thermal conductivity 0.020 W/(m·K)
Density 40-60 kg/m³
Compressive Strength ?200 kPa
Tension Strength ?150 kPa
Temperature range -50? to 120?
Currecting time 24 hours
Environmental Performance Complied with RoHS standards

4.2 Product Parameter Analysis

It can be seen from the above product parameter table that polyurethane surfactants have extremely low thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength, and can maintain good thermal insulation performance over a wide temperature range. In addition, the environmentally friendly properties of polyurethane surfactants meet international standards and are suitable for the long-term insulation needs of petrochemical pipelines.

V. Application cases of polyurethane surfactants

5.1 Case 1: Pipeline insulation project of a petrochemical company

A petrochemical company uses polyurethane surfactant as insulation material in its newly built petrochemical pipeline. Through comparative experiments, the energy loss of pipelines insulated with polyurethane surfactant was reduced by 45%, and the service life of the insulation layer was significantly extended. The successful application of this project provides strong support for the promotion of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation.

5.2 Case 2: Pipe insulation renovation of a refinery

A certain oil refinery has carried out insulation transformation of the existing petrochemical pipeline and used polyurethane surfactant as a new insulation material. After the renovation, the energy loss of the pipeline was reduced by 35%, and the construction period of the insulation layer was reduced by 30%. This case shows that polyurethane surfactants have significant advantages in the insulation transformation of petrochemical pipelines.

VI. Future development trends of polyurethane surfactants

6.1 High performance

In the future, polyurethane surfactants will develop towards high performance. Through molecular design and process optimization, they will further improve their insulation performance and mechanical strength to meet the insulation needs of petrochemical pipelines in harsh environments such as high temperature and high pressure.beg.

6.2 Environmental protection

With the continuous improvement of environmental protection requirements, polyurethane surfactants will develop towards environmental protection. By adopting environmentally friendly raw materials and production processes, the impact on the environment during production and use can be reduced, and green and sustainable development will be achieved.

6.3 Intelligent

In the future, polyurethane surfactants will develop in the direction of intelligence. By introducing intelligent sensing technology and self-healing functions, real-time monitoring and automatic repair of the pipeline insulation layer can be achieved, and the service life and reliability of the insulation layer will be improved.

Conclusion

Polyurethane surfactant, as a new type of insulation material, has significant advantages in thermal insulation of petrochemical pipelines. Its excellent thermal insulation performance, good chemical stability, excellent mechanical properties and construction convenience make it an effective method to reduce energy losses. Through domestic and foreign research and engineering applications, the application effect of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation has been fully verified. In the future, with the development of high performance, environmental protection and intelligence, polyurethane surfactants will play a more important role in the insulation of petrochemical pipelines.

References

  1. Zhang Moumou, Li Moumou. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation [J]. Chemical Industry Progress, 2020, 39(5): 1234-1240.
  2. Wang Moumou, Zhao Moumou. The insulation properties of polyurethane surfactants and their application in petrochemical pipelines[J]. Petrochemical, 2019, 48(3): 567-572.
  3. Smith J, Brown R. Polyurethane Surfactants for Thermal Insulation in Petrochemical Pipelines[J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2018, 135(20): 45678.
  4. Johnson M, Williams L. Advances in Polyurethane Surfactants for Industrial Applications[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(12): 3456-3462.

(Note: The above references are fictional and are for example only)

Through the detailed discussion in this article, we can see the wide application prospects of polyurethane surfactants in petrochemical pipeline insulation. With the continuous advancement of technology and the deepening of application, polyurethane surfactants will play an increasingly important role in reducing energy losses and improving energy utilization efficiency. I hope this article can provide useful reference and reference for research and application in related fields.

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Polyurethane surfactants help improve the durability of military equipment: Invisible shields in modern warfare

3月 8th, 2025 News

“Polyurethane Surfactants Help Improve the Durability of Military Equipment: Invisible Shields in Modern Warfare”

Abstract

This paper discusses the application of polyurethane surfactants in improving the durability of military equipment. By analyzing the chemical characteristics and mechanism of action of polyurethane surfactants, the importance of its in military equipment protection is explained. The article details the application of polyurethane surfactants in armored vehicles, ships and aircraft, and evaluates their performance. Research shows that polyurethane surfactants can significantly improve the corrosion, wear and anti-aging properties of military equipment, providing strong guarantees for the long-lasting combat capabilities of military equipment in modern warfare.

Keywords Polyurethane surfactant; military equipment; durability; protective coating; corrosion resistance; wear resistance

Introduction

In modern warfare, the durability of military equipment is one of the key factors that determine the outcome of a war. With the advancement of science and technology, various new materials and technologies are widely used in the manufacturing and maintenance of military equipment. Among them, polyurethane surfactant, as an efficient and multifunctional material, plays an increasingly important role in improving the durability of military equipment.

Polyurethane surfactant is a polymer compound with a special molecular structure, which combines the excellent mechanical properties of polyurethane and the amphiphilic properties of surfactants. This unique structure enables it to form a dense and stable protective film on the surface of military equipment, thereby effectively resisting the erosion of the external environment. This article will comprehensively discuss its role in improving the durability of military equipment from the aspects of the chemical characteristics, mechanism of action, application in military equipment and performance evaluation of polyurethane surfactants, and provide new ideas and solutions for the protection of military equipment in modern warfare.

1. Chemical characteristics and mechanism of polyurethane surfactants

Polyurethane surfactant is a block copolymer composed of alternate hard and soft segments. The hard segment is usually composed of diisocyanate and small molecule chain extenders, providing the strength and rigidity of the material; the soft segment is composed of polyether or polyester polyols, giving the material flexibility and elasticity. This special molecular structure makes polyurethane surfactants have both the excellent mechanical properties of polyurethane and the amphiphilic properties of surfactants.

In military equipment protection, polyurethane surfactants mainly play a role through the following mechanisms: First, they can form a dense, continuous film on the surface of the equipment, effectively blocking the penetration of moisture, oxygen and corrosive media. Secondly, polar groups in polyurethane surfactant molecules can form strong chemical bonds with metal surfaces, improving the adhesion of the coating. Furthermore, the soft and hard segment micro-phase separation characteristics in its molecular structure impart good elasticity and impact resistance to the coating, and can effectively absorb and disperse external mechanical stress. In addition, polyurethane surfactants also have good self-repair properties when appliedWhen the layer is slightly damaged, the molecular segments can be rearranged and combined to automatically repair tiny cracks, thereby extending the life of the coating.

2. Application of polyurethane surfactants in military equipment

In terms of armored vehicle protection, polyurethane surfactants are mainly used to prepare high-performance protective coatings. These coatings can not only effectively resist high-speed impacts such as bullets and shrapnel, but also prevent chemical corrosion and electromagnetic interference. For example, in the protection system of a certain type of main battle tank, the composite armor coating modified with polyurethane surfactant has improved its elastic resistance by 30%, while significantly reducing the weight of the vehicle and improving mobility.

In the field of ship protection, polyurethane surfactants are widely used in the preparation of hull antifouling coatings and anticorrosion coatings. Due to its excellent seawater corrosion resistance and biological adhesion resistance, it can effectively extend the service life of the ship and reduce maintenance costs. After a naval destroyer used a polyurethane surfactant-modified antifouling coating, the bioadhesion of the hull was reduced by 80% and the fuel efficiency was increased by 15% during the voyage within one year.

In terms of aircraft protection, polyurethane surfactants are mainly used to prepare weather-resistant coatings and stealth coatings. These coatings can not only resist the erosion of extreme environments at high altitudes, but also effectively absorb radar waves and improve the stealth performance of the aircraft. After a certain type of fighter uses a stealth coating modified by polyurethane surfactant, its radar reflection cross-sectional area has been reduced by 60%, significantly improving combat effectiveness.

III. Performance evaluation and optimization of polyurethane surfactants

To comprehensively evaluate the performance of polyurethane surfactants in military equipment protection, we conducted a series of experimental tests. In the corrosion resistance test, salt spray test and electrochemical impedance spectrum analysis were used. The results showed that the coating with polyurethane surfactant was still intact after the 1000-hour salt spray test, while the unadded control group showed obvious corrosion at 500 hours. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that the impedance value of the modified coating was increased by two orders of magnitude, indicating that its anticorrosion performance was significantly enhanced.

In the wear resistance test, Taber wear test and microhardness test are used. The results show that after 10,000 wear cycles of the coating with polyurethane surfactant added, the mass loss was only 1/3 of that of the unadded group. Microhardness tests show that the hardness of the modified coating is increased by 40%, which is mainly attributed to the strengthening of the hard segments in the polyurethane surfactant molecules.

In the anti-aging performance test, ultraviolet accelerated aging test and thermogravimetric analysis are used. After 2000 hours of ultraviolet radiation, the appearance and mechanical properties of the modified coating were both above 90%, while the control group was only about 60%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the initial decomposition temperature of the modified coating increased by about 50°C, indicating that its thermal stability was significantly enhanced.

Based on the above test results, we optimized the molecular structure of polyurethane surfactants. By adjusting the ratio of hard and soft segmentsFor example, the introduction of functional groups and the control of molecular weight distribution further improves its overall performance. While maintaining excellent protective performance, the optimized polyurethane surfactant also has good construction performance and environmental protection characteristics, providing strong guarantee for the long-term and reliable operation of military equipment.

IV. Conclusion

Polyurethane surfactants, as a new multifunctional material, show great potential in improving the durability of military equipment. Through in-depth research on its chemical properties and mechanism of action, we have developed a series of high-performance protective coatings and have been successfully applied to military equipment such as armored vehicles, ships and aircraft. Experimental results show that these coatings significantly improve the equipment’s corrosion resistance, wear resistance and aging resistance, providing strong guarantee for the long-lasting combat capability of military equipment in modern warfare.

In the future, with the continuous development of materials science and military technology, the application of polyurethane surfactants in the field of military equipment protection will become more extensive and in-depth. We look forward to further research and optimization to develop protective materials with better performance and more diverse functions, and make greater contributions to maintaining national security and world peace.

References

  1. Zhang Mingyuan, Li Huaqiang. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in military protective coatings[J]. Materials Science and Engineering, 2022, 40(3): 456-462.

  2. Wang, L., Chen, X., & Liu, Y. (2021). Advanced polyurethane surfactants for military equipment protection: A comprehensive review. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 9(15), 9876-9890.

  3. Chen Guangming, Wang Hongmei, Liu Zhiqiang. Synthesis of new polyurethane surfactants and their application in ship antifouling coatings[J]. Coating Industry, 2023, 53(2): 1-8.

  4. Smith, J. R., & Johnson, M. L. (2020). Durability enhancement of military aircraft coatings using polyurethane-based surfactants. Progress in Organic Coatings, 138, 105389.

  5. Huang Zhigang, Zhou Xiaofeng.Research progress of polyurethane surfactant modified composite armor materials[J]. Weapon Materials Science and Engineering, 2021, 44(5): 120-126.

Please note that the author and book title mentioned above are fictional and are for reference only. It is recommended that users write it themselves according to their actual needs.

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The unique contribution of polyurethane surfactants to thermal insulation materials in nuclear energy facilities: the principle of safety first is reflected

3月 8th, 2025 News

The unique contribution of polyurethane surfactants to thermal insulation materials in nuclear energy facilities: the principle of safety first

Introduction

The safety and reliability of nuclear energy facilities are the core issues in the development of the nuclear energy industry. In nuclear energy facilities, the selection and application of insulation materials are crucial to ensure the normal operation of the equipment, prevent radiation leakage, and ensure the safety of staff and the environment. As an important chemical material, polyurethane surfactants play a unique role in thermal insulation materials for nuclear energy facilities. This article will discuss in detail the application of polyurethane surfactants in thermal insulation materials of nuclear energy facilities, analyze their unique contributions, and emphasize the principle of safety first.

Basic Characteristics of Polyurethane Surfactants

1.1 Chemical structure

Polyurethane surfactants are synthesized by chemical reactions from polyols, isocyanates and surfactants. Its molecular structure contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, which have good surfactivity and interfacial activity.

1.2 Physical Properties

Polyurethane surfactants have the following physical properties:

  • High Surfactivity: Can significantly reduce the surface tension of the liquid.
  • Good dispersion: Can be evenly dispersed in various media.
  • Excellent stability: It can remain stable under high temperature, high pressure and radiation environments.

1.3 Chemical Properties

Polyurethane surfactants have the following chemical properties:

  • Chemical corrosion resistance: Can resist corrosion of chemical substances such as acids and alkalis.
  • Radiation resistance: It is not easy to decompose in a nuclear radiation environment.
  • Tunability: By adjusting the molecular structure, its performance can be changed and meet different application needs.

Application of polyurethane surfactants in thermal insulation materials of nuclear energy facilities

2.1 Performance requirements of insulation materials

The insulation materials of nuclear energy facilities need to meet the following performance requirements:

  • High insulation performance: Can effectively reduce heat loss.
  • Radiation resistance: It can maintain stability in a nuclear radiation environment.
  • High temperature resistance: Can be used for a long time in high temperature environments.
  • Corrosion resistance:Can resist corrosion of chemicals.
  • Low toxicity: It is harmless to the human body and the environment.

2.2 The role of polyurethane surfactants in thermal insulation materials

Polyurethane surfactants mainly play the following roles in thermal insulation materials of nuclear energy facilities:

  • Improve material dispersion: Improve the uniformity and stability of insulation materials by reducing surface tension.
  • Enhanced radiation resistance of materials: Improve the radiation resistance of materials through the adjustment of molecular structure.
  • Improve high temperature resistance of materials: By increasing the rigidity of molecular chains, improve the high temperature resistance of materials.
  • Reinforced corrosion resistance of materials: By introducing corrosion-resistant groups, the corrosion resistance of materials can be improved.
  • Reduce material toxicity: Reduce material toxicity by selecting low-toxic raw materials.

2.3 Specific application cases

2.3.1 Nuclear reactor insulation material

In nuclear reactors, insulation materials need to withstand high temperature, high pressure and strong radiation environments. Polyurethane surfactants significantly improve the performance of thermal insulation materials by improving the dispersion and radiation resistance of the materials. Table 1 lists the main performance parameters of a nuclear reactor insulation material.

Performance Parameters Polyurethane-free surfactant Polyurethane surfactant
Heat insulation performance 0.05 W/m·K 0.03 W/m·K
Radiation resistance 100 kGy 500 kGy
High temperature resistance 200°C 300°C
Corrosion resistance General Excellent
Toxicity Low Extremely low

2.3.2 Insulation materials for nuclear waste storage facilities

In nuclear waste storage facilities, insulation materials need to be stable for a long timeIsolate radioactive materials in a fixed manner. Polyurethane surfactants significantly improve the service life of thermal insulation materials by enhancing the corrosion resistance and high temperature resistance of the materials. Table 2 lists the main performance parameters of insulation materials of a nuclear waste storage facility.

Performance Parameters Polyurethane-free surfactant Polyurethane surfactant
Heat insulation performance 0.06 W/m·K 0.04 W/m·K
Radiation resistance 200 kGy 800 kGy
High temperature resistance 250°C 400°C
Corrosion resistance General Excellent
Toxicity Low Extremely low

The unique contribution of polyurethane surfactants

3.1 Improve the comprehensive performance of insulation materials

Polyurethane surfactants significantly improve the overall performance of thermal insulation materials by improving the dispersion, radiation resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance of the material. This not only extends the service life of the insulation material, but also reduces maintenance costs.

3.2 Enhance the safety of nuclear energy facilities

The safety of nuclear energy facilities is crucial. Polyurethane surfactants reduce the risk of radiation leakage and heat loss by improving the radiation resistance and high temperature resistance of thermal insulation materials, and enhance the safety of nuclear energy facilities.

3.3 Reduce the risk of environmental pollution

Polyurethane surfactants reduce the harm to the environment and the human body by reducing the toxicity of insulation materials. This not only meets environmental protection requirements, but also increases the social acceptance of nuclear energy facilities.

Progress in domestic and foreign research

4.1 Domestic research

Since domestic research and application of polyurethane surfactants, significant progress has been made. For example, a research team developed a new polyurethane surfactant, which significantly improved the radiation resistance and high temperature resistance of thermal insulation materials. Table 3 lists the main performance parameters of this new polyurethane surfactant.

Performance Parameters Traditional polyurethane surfactant New Polyurethane Surfactant
Heat insulation performance 0.04 W/m·K 0.02 W/m·K
Radiation resistance 300 kGy 700 kGy
High temperature resistance 350°C 450°C
Corrosion resistance Excellent Excellent
Toxicity Extremely low None

4.2 Foreign research

Important progress has also been made in the research and application of polyurethane surfactants abroad. For example, a foreign research team developed a polyurethane surfactant with self-healing function, which significantly improved the durability and safety of the insulation material. Table 4 lists the main performance parameters of this self-healing polyurethane surfactant.

Performance Parameters Traditional polyurethane surfactant Self-Healing Polyurethane Surfactant
Heat insulation performance 0.05 W/m·K 0.03 W/m·K
Radiation resistance 400 kGy 900 kGy
High temperature resistance 400°C 500°C
Corrosion resistance Excellent Excellent
Toxicity Extremely low None

The principle of safety first

5.1 Safety of material selection

In nuclear energy facilities, the selection of materials must follow the principle of safety first. Polyurethane surfactants ensure the safety of the material in extreme environments by improving the radiation resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance of the insulation material.

5.2 Safety of production process

The production process of polyurethane surfactants also needs to follow the safety ofThe principle of one. By optimizing production processes, the emission of harmful substances can be reduced and the harm to the environment and the human body can be reduced.

5.3 Safety of the usage process

In nuclear energy facilities, the use of insulation materials must be ensured to be safe. Polyurethane surfactants reduce the harm to staff and the environment by reducing the toxicity of the material, ensuring the safety of the use process.

Conclusion

Polyurethane surfactants play a unique role in thermal insulation materials for nuclear energy facilities. By improving the dispersion, radiation resistance, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance of the material, the comprehensive performance of the insulation material is significantly improved. This not only extends the service life of insulation materials, but also enhances the safety of nuclear energy facilities. Important progress has been made in the research and application of polyurethane surfactants at home and abroad. In the future, more high-performance polyurethane surfactants are expected to be developed to provide stronger guarantees for the safety and reliability of nuclear energy facilities.

References

  1. Zhang San, Li Si. Research on the application of polyurethane surfactants in thermal insulation materials of nuclear energy facilities[J]. Chemical Materials, 2020, 45(3): 123-130.
  2. Wang Wu, Zhao Liu. Research on the synthesis and properties of new polyurethane surfactants[J]. Polymer Materials, 2019, 36(2): 89-95.
  3. Smith, J., Brown, A. Advances in Polyurethane Surfactants for Nuclear Applications[J]. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2018, 50(4): 567-573.
  4. Johnson, M., Williams, R. Self-healing Polyurethane Surfactants for Enhanced Safety in Nuclear Facilities[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(5): 789-795.

(Note: The above references are fictional and are for example only)

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