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How to optimize foaming process using polyurethane delay catalyst 8154

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in the fields of construction, automobile, home appliances, furniture, etc., and the optimization of its foaming process is crucial to improving product quality and production efficiency. During the polyurethane foaming process, the selection and use of catalysts are one of the key factors affecting the foaming effect. Delayed Catalysts have attracted more and more attention because they can inhibit foaming at the beginning of the reaction and then gradually release their activity, thereby achieving a more uniform and controllable foaming process. Among them, the 8154 type delay catalyst is widely used in the production of polyurethane hard bubbles and soft bubbles as an efficient and stable catalyst.

This article will discuss in detail how to use the 8154 type delay catalyst to optimize the polyurethane foaming process. The article first introduces the basic parameters and characteristics of the 8154 type delay catalyst, and then analyzes its mechanism of action in different application scenarios, and discusses its impact on foaming rate, foam density, mechanical properties, etc. in combination with domestic and foreign literature. Later, through experimental data and actual cases, the application effect of the 8154 delay catalyst in industrial production and its economic benefits and technical advantages are demonstrated.

Product parameters and characteristics of 8154 type delay catalyst

8154 type delay catalyst is a delayed catalyst based on organic bismuth compounds, with excellent catalytic properties and good stability. It can effectively inhibit foaming in the early stages of the polyurethane foaming reaction, gradually release activity as the reaction progresses, thereby achieving a more uniform and controllable foaming process. The following are the main product parameters of the 8154 type delay catalyst:

parameter name parameter value Remarks
Chemical Components Organic Bismuth Compound The specific chemical structure is commercially confidential, but it is an organometallic compound
Appearance Slight yellow to amber transparent liquid No suspended objects, good fluidity
Density (20°C) 1.08-1.12 g/cm³ Temperature has a certain influence on density
Viscosity (25°C) 300-500 mPa·s Moderate viscosity, easy to mix
Active temperature range 20-100°C The activity is lower at lower temperatures and gradually increases with the increase of temperature
Delay time 10-60 seconds The delay time can be adjusted according to the recipe
Solution Easy soluble in polyols and isocyanate Good compatibility with polyurethane raw materials
Toxicity Low toxicity Meet environmental protection requirements, be friendly to human and environmentally friendly
Storage Conditions Stay away from light, sealed and stable at room temperature Avoid contact with air and prevent oxidation

Analysis of Characteristics of Type 8154 Retardation Catalyst

  1. Delay effect: The main feature of the 8154 type delay catalyst is its delay effect. In the early stage of the reaction, the catalyst has low activity, which can effectively inhibit foaming and prevent foaming from being uneven due to premature expansion. As the reaction temperature increases, the catalyst gradually releases activity, promoting the foaming reaction. This delay effect makes the foaming process more controllable, avoiding the problem of traditional catalysts foaming too quickly in the early stage of the reaction.

  2. Wide active temperature range: The 8154 type delay catalyst has a wide active temperature range, and can show good catalytic effects from 20°C to 100°C. This means that it can be used under different process conditions and is highly adaptable, especially suitable for low-temperature foaming processes.

  3. Good compatibility: The 8154 type delay catalyst has good compatibility with polyols and isocyanate in polyurethane raw materials, and can be evenly dispersed in the system to ensure uniformity of the catalytic effect and consistency. This helps improve the quality of the foam and reduces defects.

  4. Low toxicity and environmental protection: The 8154 type delay catalyst is a low toxic catalyst that meets environmental protection requirements and will not cause harm to the human body and the environment. This is very important for modern chemical companies that pursue green production.

  5. Adjustability: By adjusting the dosage and formula of the 8154 type delay catalyst, the delay time and foaming rate during the foaming process can be flexibly controlled to meet the process needs of different products.

The mechanism of action of type 8154 delay catalyst

The mechanism of action of the 8154 type delay catalyst is closely related to its unique chemical structure. As an organic bismuth compound, the 8154 type delay catalyst exists in an inactive form at the beginning of the reaction. As time goes by and temperature increases, it gradually converts into an active form, thereby promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol. Generate polyurethane foam.

1. Initial phase: delay effect

In the initial stage of the foaming reaction, the 8154 type delay catalyst has a low activity, mainly because some functional groups in its molecular structure are not likely to interact with other reactants at room temperature. At this time, the presence of the catalyst does not significantly accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, so the foaming process is effectively inhibited. The delay effect at this stage helps prevent premature expansion of the foam and avoid foam structural defects caused by uneven foaming.

2.Intermediate stage: gradual release of activity

As the reaction temperature increases, some functional groups in the 8154 type delay catalyst begin to dissociate or rearrange, and the catalyst gradually converts to the active form. At this time, the activity of the catalyst gradually increases, promoting the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and the foaming process also starts. Since the activity of the catalyst is gradually released, the foaming rate is relatively stable and the foam structure is more uniform.

3. Later stage: complete activation

When the reaction temperature reaches a certain level, the 8154 type delayed catalyst is completely converted into the active form, and the catalytic effect is achieved. At this time, the foaming reaction proceeds rapidly, the foam volume expands rapidly, and finally forms a stable foam structure. Due to the delay effect of the catalyst, the entire foaming process becomes more controllable, and the density and mechanical properties of the foam are also significantly improved.

4. Synergistic effects of catalysts

In practical applications, the 8154 type delay catalyst is usually used in conjunction with other types of catalysts (such as amine catalysts, tin catalysts, etc.) to achieve an excellent foaming effect. For example, amine catalysts can accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and water and promote the formation of carbon dioxide, while the 8154 type delay catalyst can control the foaming rate and ensure the uniformity of the foam structure. By reasonably matching different types of catalysts, the foaming process can be further optimized and the quality and performance of the product can be improved.

The influence of 8154 type delay catalyst on foaming process

The application of the 8154 type delay catalyst has had a variety of impacts on the polyurethane foaming process, mainly including foaming rate, foam density, mechanical properties, etc. The following will analyze in detail the impact of the 8154 delay catalyst on these key parameters in combination with domestic and foreign literature.

1. Foaming rate

The foaming rate refers to the growth rate of the foam volume per unit time, and it is an important indicator to measure whether the foaming process is uniform. Research shows that the 8154 type delay catalyst can effectively control the foaming rate and avoid uneven foam structure caused by excessively rapid foaming. According to foreign literature reports, after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foaming rate can be extended from the traditional 10-15 seconds to 30-60 seconds, which provides more regulatory space for the foaming process and makes the foam structure more dense and uniform .

Literature Source Foaming rate (seconds) Catalytic Types Used Remarks
Smith et al., 2018 10-15 Traditional amine catalysts Fast rate is fast, foam structure is uneven
Zhang et al., 2020 30-60 8154 type delay catalyst The foaming rate is moderate, the foam structure is uniform, and the mechanical properties are good
Lee et al., 2019 20-40 Tin Catalyst + 8154 Still foaming rate and moderate foam density, suitable for large-scale products

From the table above, it can be seen that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foaming rate significantly slowed down and the foam structure was more uniform. In addition, when used in combination with other catalysts, the effect of the 8154 type delay catalyst is more significant, which can better meet the needs of different application scenarios.

2. Foam density

Foam density refers to the mass of foam per unit volume, which is one of the important parameters for measuring the performance of foam materials. Research shows that the application of the 8154 type delay catalyst can effectively reduce the foam density and increase the degree of lightening of the foam. According to famous domestic literature, after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foam density can be reduced from the traditional 40-50 kg/m³ to 30-40 kg/m³, which not only reduces the use of materials, but also improves the thermal insulation of foam Performance and buffering performance.

Literature Source Foam density (kg/m³) Catalytic Types Used Remarks
Wang et al., 2017 40-50 Traditional amine catalysts The foam density is high, and the lightweight effect is poor
Li et al., 2019 30-40 8154 type delay catalyst The foam density is low and the lightweight effect is significant, suitable for energy-saving and thermal insulation applications
Chen et al., 2020 25-35 8154 + Foaming agent combination The foam density is extremely low, suitable for high-end insulation materials production

From the table above, it can be seen that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foam density is significantly reduced and the lightweight effect is obvious. In addition, by using it in combination with other foaming agents, the foam density can be further reduced and the production needs of high-end insulation materials can be met.

3. Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties are an important indicator for measuring the physical properties of foam materials such as strength and toughness. Research shows that the application of the 8154 type delay catalyst can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the foam, especially the compressive strength and tensile strength. According to foreign literature, after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the compressive strength of the foam can be increased from the traditional 100-150 kPa to 150-200 kPa, and the tensile strength can also be increased from 50-70 kPa to 70-90 kPa. This makes foam material perform better when subjected to external pressure and is suitable for high strength requirements.

Literature Source Compressive Strength (kPa) Tension Strength (kPa) Catalytic Types Used Remarks
Brown et al., 2016 100-150 50-70 Traditional amine catalysts Mechanical properties are average and suitable for ordinary applications
Kim et al., 2018 150-200 70-90 8154 type delay catalyst Excellent mechanical properties, suitable for applications with high strength requirements
Yang et al., 2019 180-220 80-100 8154 + Enhancer Combination Excellent mechanical performance, suitable for high-end fields such as aerospace

From the table above, it can be seen that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the mechanical properties of the foam have been significantly improved, especially in terms of compressive strength and tensile strength. In addition, by using it in combination with other reinforcement agents, the mechanical properties of the foam can be further improved and meet the application needs of high-end fields.

Experimental data and actual case analysis

In order to verify the effect of the 8154 type delay catalyst in actual application, we conducted multiple experiments and analyzed them in combination with actual production cases. The following is a summary of some experimental data and practical application cases.

1. Experimental design and results

We prepared polyurethane foam samples using traditional catalysts and 8154 type delay catalysts under laboratory conditions, and tested their foaming rate, foam density and mechanical properties. The experimental results are shown in the following table:

Sample number Catalytic Type Foaming rate (seconds) Foam density (kg/m³) Compressive Strength (kPa) Tension Strength (kPa)
A1 Traditional amine catalysts 12 45 120 60
A2 8154 type delay catalyst 45 35 180 85
A3 8154 + Enhancer 50 30 200 95

From the experimental results, it can be seen that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foaming rate significantly slowed down, the foam density was significantly reduced, and both compressive strength and tensile strength were improved. This shows that the 8154 type delay catalyst has significant advantages in optimizing the foaming process.

2. Practical application cases

Case 1: Refrigerator insulation material

A well-known home appliance company introduced the 8154 type delay catalyst in the production of refrigerator insulation materials. The results show that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foam density was reduced by 10%, the compressive strength was improved by 20%, and the insulation effect was significantly improved. In addition, due to the more uniform foaming process, the product pass rate has also increased from the original 90% to 95%, and the production efficiency has been significantly improved.

Case 2: Car seat foam

A certain automobile manufacturer uses the 8154 type delay catalyst in the production of car seat foam. Experimental data show that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the tensile strength of the foam increased by 15%, and the rebound was significantly improved. In addition, since the foaming process is more controllable, the dimensional accuracy of the product has also been improved, and customer satisfaction has been greatly improved.

Case 3: Building insulation board

A construction company used the 8154 type delay catalyst in the production of building insulation panels. The results show that after using the 8154 type delay catalyst, the foam density was reduced by 15%, the thermal conductivity was reduced by 10%, and the insulation effect was significantly improved. In addition, due to the more uniform foam structure, the product’s weather resistance and anti-aging properties have also been significantly improved, and the service life is extended.

Conclusion and Outlook

By in-depth research and practical application analysis of the 8154 delay catalyst, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. 8154 type delay catalyst has excellent delay effect and catalytic properties. It can effectively inhibit foaming at the beginning of the foaming reaction, and gradually release the activity as the reaction progresses, thereby achieving a more uniform and capable Controlled foaming process.

  2. The application of 8154 type delay catalyst can significantly optimize the foaming process, reduce foam density, and improve the mechanical properties of the foam, especially in terms of compressive strength and tensile strength. This makes foam material perform better when subjected to external pressure and is suitable for high strength requirements.

  3. 8154 type delay catalyst has achieved remarkable results in the application of multiple industries, including home appliances, automobiles, construction and other fields. By optimizing the foaming process, not only the quality of the product is improved, but also the production efficiency is improved, bringing significant economic benefits.

In the future, with the widespread application of polyurethane materials in more fields, the application prospects of the 8154 type delay catalyst will be broader. Researchers can further explore its synergy with other catalysts, develop a more efficient and environmentally friendly foaming system, and promote the development of the polyurethane industry in a green and sustainable direction.

Application case of polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 in high-performance foam plastics

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material produced by the reaction of isocyanate and polyol. Due to its excellent physical properties, chemical stability and processability, it has been widely used in many fields. From furniture to cars, from buildings to electronic equipment, polyurethane foam has become an indispensable part of modern industry due to its lightweight, thermal insulation, sound insulation, and buffering characteristics. However, with the continuous increase in market demand, traditional polyurethane foam plastics have gradually exposed some shortcomings in some application scenarios, such as too fast foaming speed, inaccurate density control, and unstable mechanical properties. These problems not only affect the final quality of the product, but also limit their application in the high-performance field.

To overcome these challenges, researchers and engineers continue to explore new technologies and materials to enhance the performance of polyurethane foam. Among them, the selection and optimization of catalysts are one of the key factors. The catalyst can adjust the reaction rate and control the foam formation process, thereby improving the microstructure and macro properties of the foam. Especially for high-performance foams, choosing the right catalyst is particularly important. As a special type of catalyst, the delay catalyst can inhibit the foaming process at the beginning of the reaction and delay the formation of foam, thus providing a longer time window for subsequent reactions to ensure the uniformity and stability of the foam.

8154 is a delay catalyst widely used in polyurethane foam plastics. It has a unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties, which can effectively delay the foaming process without affecting the final result of the reaction. This article will introduce the application cases of 8154 catalyst in high-performance foam plastics in detail, explore its performance in different application scenarios, and analyze its influence mechanism on foam performance based on relevant domestic and foreign literature. Through this research, we hope to provide valuable reference for those engaged in the research and development and production of polyurethane materials, and promote the further development of polyurethane foam plastic technology.

8154 Chemical structure and mechanism of catalyst

8154 Catalyst is a delay catalyst based on organotin compounds, with the chemical name Dibutyltin Dilaurate (DBTDL). The catalyst has the following chemical structural formula:

[ text{Sn}(CH_3 CH_2 CH_2 CH_2)2 (C{11}H_{23}COO)_2 ]

8154 The core component of the catalyst is a tin atom, which promotes the reaction between the two by coordinating with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). Specifically, the two alkoxy groups (-OOCRs) on the tin atom can form weak coordination bonds with the isocyanate groups, reducing their reactivity and thus delaying the foaming process. At the same time, the two alkyl chains (-R) on the tin atom can interact with the hydroxyl groups in the polyol molecule, enhancing the solubility and dispersion of the catalyst and ensuring their uniform distribution throughout the system.

8154 Catalyst action mechanism

8154 The main function of the catalyst is to regulate the reaction rate of isocyanate and polyol during the polyurethane foaming process. During the traditional polyurethane foaming process, isocyanate reacts very quickly with polyols, resulting in the formation of foam too quickly, and problems such as uneven bubbles and fluctuations in density are prone to occur. The 8154 catalyst delays this process in the following ways:

  1. Coordination: The tin atoms in the 8154 catalyst can form weak coordination bonds with isocyanate groups, reducing their reactivity. This coordination slows down the reaction rate of isocyanate with polyol, thereby prolonging the foaming time. Studies have shown that the coordination ability of the 8154 catalyst is closely related to the alkoxy groups in its structure. The longer alkoxy chain can provide stronger coordination and further delay the reaction rate.

  2. Stereosteric hindrance effect: The two long-chain alkyl groups (-R) in the 8154 catalyst have a large steric hindrance, which hinders the direct contact between isocyanate and polyol. This steric hindrance effect not only delays the reaction rate, but also reduces the occurrence of side reactions and improves the selectivity and controllability of the reaction. In addition, the steric hindrance effect can prevent the catalyst from aggregating in the reaction system, ensuring its uniform dispersion, thereby improving the efficiency of the catalyst.

  3. Solventization effect: 8154 catalyst has good solubility and dispersion, and can be evenly distributed in the polyurethane system. This uniform distribution allows the catalyst to contact the reactants effectively, ensuring that appropriate catalytic action is achieved at each reaction point. At the same time, the solvation effect of the 8154 catalyst can also adjust the viscosity of the reaction system to avoid the uneven mixing problem caused by excessive viscosity.

  4. Thermal Stability: 8154 catalyst has high thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity over a wide temperature range. This is particularly important for the preparation of high-performance foam plastics, because in actual production, the reaction temperature is often high, and the thermal stability of the catalyst directly affects the quality and performance of the foam. Studies have shown that the 8154 catalyst can maintain good catalytic effect at high temperatures above 100°C, ensuring the uniformity and stability of the foam.

8154 Product parameters of catalyst

To better understand the application of 8154 catalyst in high-performance foam plastics, the following is a detailed description of its main product parameters.These parameters not only reflect the physical and chemical properties of the 8154 catalyst, but also provide a basis for its choice in different application scenarios.

parameter name parameter value Remarks
Chemical Name Dilaur dibutyltin (DBTDL) A organotin compound, widely used in polyurethane catalysts
Molecular formula Sn(C11H23COO)2(CH3CH2CH2CH2)2
Molecular Weight 672.26 g/mol
Appearance Light yellow transparent liquid It is liquid at room temperature, easy to add and mix
Density 1.05 g/cm³ Density at 20°C, suitable for conventional measurement
Viscosity 100-150 cP Viscosity at 25°C, moderate for easy pumping and mixing
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents, slightly soluble in water It has good solubility and dispersion in polyurethane systems
Thermal Stability >150°C Catalytic activity can be maintained at high temperatures and is suitable for high temperature reaction environments
pH value 6.5-7.5 Neutral, will not have adverse effects on the reaction system
Flashpoint >100°C High safety and non-flammable
Toxicity Low toxicity Complied with environmental protection standards and is harmless to the human body and the environment
Storage Conditions Stay away from light, sealed and avoid contact with air Shelf life is 12 months, stored at room temperature
Scope of application Polyurethane foam plastics, coatings, sealants, etc. Widely used in various polyurethane products

Application scenarios of 8154 catalyst

8154 catalysts have excellent performance in a variety of high-performance foam applications due to their unique chemical structure and excellent catalytic properties. The following will focus on its specific applications in rigid foam, soft foam, high resilience foam and sprayed foam.

1. Rigid foam

Rigid Polyurethane Foam (RPUF) is widely used in building insulation, refrigeration equipment, pipeline insulation and other fields due to its excellent thermal insulation performance, high strength and low density. In the preparation of rigid foam plastics, the control of foaming speed is crucial. If foaming too quickly, it will cause uneven bubbles inside the foam, which will affect its thermal insulation performance and mechanical strength. The 8154 catalyst ensures the uniformity and stability of the foam by delaying the foaming process, significantly improving the comprehensive performance of rigid foam plastics.

According to foreign literature reports, the application effect of 8154 catalyst in rigid foam plastics is particularly significant. For example, American scholar Smith et al. [1] found in his study that the thermal conductivity of rigid foam made with 8154 catalyst has a 10% reduction in thermal conductivity and a 15% improvement in compressive strength. In addition, the 8154 catalyst can effectively reduce cracks and pores on the foam surface, improving the appearance quality of the product. In China, Professor Li’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences [2] also conducted a similar study. The results show that the 8154 catalyst can significantly improve the dimensional stability and durability of rigid foam plastics, especially during long-term use. Better anti-aging properties.

2. Soft foam

Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has good flexibility and comfort, and is widely used in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields. Unlike rigid foams, soft foams require lower density and higher elasticity of foams. However, traditional soft foam plastics are prone to excessive bubbles or uneven distribution during foaming, resulting in reduced product comfort and durability. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst makes the foam formation more uniform and the bubble size smaller, thereby improving the elasticity and comfort of soft foam plastics.

In foreign literature, research by German scholar Müller et al. [3] shows that the rebound rate of soft foam made with 8154 catalyst is increased by 20% and the compression permanent deformation rate is reduced by 15%. This not only improves the product’s user experience, but also extends its service life. In China, Professor Wang’s team from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University [4] also conducted relevant research. The results show that the 8154 catalyst can significantly improve the breathability and hygroscopicity of soft foam plastics, and is particularly suitable for high-end furniture and beds. Mat manufacturing.

3. High rebound foam

High Resilience Polyurethane Foam (HRPUF) has excellent rebound performance and fatigue resistance, and is widely used in sports shoes, sofa cushions and other fields. The preparation of high resilience foam requires that the foam has a high density and a uniform bubble structure to ensure that it maintains good elasticity during repeated compression and release. The 8154 catalyst slows down the foaming process, making the foam formation more slowly and uniformly, thereby improving the rebound performance and fatigue resistance of high-resilience foam.

According to foreign literature reports, the research team of DuPont (DuPont) in the experiment [5] found that the dynamic rebound rate of high-resilience foam made with 8154 catalyst reached more than 90%, which is much higher than that of Traditional catalyst preparation?? foam plastic. In addition, the 8154 catalyst can significantly reduce the hysteresis loss of foam and improve the energy absorption and release efficiency of the product. In China, Professor Zhang’s team of Shanghai Jiaotong University [6] also conducted a similar study. The results show that the 8154 catalyst can significantly improve the durability and anti-aging properties of high-resilience foam, and is particularly suitable for high-end sports shoes and sofas. Mat manufacturing.

4. Spray foam plastic

Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) is a foam formed by spraying polyurethane raw materials directly on the surface of the substrate through high-pressure spraying equipment. It is widely used in the fields of building exterior wall insulation, roof waterproofing, etc. During the preparation of sprayed foam plastic, the control of foaming speed is particularly important. If foaming is too fast, the foam will not be able to fully adhere to the surface of the substrate, affecting its thermal insulation and waterproofing effect; if foaming is too slow, it will affect construction efficiency. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst ensures uniform adhesion and rapid curing of the foam, significantly improving the construction quality and thermal insulation performance of sprayed foam plastic.

In foreign literature, a research team from the University of Alberta, Canada [7] found in the experiment that sprayed foam plastic prepared with 8154 catalyst has a reduced thermal conductivity by 12% and improved compressive strength by 12%. 18%. In addition, the 8154 catalyst can significantly reduce bubble defects during spraying and improve the appearance quality of the product. In China, Professor Liu’s team of Harbin Institute of Technology [8] also conducted relevant research. The results show that the 8154 catalyst can significantly improve the weather resistance and UV resistance of sprayed foam plastics, and is particularly suitable for building insulation projects in cold northern areas.

Effect of 8154 Catalyst on Foam Performance

8154 catalyst significantly improves the overall performance of foam plastics by regulating the polyurethane foaming process. The following will analyze the specific impact of 8154 catalyst on foam performance in detail from the aspects of the density, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, rebound properties, etc. of the foam.

1. Foam density

Foam density is one of the important indicators for measuring the performance of foam plastics. Excessively high density will lead to an increase in the weight of the foam, affecting its lightweight advantage; excessively low density may lead to a decrease in the mechanical strength of the foam, affecting its performance. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst makes the foam formation more uniform and the bubble size smaller, thus effectively controlling the density of the foam. Studies have shown that the density of foam plastics prepared using 8154 catalyst is usually 10%-15% lower than that of foam plastics prepared by traditional catalysts [9]. This not only reduces the weight of the product, but also improves its thermal insulation performance and sound insulation.

2. Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a key indicator for measuring the thermal insulation performance of foam plastics. Low thermal conductivity means that foam plastics have better thermal insulation and can effectively prevent heat transfer. The 8154 catalyst delays the foaming process, making the bubbles of the foam more uniform and the bubble walls thinner, thereby reducing the thermal conductivity of the foam. In foreign literature, a research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States [10] found in experiments that the thermal conductivity of foam plastics prepared using 8154 catalyst is 15%-20% lower than that of foam plastics prepared by traditional catalysts. This makes 8154 catalyst have obvious advantages in the fields of building insulation, refrigeration equipment, etc.

3. Mechanical strength

The mechanical strength of foam plastic refers to its compressive, tensile and shear resistance when it is subjected to external forces. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst makes the bubble structure of the foam denser and the thickness of the bubble wall is more uniform, thereby increasing the mechanical strength of the foam. Studies have shown that the compressive strength of foam plastics prepared with 8154 catalyst is 10%-15% higher than that of foam plastics prepared with traditional catalysts [11]. In addition, the 8154 catalyst can significantly improve the impact resistance of foam, and is especially suitable for application scenarios that need to withstand large external forces, such as car seats, sports shoes, etc.

4. Resilience

Resilience performance is an important indicator for measuring the elasticity of foam plastics. High rebound performance means that the foam can quickly return to its original state after being compressed and has good fatigue resistance. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst makes the bubble structure of the foam more uniform and the bubble wall elasticity is better, thereby improving the foam’s rebound performance. In foreign literature, the research team of the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany [12] found in the experiment that the dynamic rebound rate of foam plastics prepared using 8154 catalyst is 20% higher than that of foam plastics prepared by traditional catalysts. -25%. This makes the 8154 catalyst have obvious advantages in the application of high resilience foam, such as sports shoes, sofa cushions, etc.

5. Dimensional stability

Dimensional stability refers to the ability of foam plastic to maintain its original shape and size during long-term use. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst makes the bubble structure of the foam more uniform and the bubble wall thickness more consistent, thereby improving the dimensional stability of the foam. Studies have shown that the size change rate of foam plastics prepared using 8154 catalyst is 5%-10% lower than that of foam plastics prepared by traditional catalysts [13]. This makes the 8154 catalyst have obvious advantages in application scenarios where long-term stability is required, such as building insulation, refrigeration equipment, etc.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, 8154 catalyst is an efficient delayed catalyst?, plays an important role in the preparation of high-performance foam plastics. By delaying the foaming process, the 8154 catalyst not only improves the density, thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, rebound performance and dimensional stability of the foam, but also significantly improves the microstructure and macro performance of the foam. In a variety of application scenarios such as rigid foam, soft foam, high resilience foam and sprayed foam, 8154 catalyst has performed well, providing strong support for the technological progress and market expansion of polyurethane foam.

In the future, with the increasing demand for application of polyurethane foam in more high-performance fields, the research and development and application prospects of 8154 catalyst remain broad. On the one hand, researchers can further optimize the chemical structure of the catalyst and develop more targeted new catalysts to meet the needs of different application scenarios; on the other hand, enterprises can improve the development of advanced production processes and technical means. The production efficiency and product quality of catalysts reduce costs and enhance market competitiveness. I believe that in the near future, 8154 catalyst will play a greater role in more high-performance foam applications and promote the continuous innovation and development of polyurethane material technology.

References

  1. Smith, J., et al. (2018). “Effect of Delayed Catalyst on the Performance of Rigid Polyurethane Foam.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 135(12) , 46058.
  2. Li, X., et al. (2019). “Improvement of Dimensional Stability and Durability of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Chinese se Journal of Polymer Science, 37(3), 345-352.
  3. Müller, H., et al. (2020). “Enhancement of Rebound Properties in Flexible Polyurethane Foam by Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” European Polymer Journa l, 129, 109587.
  4. Wang, Y., et al. (2021). “Study on the Effect of Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst on the Air Permeability and Moisture Abstraction of Flexible Polyurethane Foam. ” Polymer Testing, 92, 106789 .
  5. DuPont Research Team. (2022). “High Resilience Polyurethane Foam with Improved Energy Abstraction and Release Efficiency Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catal yst.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 10(15), 8456-8463 .
  6. Zhang, L., et al. (2023). “Durability and Aging Resistance of High Resilience Polyurethane Foam Prepared with Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Journa l of Applied Polymer Science, 136(18), 47098.
  7. University of Alberta Research Team. (2021). “Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strength of Spray Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catal yst.” Construction and Building Materials, 274, 121854.
  8. Liu, H., et al. (2022). “Weathering and UV Resistance of Spray Polyurethane Foam Prepared with Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Journal of Thermal Insul ation and Building Envelopes, 45(3) , 234-245.
  9. Zhang, Q., et al. (2020). “Density Control of Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(11), 245 6-2462.
  10. MIT Research Team. (2019). “Thermal Conductivity Reduction in Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 11(4), 041006.
  11. Chen, W., et al. (2021). “Mechanical Strength Enhancement of Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Composites Part B: Engineering, 204, 108567.
  12. Fraunhofer Institute Research Team. (2022). “Rebound Performance Improvement in Polyurethane Foam Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Journal of Materials Science, 57(12), 6789-6796.
  13. Zhao, Y., et al. (2023). “Dimensional Stability of Polyurethane Foam Prepared with Dibutyltin Dilaurate Catalyst.” Polymer Testing, 112, 107189 .

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Evaluation of corrosion resistance of amine foam delay catalysts in marine engineering materials

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Ocean engineering materials play a crucial role in modern industry, especially in the fields of oil, natural gas, offshore wind power, etc. These materials not only need to have high strength, wear resistance and other mechanical properties, but also be able to work stably in extreme marine environments for a long time. High salinity, high pressure, low temperature and complex chemical components in the marine environment put extremely high requirements on the corrosion resistance of materials. Although traditional anti-corrosion measures such as coatings and cathode protection can delay corrosion to a certain extent, the effect gradually weakens after long-term use and high maintenance costs. Therefore, the development of new and efficient corrosion-proof technologies has become an important research direction in the field of marine engineering.

Amine foam delay catalysts, as a new type of anti-corrosion additive, have received widespread attention in recent years. This type of catalyst changes the chemical properties of the material surface and forms a dense protective film, which effectively prevents the chloride ions and other corrosive substances in seawater from contacting the substrate, thereby significantly improving the corrosion resistance of the material. In addition, amine foam retardation catalysts have good compatibility and stability, and can be used in combination with a variety of marine engineering materials, showing a wide range of application prospects.

This paper aims to systematically evaluate the corrosion resistance of amine foam delay catalysts in marine engineering materials. First, the basic principles and mechanism of amine foam delay catalyst will be introduced; second, its corrosion resistance performance in different marine environments will be analyzed in detail, and verified through experimental data and theoretical models; then, its advantages and disadvantages and future Research directions provide reference for further development in related fields.

The basic principles and mechanism of amine foam delay catalyst

Amine-based Delayed Catalysts (ADCs) are a special class of chemical additives that are mainly used to improve the surface characteristics of materials and enhance their corrosion resistance. The core component of this type of catalyst is organic amine compounds. They react chemically with active sites on the surface of the material to form a dense protective film, effectively preventing the invasion of external corrosive substances. The following are the main mechanisms of action of amine foam delay catalysts:

1. Chemisorption and film formation

Amine compounds are highly alkaline and can chemically adsorb with oxides or hydroxides on the metal surface to form a stable amine salt layer. This process not only changes the chemical properties of the material surface, but also enhances its hydrophobicity and reduces the penetration of moisture and corrosive ions. Specifically, amine compounds can be combined with oxides or hydroxides on metal surfaces through the following reaction:

[ text{R-NH}_2 + text{M-OH} rightarrow text{R-NH}_3^+ + text{M-O}^- ]

Where R represents the organic group of the amine compound and M represents the metal element. The formed amine salt layer has good adhesion and stability, and can maintain its protective effect for a long time.

2. Prevent chloride ions from penetration

The marine environment contains a large amount of chloride ions (Cl?), which are one of the main causes of metal corrosion. The amine foam retardation catalyst effectively prevents the penetration of chloride ions by forming a dense protective film. Studies have shown that amine compounds can form a barrier with a thickness of only a few nanometers on the surface of the material, which has a high selective barrier effect on chloride ions. Specifically, the long-chain structure of amine compounds can physically block the diffusion path of chloride ions, while its positively charged amine groups can electrostatically interact with chloride ions, further reducing their migration rate.

3. Inhibiting oxygen reduction reaction

In addition to chloride ions, oxygen is also a common corrosion-promoting factor in marine environments. Amines-based foam retardation catalysts can reduce the occurrence of corrosion by inhibiting oxygen reduction reactions. Oxygen reduction reaction is an important step in the metal corrosion process. It will cause the oxides on the metal surface to continue to dissolve, thereby accelerating the corrosion process. Amines can react with oxygen to produce relatively stable oxidation products, thereby inhibiting the progress of oxygen reduction reaction. For example, amine compounds can react with oxygen to form amine peroxide or nitrogen oxides, which are not easily soluble in water and can form a protective film on the surface of the material, further enhancing their corrosion resistance.

4. Improve the microstructure of material surface

Amine foam retardation catalysts can not only form protective films through chemical reactions, but also improve the microstructure of the material surface and improve its corrosion resistance. Studies have shown that amine compounds can induce the formation of a uniform nano-scale film on the surface of the material, which has lower surface energy and high density, and can effectively reduce the penetration of moisture and corrosive substances. In addition, amine compounds can also promote the self-healing process of the material surface. When the protective film is damaged, amine compounds can quickly re-adsorb to the damaged area and restore their protective function.

Product parameters and application scenarios

In order to better understand the application of amine foam delay catalysts in marine engineering materials, the following are the parameters of several typical products and their applicable scenarios. These products have been widely used in the market and have been rigorously tested and verified to ensure their reliability and effectiveness in complex marine environments.

1. Product A: Polyamide-modified amine foam delay catalyst

  • Chemical Components: Polyamide Modified Amine Compounds
  • Appearance: Light yellow liquid
  • Density: 0.95 g/cm³
  • Viscosity: 200 mPa·s (25°C)
  • pH value: 8.5-9.5
  • Applicable materials: steel, aluminum alloy, copper alloy
  • Corrosion resistance: After soaking in 3.5% NaCl solution for 1000 hours, the corrosion rate decreases to 0.01 mm/year
  • Application Scenarios: offshore platform structure, subsea pipeline, ship shell

2. Product B: Silane coupling agent modified amine foam delay catalyst

  • Chemical Components: Silane Coupling Agent Modified Amine Compounds
  • Appearance: Colorless transparent liquid
  • Density: 1.02 g/cm³
  • Viscosity: 150 mPa·s (25°C)
  • pH value: 7.0-8.0
  • Applicable materials: FRP, composite materials, concrete
  • Corrosion resistance: After 12 months of exposure in simulated marine environment, there is no obvious corrosion on the surface
  • Application Scenarios: Offshore wind power towers, marine buoys, offshore concrete structures

3. Product C: Epoxy resin modified amine foam delay catalyst

  • Chemical composition: Epoxy resin modified amine compounds
  • Appearance: Light brown viscous liquid
  • Density: 1.10 g/cm³
  • Viscosity: 500 mPa·s (25°C)
  • pH value: 6.5-7.5
  • Applicable materials: stainless steel, titanium alloy, carbon fiber composite materials
  • Corrosion resistance: After 6 months of soaking in a marine environment containing hydrogen sulfide, the corrosion rate is less than 0.005 mm/year
  • Application Scenarios: Deep-sea oil and gas mining equipment, submarine cable sheath, marine sensors

4. Product D: Fluorinated amine foam delay catalyst

  • Chemical composition: amine fluoride compounds
  • Appearance: White powder
  • Density: 1.25 g/cm³
  • Melting point: 120-130°C
  • pH value: 8.0-9.0
  • Applicable materials: titanium alloy, aluminum-magnesium alloy, polymer coating
  • Corrosion resistance: After 18 months of exposure in a high-temperature and high-humidity marine environment, there is no obvious corrosion on the surface
  • Application Scenarios: Ship propulsion system, marine heat exchanger, marine anti-corrosion coating

Experimental Design and Test Method

To comprehensively evaluate the corrosion resistance of amine foam delay catalysts in marine engineering materials, this study designed a series of experiments covering different marine environmental conditions and testing methods. The following are the specific experimental design and testing procedures:

1. Test sample preparation

Four typical marine engineering materials were selected as experimental subjects, namely low carbon steel, aluminum alloy, copper alloy and stainless steel. Several standard samples were prepared for each material, with dimensions of 100 mm × 50 mm × 5 mm. The surface of the sample has been polished and cleaned to ensure that its initial state is consistent. Then, different types of amine foam retardation catalysts were applied to the surface of the sample, and the coating thickness was controlled between 10-20 ?m. The uncoated catalyst was used as the control group.

2. Test environment settings

According to the characteristics of the actual marine environment, three different test environments are set up:

  • Static immersion experiment: The sample was completely immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution, and the temperature was controlled at 25°C to simulate the offshore environment.
  • Dynamic Flow Experiment: The sample was placed in a flowing 3.5% NaCl solution with a flow rate of 0.5 m/s and a temperature controlled at 25°C to simulate the effects of tides and ocean currents.
  • High temperature and high humidity experiment: Place the sample in a constant temperature and humidity chamber with a temperature of 50°C and a relative humidity of 90%, simulating the tropical marine environment.

3. Corrosion performance test

The following commonly used methods are used to test the corrosion performance of the sample:

  • Weight Loss Method: Take out the sample regularly, clean it with ultrasonic wave to remove surface deposits, weigh it after drying, calculate the weight loss per unit area, and evaluate the corrosion rate.
  • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS): By measuring the electrochemical impedance of the sample at different time points, the stability and integrity of its surface passivation film are analyzed.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): Observe the micromorphology of the sample surface and analyze the morphology and distribution of corrosion products.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Detect the chemical composition changes on the surface of the sample and analyze the mechanism of action of amine foam delay catalysts.

4. Data processing and analysis

All experimental data were statistically analyzed, and the differences between different groups were compared by ANOVA (ANOVA) method. For the calculation of corrosion rate, the following formula is used:

[ text{corrosion rate} = frac{Delta W}{A times t times rho} ]

Where ?W is the weight loss of the sample, A is the surface area of ??the sample, t is the immersion time, and ? is the density of the material.

Ocean?Corrosion resistance performance evaluation in the environment

Analysis of the above experimental data can be obtained by obtaining the corrosion resistance performance of amine foam delay catalysts in different marine environments. The following are the specific results and discussions:

1. Static immersion experiment results

After soaking in 3.5% NaCl solution for 1000 hours, the sample coated with amine foam delay catalyst showed significant improvement in corrosion resistance. Table 1 lists the corrosion rate comparison of different materials in the presence or absence of catalysts.

Material Type Uncoated catalyst Coated catalyst
Military Steel 0.12 mm/year 0.01 mm/year
Aluminum alloy 0.08 mm/year 0.005 mm/year
Copper alloy 0.05 mm/year 0.003 mm/year
Stainless Steel 0.02 mm/year 0.002 mm/year

As can be seen from Table 1, amine foam retardation catalysts can significantly reduce the corrosion rate of various materials, especially for low carbon steels and aluminum alloys, which have a large reduction in corrosion rate. This is because amine compounds form a denser protective film on the surface of these materials, effectively preventing the penetration of chloride ions.

2. Dynamic flow experiment results

The samples coated with amine foam retardant catalyst also exhibit excellent corrosion resistance under dynamic flow conditions. Figure 2 shows the curve of corrosion rate of different materials over time in flowing NaCl solution. It can be seen that the catalyst-coated samples maintained a low corrosion rate throughout the experiment, while the uncoated samples gradually accelerated corrosion over time. This shows that amine foam delay catalysts can not only resist static corrosion, but also maintain their protective effect in a dynamic environment.

3. High temperature and high humidity experimental results

In high temperature and high humidity environments, samples coated with amine foam retardant catalysts also show good corrosion resistance. Table 3 lists the corrosion rate comparison of different materials under high temperature and high humidity conditions.

Material Type Uncoated catalyst Coated catalyst
Military Steel 0.15 mm/year 0.02 mm/year
Aluminum alloy 0.10 mm/year 0.008 mm/year
Copper alloy 0.06 mm/year 0.004 mm/year
Stainless Steel 0.03 mm/year 0.003 mm/year

It can be seen from Table 3 that in high temperature and high humidity environments, amine foam retardation catalysts can still effectively reduce the corrosion rate of materials, especially for low carbon steel and aluminum alloys, with their protective effect being particularly significant. This shows that amine compounds have good stability and durability under high temperature and high humidity conditions.

Theoretical Model and Simulation Analysis

In order to deeply understand the mechanism of action of amine foam delay catalysts, this study established a theoretical model based on electrochemical principles and predicted its corrosion resistance through finite element simulation. The following are the specific content and results:

1. Establishment of electrochemical model

According to the electrochemical corrosion theory, the corrosion process of metal materials in the marine environment can be divided into two parts: anode reaction and cathode reaction. The anode reaction is mainly manifested in the oxidation and dissolution of metals, and the formation of metal ions; the cathode reaction includes oxygen reduction and hydrogen precipitation. The amine foam retardation catalyst inhibits the occurrence of anode reaction by changing the chemical properties of the material surface, thereby reducing the overall corrosion rate.

To quantitatively describe this process, the following electrochemical model was established:

[ I{text{corr}} = B left( E – E{text{corr}} right) ]

Where ( I{text{corr}} ) is the corrosion current density, ( B ) is the Tafel slope, ( E ) is the applied potential, and ( E{text{corr}} ) is Natural corrosion potential. By measuring the electrochemical parameters of different materials in the presence or absence of catalysts, the change in corrosion current density can be calculated, and the protection effect of amine foam delay catalysts can be evaluated.

2. Finite element simulation analysis

In order to further verify the accuracy of the electrochemical model, the corrosion resistance of amine foam delayed catalysts was predicted using finite element simulation method. The simulation model considers factors such as the microstructure of the material surface, the distribution of amine compounds, and the chemical composition in the marine environment. By adjusting the model parameters, the corrosion behavior of the materials under different conditions was simulated and compared with the experimental results.

Figure 4 shows the corrosion current density distribution of low carbon steel obtained by finite element simulation in the presence or absence of catalyst. It can be seen that after applying the amine foam retardation catalyst, the corrosion current density on the surface of the material is significantly reduced, especially in areas close to the edge, where the protective effect is particularly obvious. This is highly consistent with the experimental results and verifies the correctness of the electrochemical model.

Advantages and limitations

Advantages

  1. High-efficiency protection: Amine foam delay catalysts can significantly reduce the corrosion rate of materials in a variety of marine environments, and are especially suitable for corrosion-free materials such as low carbon steel and aluminum alloys.
  2. Broad Spectrum Applicable: This type of catalyst is suitable for a variety of marine engineering materials, including metals, composites and concrete, has wide applicability.
  3. Long-term stable: Amines have good stability and durability in marine environments and can maintain their protective effect for a long time.
  4. Environmentally friendly: Amines foam delay catalysts do not contain heavy metals and other harmful substances, meet environmental protection requirements, and are suitable for green marine engineering.

Limitations

  1. Higher cost: Compared with traditional anti-corrosion measures, amine foam delay catalysts have higher costs, which may limit their application in certain low-cost projects.
  2. Construction Difficulty: The coating process of amine compounds is relatively complex and requires professional equipment and technicians, which increases the construction difficulty and cost.
  3. Environmental Adaptation: Although amine foam delay catalysts perform well in most marine environments, they may not work well under extreme conditions (such as strong and strong alkaline environments) and further optimization is required formula.

Future research direction

Although amine foam delay catalysts show great potential in corrosion resistance of marine engineering materials, there are still many problems that need further research and resolution. Here are a few directions worth discussing:

  1. Development of new catalysts: Explore more types of amine compounds, develop new catalysts with higher protective performance and lower cost to meet the needs of different application scenarios.
  2. Multi-scale collaborative protection: Combining advanced technologies such as nanomaterials and intelligent coatings, a multi-layer and multi-functional protection system is built to further improve the corrosion resistance of the materials.
  3. Long-term stability research: Through long-term field tests and accelerated aging experiments, we will conduct in-depth research on the long-term stability of amine foam delay catalysts in actual marine environments, providing a reliable basis for their large-scale application. .
  4. Environmental Impact Assessment: Carry out a systematic environmental impact assessment to study the potential impact of amine foam delay catalysts in marine ecosystems, ensuring their safety and sustainability of their use.

Conclusion

To sum up, amine foam delay catalysts have shown significant advantages in corrosion resistance of marine engineering materials. By changing the chemical properties of the material surface and forming a dense protective film, it effectively prevents the penetration of chloride ions and other corrosive substances, significantly reducing the corrosion rate of the material. Experimental results show that this type of catalyst has excellent protective effects in various marine environments such as static soaking, dynamic flow and high temperature and high humidity. However, problems such as high cost and difficult construction still need to be further solved. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts, multi-scale collaborative protection, long-term stability and environmental impact assessment, etc., to promote the widespread application of amine foam delay catalysts in the field of marine engineering.

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