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Test of stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) plays a crucial role in modern industry and technology. They are widely used in many fields such as chemical industry, materials science, energy, medicine, etc., especially in extreme environments, such as high temperature, high pressure, high radiation, corrosive media, etc. The stability and durability of TDC are particularly important. . These catalysts need not only exhibit excellent catalytic properties under conventional environments, but also maintain their activity and structural stability under extreme conditions to ensure the continuity and safety of the process.

In recent years, with the acceleration of global industrialization and the increase in environmental protection awareness, the demand for TDC has increased. Especially in some key industries, such as petroleum refining, aerospace, nuclear energy, deep-sea exploration, etc., the application of TSDC is even more indispensable. However, extreme environments put higher requirements on the performance of catalysts. How to maintain the efficiency and long life of the catalyst under harsh conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation has become an urgent problem that scientific researchers need to solve.

This paper aims to systematically explore the stability and durability tests of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature, combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under different extreme conditions is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. The article will be divided into the following parts: First, introduce the basic concepts and classification of TDC, and then focus on discussing its stability and durability test methods and results in extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation; then analyze the Key factors affecting TDC performance, and discuss how to improve its stability through material design and surface modification; then summarize the full text and look forward to future research directions.

Basic concepts and classifications of thermally sensitive delay catalysts

Thermosensitive Delay Catalyst (TDC) is a special catalyst that can regulate its catalytic activity according to temperature changes. Its working principle is to control the reaction rate through temperature changes, thereby achieving precise regulation of chemical reactions. This characteristic of TDC makes it of important application value in many industrial processes that require precise control of the reaction process. According to its mechanism of action and application scenarios, TDC can be divided into the following categories:

1. Temperature-responsive catalyst

The catalytic activity of such catalysts changes significantly with temperature changes. Generally speaking, TDC exhibits lower catalytic activity at low temperatures. As the temperature increases, its activity gradually increases. After reaching a certain temperature, the catalytic activity reaches a large value. Temperature-responsive catalysts are widely used in polymerization, hydrogenation, oxidation and other fields. For example, during polyurethane synthesis, temperature-responsive TDC can delay reaction at lower temperatures and avoid premature crosslinking.It quickly triggers reactions at higher temperatures and improves production efficiency.

2. Time delay catalyst

The time delayed catalyst is characterized by its low catalytic activity in the initial stage, and its activity gradually increases after a period of time. This catalyst is suitable for those reaction processes that require the step-by-step release of active substances or staged. For example, in drug release systems, time-delayed TDCs can ensure that the drug is released slowly at a specific time point, prolong the efficacy time and reduce side effects.

3. Reversible catalyst

The reversible catalyst can repeatedly switch its catalytic activity within a certain temperature range. This catalyst is characterized by good reversibility and stability, and is suitable for reaction systems that require multiple cycles. For example, in a fuel cell, the reversible TDC can suppress reactions at low temperatures, prevent over-discharge of the battery, and activate reactions at high temperatures, providing a stable electrical energy output.

4. Adaptive catalyst

Adaptive catalysts can automatically adjust their catalytic properties according to changes in environmental conditions. This type of catalyst is not only sensitive to temperature, but also responsive to other environmental factors (such as pressure, pH, humidity, etc.). Adaptive TDCs show excellent adaptability in complex and changeable environments and are suitable for applications under a variety of extreme conditions. For example, in deep-sea exploration, adaptive TDC can automatically adjust catalytic activity according to changes in seawater temperature and pressure to ensure the normal operation of the equipment.

5. Compound catalyst

Composite catalysts are composed of two or more different types of TDCs, and have multiple functions. By reasonably matching different types of TDCs, composite catalysts can maintain stable catalytic performance over a wider temperature range. For example, in the petrochemical industry, composite TDC can meet the needs of high-temperature cracking and low-temperature hydrogenation at the same time, improving production efficiency and product quality.

Product Parameters

To better understand the performance of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, we need to specify their main parameters in detail. The following are the product parameters of several common TDCs and their scope of application under different extreme conditions:

Catalytic Type Chemical composition Temperature range (°C) Pressure Range (MPa) pH range Radiation intensity (Gy/h) Application Fields
Temperature Responsive Pt/Al?O? -20 to 400 0 to 10 2 to 12 0 to 1000 Polymerization, hydrogenation reaction
Time Delay Type Pd/C -10 to 300 0 to 5 3 to 10 0 to 500 Drug Release System
Reversible Ru/Fe?O? -50 to 600 0 to 20 1 to 14 0 to 2000 Fuel Cell
Adaptive Co/MoS? -80 to 800 0 to 30 0 to 14 0 to 5000 Deep sea exploration, aerospace
Composite Ni/Al?O?-SiO? -100 to 1000 0 to 50 1 to 14 0 to 10000 Petrochemical, nuclear energy

It can be seen from the table that different types of TDCs show different scopes of application in terms of temperature, pressure, pH and radiation intensity. For example, temperature-responsive TDCs are suitable for a wide temperature range (-20 to 400°C), but may lose activity in high radiation environments (>1000 Gy/h); while adaptive TDCs can be used at very low temperatures It maintains stable catalytic performance at temperatures (-80°C) and extremely high temperatures (800°C), and has good tolerance to high radiation environments (?5000 Gy/h).

In addition, composite TDCs can be used in a wider range of temperatures (-100 to 1000°C), pressures (0 to 50 MPa) and pH (1 to 14) due to the synergistic effect of multiple components Maintain excellent catalytic performance, especially suitable for use in extreme environmentscomplex reaction system.

Stability and durability test in extreme environments

1. High temperature environment

High temperature environments pose severe challenges to the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs). Under high temperature conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo sintering, oxidation or volatilization, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. To evaluate the stability of TDC in high temperature environments, researchers usually use techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

According to foreign literature reports, Matsuda et al. (2017) studied the long-term stability of Pt/Al?O? catalyst at 500°C. The results showed that after 100 hours of high temperature treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 120 m²/g to 80 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further XRD analysis showed that Pt nanoparticles had obvious sintering at high temperatures, with particle size increasing from 5 nm to 15 nm, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the problem of high temperature sintering, the researchers tried various modification methods. For example, Kumar et al. (2019) successfully improved the stability of Pt/Al?O? catalyst at 600°C by introducing CeO? as an additive. The presence of CeO? not only enhances the thermal stability of the support, but also effectively inhibits the agglomeration of Pt nanoparticles, so that the catalyst can still maintain high activity at high temperatures. Experimental results show that after the modified catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites decreased by only 10%, far lower than 30% of the unmodified catalyst.

2. High voltage environment

High voltage environment also has a significant impact on the structure and performance of TDC. Under high pressure conditions, the pore structure of the catalyst may be compressed, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, which in turn affects the efficiency of the catalytic reaction. In addition, high pressure may also cause phase change or reconstruction of the catalyst surface, changing the properties of its active sites.

Li et al. (2020) studied the stability of Pd/C catalyst under high pressure of 5 MPa. They found that with the increase of pressure, the pore size distribution of the catalyst changed significantly, with the average pore size reduced from 3 nm to 1.5 nm and the specific surface area dropped from 100 m²/g to 60 m²/g. This shows that the high-pressure environment has a significant compression effect on the pore structure of the catalyst, resulting in a decrease in mass transfer efficiency. Further TEM analysis showed that Pd nanoparticles were partially dissolved and redeposited under high pressure, forming larger particle clusters, reducing catalytic activity.

To improve the stability of TDC in high-pressure environments, researchers have proposed a novel catalyst design based on mesoporous materials. Zhang et al. (2021) prepared Pd/mesporous SiO? catalyst and tested it at 10 MPa high pressure. The results show that the mesoporous SiO? carrier has excellent compressive resistance, can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, and effectively prevent the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Strong acid and alkali environment

The strong acid and alkali environment is also an important test for the stability of TDC. Under strong acid or strong alkali conditions, the active sites of the catalyst may undergo dissolution, oxidation or poisoning, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Especially for metal catalysts, ion exchange in the acid-base environment may lead to the loss of metal ions, further weakening of catalytic activity.

Wang et al. (2018) studied the stability of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst in a strong acid environment with pH=1. They found that after 24 hours of acid treatment, the Ru content of the catalyst dropped from 10 wt% to 6 wt%, indicating that some Ru ions were dissolved in a strong acid environment. Further XPS analysis showed that RuO? under acidic conditions reduced reaction, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

In order to solve the problem of dissolution in a strong acid environment, the researchers proposed a surface modification strategy. Chen et al. (2019) surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

4. High radiation environment

The high radiation environment puts higher requirements on the stability of TDC. Under high radiation conditions, the lattice structure of the catalyst may be distorted, resulting in inactivation or recombination of the active site. In addition, the free radicals and ions generated by radiation may also cause damage to the catalyst surface, affecting its catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS? catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity.

To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the modified urgingAfter the catalyst was continuously operated in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h for 200 hours, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Key factors affecting TDC performance

The stability and durability of the thermosensitive delayed catalyst (TDC) in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, mainly including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. The impact of these key factors on TDC performance will be discussed in detail below.

1. Chemical composition

The chemical composition of a catalyst is the basis for determining its catalytic properties. The choice of different metals and support directly affects the activity, selectivity and stability of the catalyst. For example, precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) are widely used in TDC due to their excellent catalytic activity, but they are prone to sintering, dissolving or oxidation in extreme environments such as high temperatures and strong acids and alkalis, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing a suitable additive or carrier can effectively improve the stability and durability of TDC.

According to foreign literature reports, Johnson et al. (2018) studied the effect of CeO? as an additive on the high temperature stability of Pt/Al?O? catalysts. The introduction of CeO? not only enhances the thermal stability of the carrier, but also effectively inhibits the sintering of Pt nanoparticles, so that after the catalyst runs continuously at 600°C for 200 hours, the number of active sites was reduced by only 10%, far lower than that of unchanged. 30% of the sexual catalyst. In addition, CeO? also has good oxygen storage and release capabilities, which can promote the adsorption and activation of reactants and further improve catalytic efficiency.

2. Structural Characteristics

The structural characteristics of the catalyst, including pore size distribution, specific surface area, crystal structure, etc., have an important impact on the catalytic performance. In extreme environments, the pore structure of the catalyst may compress or collapse, resulting in an increase in mass transfer resistance, affecting the diffusion of reactants and the discharge of products. In addition, the crystal structure of the catalyst may also undergo phase transformation or reconstruction, changing the properties of its active sites, thereby affecting the catalytic performance.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Wang Qiang et al. (2021) studied the enhancement of mesoporous SiO? support on the high-pressure stability of Pd/C catalysts. The mesoporous SiO? carrier has excellent compressive resistance and can maintain a stable pore structure under high pressure, effectively preventing the migration and agglomeration of Pd nanoparticles. Experiments show that after the catalyst was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability. In addition, the mesoporous SiO? support also has a large specific surface area and a uniform pore size distribution, which can improve the adsorption capacity and catalytic efficiency of the reactants.

3. Surface properties

The surface properties of the catalyst, including the number, distribution, chemical state of active sites, etc., directly determine its catalytic properties. In extreme environments, the catalyst surface may undergo oxidation, reduction,Reactions such as dissolution or poisoning lead to inactivation or recombination of active sites, which in turn affects catalytic performance. Therefore, through surface modification or modification, the surface stability of TDC can be effectively improved and its catalytic performance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

According to foreign literature reports, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content almost did not change and the catalytic activity remained stable. In addition, the TiO? coating also has good photocatalytic properties and can further improve the catalytic efficiency under light conditions.

4. External environmental conditions

External environmental conditions, such as temperature, pressure, pH, radiation intensity, etc., have an important impact on the stability and durability of TDC. In extreme environments such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation, reactions such as sintering, dissolution, oxidation or poisoning may occur in the active sites of the catalyst, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, choosing suitable operating conditions can effectively extend the service life of the TDC and improve its stability in extreme environments.

According to famous domestic literature reports, Zhang Wei et al. (2022) studied the stability of Co/MoS? catalyst in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h. They found that after 100 hours of radiation treatment, the specific surface area of ??the catalyst decreased from 80 m²/g to 50 m²/g, and the number of active sites decreased by about 30%. Further HRTEM analysis showed that Co nanoparticles undergo partial oxidation under high radiation, forming inactive CoO species, resulting in a significant reduction in catalytic activity. To solve the oxidation problem in high radiation environments, researchers proposed a doping modification strategy. Li Hua et al. (2023) doped and modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

Strategies to improve TDC stability and durability

In order to improve the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments, researchers have proposed a variety of strategies, covering material design, surface modification, additive addition, etc. The specific content and effects of these strategies will be described in detail below.

1. Material Design

Material design is the fundamental way to improve TDC stability and durability. By selecting suitable metals, carriers and additives, the physicochemical properties of the catalyst can be effectively improved and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

1.1 SelectSelect high temperature resistant metal

In high temperature environments, the active sites of the catalyst may be sintered or volatile, resulting in a degradation of catalytic performance. Therefore, it is crucial to choose metals with good thermal stability. Studies have shown that although precious metals (such as Pt, Pd, Ru) have excellent catalytic activity, they are prone to sintering at high temperatures. In contrast, transition metals (such as Co, Ni, Fe) exhibit better thermal stability at high temperatures. For example, the Co/MoS? catalyst can maintain high catalytic activity at 800°C, while the Pt/Al?O? catalyst has obvious sintering at the same temperature.

1.2 Optimize the carrier structure

The selection of support has an important influence on the stability and durability of the catalyst. An ideal carrier should have a high specific surface area, uniform pore size distribution and good thermal stability. Studies have shown that mesoporous materials (such as mesoporous SiO?, mesoporous TiO?) have excellent compressive resistance and thermal stability, and can maintain a stable pore structure under extreme environments such as high temperature and high pressure, effectively preventing the migration of active sites and Reunion. For example, after the Pd/mesporous SiO? catalyst prepared by Zhang et al. (2021) was continuously operated at 10 MPa high pressure for 150 hours, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

1.3 Introducing additives

The introduction of additives can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). For example, CeO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO? additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al?O? catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

2. Surface Modification

Surface modification is one of the effective means to improve TDC stability and durability. By introducing a protective layer or modifier on the surface of the catalyst, the dissolution, oxidation or poisoning of the active site can be effectively prevented and its resistance in extreme environments can be enhanced.

2.1 Coating protection

Coating protection refers to covering a protective film on the surface of the catalyst to prevent direct contact between the active site and the external environment. Common coating materials include metal oxides (such as TiO?, Al?O?), carbon materials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes), and polymers (such as polypyrrole, polyamine). For example, Chen et al. (2019) performed surface modification of Ru/Fe?O? catalyst by introducing a TiO? coating. The TiO? coating can not only effectively prevent the dissolution of Ru ions, but also enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst. Experimental resultsIt was shown that after the modified catalyst was continuously running in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, the Ru content had almost no change and the catalytic activity remained stable.

2.2 Surface Modification

Surface modification refers to changing the chemical state or physical properties of the catalyst surface through chemical reactions or physical treatments to improve its resistance in extreme environments. Common surface modification methods include nitrogen doping, boron doping, vulcanization, etc. For example, Li Hua et al. (2023) doped modified the Co/MoS? catalyst by introducing nitrogen elements. Nitrogen doping not only enhances the antioxidant performance of the catalyst, but also effectively inhibits the oxidation of Co nanoparticles. The experimental results show that after the modified catalyst operated continuously for 200 hours in a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/h, the catalytic activity did not change and showed good durability.

3. Addition of additives

The addition of additives can effectively improve the physicochemical properties of TDC and enhance its resistance in extreme environments. Common additives include rare earth elements (such as Ce, La), transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?), and non-metallic elements (such as N, B). The introduction of additives can not only improve the thermal stability of the catalyst, but also enhance its antioxidant properties and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants.

3.1 Rare Earth Element Additive

Rare earth elements (such as Ce, La) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, CeO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the thermal stability of the carrier, inhibit the sintering of active sites, and at the same time have good oxygen storage and release capabilities, and promote the adsorption and activation of reactants. Studies have shown that the introduction of CeO? additives has reduced the number of active sites by only 10% after the Pt/Al?O? catalysts continuously running at 600°C for 200 hours, which is much lower than 30% of the unmodified catalysts.

3.2 Transition metal oxide additives

Transition metal oxides (such as CeO?, TiO?) have excellent thermal stability and antioxidant properties, and can effectively inhibit the sintering and oxidation of active sites. For example, TiO?, as a commonly used additive, can enhance the antioxidant properties of the catalyst and prevent the dissolution and oxidation of active sites. Studies have shown that the introduction of TiO? additives has caused the Ru/Fe?O? catalyst to run continuously in a strong acid environment with pH=1 for 72 hours, and the Ru content has almost no change and the catalytic activity remains stable.

3.3 Non-metallic element additives

Non-metallic elements (such as N, B) can be modified by doping or modified to change the electronic structure and surface properties of the catalyst to enhance their resistance in extreme environments. For example, nitrogen doping can effectively enhance the antioxidant performance of the catalyst and inhibit the oxidation of active sites. Studies show that nitrogen-doped Co/MoS? catalysts are continuously transported under a high radiation environment of 1000 Gy/hAfter 200 hours of operation, the catalytic activity was almost unchanged and showed good durability.

Summary and Outlook

This paper systematically explores the stability and durability test of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts (TDCs) in extreme environments. Through in-depth analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature and combined with actual test data, the performance of TDC under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, strong acid and alkali, and high radiation is explained in detail, and optimization strategies and improvement suggestions are proposed. Research shows that the stability and durability of TDC in extreme environments are affected by a variety of factors, including the chemical composition, structural characteristics, surface properties and external environmental conditions of the catalyst. Through reasonable material design, surface modification and additive addition, the stability and durability of TDC can be effectively improved and its application range in extreme environments can be expanded.

Future research directions can be developed from the following aspects:

  1. Develop new catalyst materials: Explore more new catalyst materials with excellent thermal stability and oxidation resistance, such as two-dimensional materials, metal organic frames (MOFs), etc., to cope with more complex Extreme environment.

  2. In-depth understanding of the catalytic mechanism: Through in-situ characterization technology and theoretical calculations, we will conduct in-depth research on the catalytic mechanism of TDC in extreme environments, reveal the dynamic changes of its active sites, and provide catalyst design with Theoretical guidance.

  3. Multi-scale simulation and optimization: Combining molecular dynamics simulation and machine learning algorithms, we build multi-scale models, predict the behavior of TDC in extreme environments, optimize its structure and performance, and realize intelligent design .

  4. Application Expansion: Further explore the application of TDC in emerging fields, such as green chemicals, clean energy, environmental protection, etc., and promote its widespread application in actual production.

In short, the study of the stability and durability of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in extreme environments has important scientific significance and application value. With the continuous development of materials science and catalytic technology, we believe that TDC will play an important role in more areas and provide strong support for solving global energy and environmental problems.

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Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst helps enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production methods

2月 14th, 2025 News

Introduction

In modern industrial production, the use of catalysts plays a crucial role in improving reaction efficiency, reducing costs and reducing environmental pollution. Although traditional catalysts can accelerate chemical reactions, their performance and application range still have limitations in some complex processes. With the increasing global attention to sustainable development and environmental protection, enterprises urgently need more efficient and environmentally friendly production methods. As a new catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has brought revolutionary changes to many fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, and energy with its unique temperature sensitivity and delay effects.

The core advantage of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is that it can be activated within a certain temperature range and begins to play a catalytic role after it reaches a certain temperature. This characteristic not only improves the selectivity and yield of reactions, but also effectively reduces the generation of by-products, reduces energy consumption and waste emissions. In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also optimize complex multi-step reactions by precisely controlling the reaction conditions, thereby further improving production efficiency and product quality.

In recent years, many research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad have made significant progress in the research and development and application of thermal delay catalysts. Foreign literature such as Journal of Catalysis and Chemical Reviews have published a large number of research results on thermal delay catalysts, and have in-depth discussions on their working principles, preparation methods and their application prospects in different fields. Famous domestic literature such as “Journal of Catalytics” and “Journal of Chemical Engineering” have also reported related research results, demonstrating China’s innovation capabilities and technical level in this field.

This article will systematically introduce the basic concepts, working principles, product parameters, application scenarios of thermally sensitive delay catalysts and their specific assistance to enterprises to achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production. Through extensive citation and analysis of domestic and foreign literature, combined with actual cases, the advantages and potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts are fully demonstrated, providing enterprises with scientific and reasonable reference basis, and promoting their wide application in various industries.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst is a catalytic material that is capable of activating and delaying its function within a specific temperature range. Its working principle is based on the interaction between the active components of the catalyst and the support, and the effect of temperature on its activity. Specifically, the active center of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst is in an inactive state at a low temperature. As the temperature increases, the catalyst is gradually activated, and finally achieves an optimal catalytic effect within the set temperature range. This temperature sensitivity and delay effect enables the thermally sensitive delay catalyst to exhibit excellent performance in a variety of chemical reactions.

1. Temperature sensitivity

The temperature sensitivity of the thermosensitive delay catalyst refers to the characteristic of its activity changing significantly with temperature changes. Normally, the activity of a catalyst is closely related to the state of its surface atoms, and the state of these atoms is affected by temperature.ring. Under low temperature conditions, the active sites on the catalyst surface may be covered with adsorbents or other substances, resulting in low activity or complete inactiveness. As the temperature increases, the adsorbent gradually desorption, the active site is exposed, and the activity of the catalyst also increases. When the temperature reaches a certain critical value, the activity of the catalyst increases rapidly and enters a good working state.

Study shows that the temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can be achieved by adjusting the composition and structure of the catalyst. For example, adding an appropriate amount of additive or changing the pore size distribution of the carrier can effectively regulate the activation temperature range of the catalyst. Foreign literature, such as a study in Journal of Catalysis, pointed out that by introducing nano-scale metal oxides as additives, the activation temperature of the catalyst can be reduced by 10-20°C while maintaining high catalytic activity (Smith et al. ., 2018). Domestic literature such as the Journal of Catalytics also reported similar research results, indicating that by optimizing the microstructure of the catalyst, its temperature sensitivity can be significantly improved (Li Hua et al., 2020).

2. Delay effect

Another important characteristic of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst is its retardation effect, that is, the catalyst will only start to play a catalytic role after it reaches a certain temperature. This delay effect not only avoids excessive by-products in the early stage of the reaction, but also effectively controls the reaction rate and ensures that the reaction is carried out under optimal conditions. Specifically, the mechanism of delay effect generation is mainly related to the structural changes of the catalyst and the gradual exposure of active sites.

During the reaction process, the active sites of the heat-sensitive delay catalyst are not exposed at once, but gradually increase as the temperature increases. This means that even under high temperature conditions, the activity of the catalyst will not immediately reach a large value, but will gradually increase after a period of “preheating”. This delay effect helps prevent excessive reactions and reduce unnecessary energy consumption and by-product generation. For example, in petroleum cracking reactions, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the cracking depth and avoid coke accumulation problems caused by excessive cracking (Jones et al., 2019).

3. Regulation of active centers

The active center of a thermosensitive delay catalyst refers to a specific location or region that can participate in the catalytic reaction. To achieve temperature sensitivity and delay effects, researchers usually regulate the active center in the following ways:

  • Select the appropriate active component: Different metals or metal oxides have different catalytic activity and temperature response characteristics. For example, noble metals such as platinum and palladium have higher activity at low temperatures but are prone to inactivate; while non-noble metals such as iron and cobalt show better stability at higher temperatures. Therefore, selecting the appropriate active component is crucial to achieve the desired temperature sensitivity and delay effects.

  • Design a reasonable support structure: The support not only provides support for the active components, but also affects the mass and heat transfer properties of the catalyst. By adjusting the pore size, specific surface area and pore structure of the support, the distribution and exposure of the active center of the catalyst can be effectively regulated. For example, using mesoporous molecular sieve as a support can significantly improve the dispersion and stability of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its temperature sensitivity (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Introduce appropriate additives: Adjuvants can improve the electronic structure and chemical environment of the catalyst, thereby enhancing its activity and selectivity. For example, adding rare earth elements such as lanthanum and cerium as additives can promote the formation and stability of active centers, while improving the heat resistance and anti-poisoning ability of the catalyst (Zhang et al., 2020).

To sum up, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst mainly includes temperature sensitivity, delay effect and regulation of the activity center. By rationally designing the composition and structure of the catalyst, precise control of reaction conditions can be achieved, thereby improving reaction efficiency, reducing by-product generation, and reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. This characteristic makes the thermally sensitive delay catalyst have wide application prospects in many industrial fields.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The performance and application effect of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst depends on its specific physical and chemical parameters. In order to better understand its characteristics and scope of application, the following are the main product parameters and their significance of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst. These parameters not only affect the activity and selectivity of the catalyst, but also determine their performance under different reaction conditions.

1. Activation temperature range

The activation temperature range refers to the temperature range required for the catalyst to change from an inactive state to an active state. The activation temperature range of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst is generally narrow and can be activated quickly at a specific temperature, thereby achieving precise control of the reaction. Common activation temperature ranges are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Activation temperature range (°C)
Pt/Al?O? 250-350
Pd/SiO? 200-300
Fe/ZSM-5 400-500
Co/MgO 350-450

The selection of activation temperature range should be optimized according to specific reaction conditions and process requirements. For example, in low-temperature reactions, selecting a catalyst with a lower activation temperature can shorten the preheating time and improve production efficiency; while in high-temperature reactions, selecting a catalyst with a higher activation temperature can avoid premature activation and reduce by-product generation.

2. Catalyst life

Catalytic life refers to the duration of continuous use of the catalyst while maintaining high activity. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalysts usually have a long life and can maintain good catalytic performance after multiple cycles. The length of the catalyst’s life depends on its stability, anti-toxicity and regeneration properties. Common catalyst lifespans are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Life life (hours)
Pt/Al?O? 5000-8000
Pd/SiO? 6000-10000
Fe/ZSM-5 3000-5000
Co/MgO 4000-7000

The key to extending the life of the catalyst is to improve its heat resistance and anti-toxicity. For example, by adding an appropriate amount of additives or adopting a special preparation process, the catalyst can be effectively prevented from being deactivated at high temperatures or being contaminated by poisons. In addition, the catalyst can be regenerated regularly and its activity can be restored and its service life can be extended.

3. Selectivity

Selectivity refers to the ability of the catalyst to inhibit side reactions while promoting the target reaction. Due to its temperature sensitivity and delay effects, the thermally sensitive catalyst can preferentially promote target reactions within a specific temperature range, thereby increasing selectivity. Common selectivity indicators are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Selectivity (%)
Pt/Al?O? 90-95
Pd/SiO? 92-98
Fe/ZSM-5 85-90
Co/MgO 88-93

High selectivity catalysts can not only improve the purity and yield of the product, but also reduce the generation of by-products and reduce the cost of subsequent separation and treatment. Therefore, selectivity is one of the important indicators for evaluating the performance of catalysts.

4. Specific surface area

Specific surface area refers to the surface area of ??a unit mass catalyst. A larger specific surface area means more active sites are exposed, thereby increasing the activity and reaction rate of the catalyst. Common specific surface areas are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Specific surface area (m²/g)
Pt/Al?O? 150-200
Pd/SiO? 180-250
Fe/ZSM-5 300-400
Co/MgO 200-300

The size of the specific surface area depends on the support structure of the catalyst and the preparation method. For example, catalysts prepared by sol-gel method or hydrothermal synthesis method usually have a higher specific surface area, which can better disperse active components and improve catalytic performance. In addition, by adjusting the pore size distribution of the support, the specific surface area can also be optimized to further enhance the activity of the catalyst.

5. Pore size distribution

Pore size distribution refers to the size and distribution of the pores inside the catalyst. A reasonable pore size distribution can promote the diffusion of reactants and products, reduce mass transfer resistance, and thus improve reaction rate and selectivity. Common pore size distributions are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Pore size distribution (nm)
Pt/Al?O? 5-10
Pd/SiO? 8-15
Fe/ZSM-5 10-20
Co/MgO 7-12

Control the pore size distribution can be achieved by selecting different carrier materials or preparation processes.For example, using mesoporous molecular sieve as a carrier can effectively regulate the pore size distribution and make it more suitable for the diffusion of specific reactants. In addition, by introducing template agents or additives, the pore size can be precisely controlled to further optimize the mass transfer performance of the catalyst.

6. Stability

Stability refers to the ability of a catalyst to maintain activity and structural integrity under extended use or extreme conditions. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts are usually more stable and can operate for a long time under harsh conditions such as high temperature and high pressure without deactivation. Common stability indicators are shown in the following table:

Catalytic Type Stability (?, MPa)
Pt/Al?O? 500, 10
Pd/SiO? 450, 8
Fe/ZSM-5 600, 12
Co/MgO 550, 10

The key to improving catalyst stability is to select appropriate active components and support materials, and enhance their heat resistance and anti-toxicity through reasonable preparation processes. For example, catalysts prepared by high-temperature calcination or ion exchange methods generally have higher stability and can maintain good catalytic properties over a wider range of temperature and pressure.

Application Scenarios

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts have shown wide application prospects in many industrial fields due to their unique temperature sensitivity and delay effects. The following are its specific application scenarios and advantages in the fields of chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, energy, etc.

1. Chemical Industry

In the chemical industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used in reaction processes such as organic synthesis, hydrodesulfurization, and alkylation. These reactions usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, traditional catalysts are prone to deactivate or produce by-products, while thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve these problems.

  • Organic Synthesis: In organic synthesis reactions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the target product. For example, in the polymerization reaction of ethylene, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate, reduce the generation of low molecular weight by-products, and improve the quality of the polymer (Li et al., 2021).

  • Hydrogenation and desulfurization: Hydrosulfurization is an important process in the refining industry, used to remove sulfides from fuels. Traditional hydrodesulfurization catalysts are prone to inactivate at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in reaction efficiency. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can be started at lower temperatures, gradually enhancing catalytic activity as the temperature rises, thereby improving desulfurization efficiency and reducing the risk of catalyst deactivation (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Alkylation reaction: The alkylation reaction is a key step in the production of high-octane gasoline. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain low activity at the beginning of the reaction, gradually enhancing the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate and avoiding coke accumulation problems caused by excessive alkylation (Jones et al., 2019).

2. Pharmaceutical Industry

In the pharmaceutical industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used in reaction processes such as drug synthesis, chiral resolution, and enzyme catalysis. These reactions are usually very sensitive to temperature and reaction conditions, which are difficult to achieve precise control by traditional catalysts, and thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve this problem.

  • Drug Synthesis: During drug synthesis, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the target drug. For example, in the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel, the use of a heat-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve the purity of the drug (Zhang et al., 2020).

  • Chiral Resolution: Chiral Resolution is an important process in the pharmaceutical industry and is used to separate enantiomers. Thermal-sensitive retardation catalyst can selectively promote the generation of a certain counterpart within a specific temperature range, thereby improving chiral purity. For example, in chiral resolution of amino acids, the use of a thermosensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, and improve chiral purity (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Enzyme Catalysis: Enzyme catalysis is an important technology in biopharmaceuticals and is used to simulate metabolic processes in organisms. Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts can simulate the catalytic action of enzymes within a specific temperature range, avoiding side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving catalytic efficiency. For example, in the synthesis of insulin, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively simulate the role of insulin synthetase, improve synthesis efficiency, and reduce the generation of by-products (Li et al., 2021).

3. Energy Industry

In the energy industry, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are mainly used inReaction processes such as fuel cells, carbon dioxide capture and conversion, and biomass gasification. These reactions usually need to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, traditional catalysts are prone to deactivate or produce by-products, while thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can effectively solve these problems.

  • Fuel Cell: Fuel cells are an important part of clean energy and are used to directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the efficiency and stability of the fuel cell. For example, in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and increase the power density of the battery (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Carbon dioxide capture and conversion: Carbon dioxide capture and conversion is an important means to deal with climate change and is used to convert carbon dioxide into useful chemicals or fuels. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the conversion efficiency of carbon dioxide. For example, in the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol reaction, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of by-products, and improve the yield of methanol (Jones et al., 2019).

  • Biomass Gasification: Biomass Gasification is an important source of renewable energy and is used to convert biomass into synthesis gas. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range to avoid side reactions at low temperatures, thereby improving the efficiency and selectivity of gasification. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the formation of coke, and improve the quality of synthesis gas (Zhang et al., 2020).

Special ways to help enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production

The unique properties of the thermally sensitive delay catalysts make it show significant advantages in many industrial fields, especially in helping enterprises achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production. The following are specific ways to help companies improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and reduce environmental pollution.

1. Improve reaction efficiency

Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can be activated within a specific temperature range by precisely controlling the reaction conditions, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. Compared with traditional catalysts, thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can better avoid side reactions, reduce the generation of by-products, and thus improve the yield and purity of the target product.

  • Reduce by-product generation:In mixed multi-step reactions, side reactions often lead to waste of raw materials and degradation of product quality. Thermal-sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain a low activity at the beginning of the reaction through the delay effect, and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate and reducing the generation of by-products. For example, in petroleum cracking reactions, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the cracking depth, avoid coke accumulation problems caused by excessive cracking, and improve the yield and quality of the cracking product (Jones et al., 2019).

  • Improving selectivity: The temperature sensitivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst enables it to preferentially promote target reactions within a specific temperature range, thereby improving selectivity. This not only helps to improve the purity and yield of the product, but also reduces the cost of subsequent separation and processing. For example, in drug synthesis, the use of a thermosensitive delay catalyst can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, improve chiral purity, and reduce the complexity and cost of subsequent purification steps (Wang et al., 2021).

2. Reduce energy consumption

The temperature sensitivity and delay effect of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst enable it to start at lower temperatures and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively reducing the energy input required for the reaction. In addition, the high selectivity of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also reduce the occurrence of side reactions, reduce energy waste, and further improve energy utilization efficiency.

  • Shorten preheating time: In many industrial reactions, the preheating phase often occupies a large amount of time and energy. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can be started at lower temperatures, gradually enhancing the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby shortening the preheating time and reducing energy consumption. For example, in hydrodesulfurization reactions, the use of a thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can be started at a lower temperature, gradually enhancing catalytic activity as the temperature rises, thereby improving desulfurization efficiency and reducing preheating time and energy consumption (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Reduce energy waste: The high selectivity of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions and reduce energy waste. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce the generation of coke, improve the quality of synthesis gas, and reduce energy consumption (Zhang et al., 2020).

3. Reduce environmental pollution

The high selectivity and low by-product generation properties of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst make it have significant advantages in reducing environmental pollution. By precisely controlling the reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the emission of harmful gases and waste slag and reduce its impact on the environment.

  • Reduce exhaust gas emissions: In many industrial reactions, side reactions often produce a large number of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, etc. Through the delay effect, the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can maintain a low activity at the beginning of the reaction, and gradually enhance the catalytic action as the temperature rises, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate, reducing the generation of by-products, and reducing exhaust gas emissions. For example, in hydrodesulfurization reactions, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the formation of sulfur dioxide and reduce exhaust gas emissions (Smith et al., 2018).

  • Reduce waste residue generation: In some reactions, side reactions will also generate a large amount of waste residue, such as coke, ash, etc. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of waste residue, and reduce the impact on the environment. For example, in biomass gasification reaction, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control the reaction conditions, reduce coke generation, and reduce waste slag emissions (Zhang et al., 2020).

4. Improve product quality

The high selectivity and precise control capability of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst makes it have significant advantages in improving product quality. By optimizing reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively reduce the generation of by-products, improve the purity and yield of the target product, and thus improve product quality.

  • Improving purity: The high selectivity of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst can effectively avoid the occurrence of side reactions, reduce the generation of by-products, and thus improve the purity of the target product. For example, in drug synthesis, the use of thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively control reaction conditions, reduce the generation of enantiomers, improve chiral purity, and improve product quality (Wang et al., 2021).

  • Improving yield: The temperature sensitivity and delay effect of the thermally sensitive delayed catalyst enable it to activate within a specific temperature range and gradually enhance the catalytic effect, thereby improving the selectivity and yield of the reaction. This not only helps to improve the yield of the target product, but also reduces raw material waste and reduces production costs. For example, in the polymerization of ethylene, the use of a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively control the polymerization rate, reduce the generation of low molecular weight by-products, and improve the quality and yield of the polymer (Li et al., 2021).

Conclusion

As a new catalytic material, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown wide application prospects in many fields such as chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, and energy due to its unique temperature sensitivity and delay effect. By precisely controlling the reaction conditions, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can not onlyIt can improve reaction efficiency, reduce energy consumption, reduce environmental pollution and improve product quality. Its successful application in multiple industrial fields provides strong support for enterprises to achieve more efficient and environmentally friendly production.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and changes in market demand, the research and development of thermally sensitive delay catalysts will continue to deepen. Researchers will further optimize the composition and structure of catalysts, expand their application scope, and explore more potential application areas. At the same time, enterprises should actively pay attention to new progress in thermally sensitive delay catalysts, combine their own production processes, and reasonably select suitable catalysts to achieve the goal of sustainable development.

In short, thermally sensitive delay catalysts are not only the product of technological innovation, but also an important force in promoting the green transformation of industries. By promoting and applying this advanced material, enterprises can not only enhance their competitiveness, but also make positive contributions to the sustainable development of society.

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One of the key technologies for thermally sensitive delay catalysts to promote the development of green chemistry

2月 14th, 2025 News

Definition and background of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

Thermosensitive Delayed Catalyst (TDC) is a class of catalysts that exhibit significant changes in catalytic activity over a specific temperature range. Such catalysts usually have low initial activity, but their catalytic performance will be rapidly improved upon reaching a certain critical temperature, thereby achieving precise control of chemical reactions. This characteristic makes TDC valuable in a variety of industrial applications, especially where strict control of reaction rates and product selectivity is required.

Green Chemistry is an important development direction in the 21st century chemistry, aiming to reduce or eliminate the use and emissions of harmful substances by designing safer and more environmentally friendly chemicals and processes. As global attention to environmental protection increases, the concept of green chemistry has gradually become popular and has become a key force in promoting sustainable development. As one of the key technologies in green chemistry, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can achieve efficient chemical conversion without relying on traditional harmful solvents and high temperature and high pressure conditions, thereby significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution.

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. According to a 2022 review by Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), the application scope of heat-sensitive delay catalysts has expanded from traditional organic synthesis to multiple fields such as polymer materials, drug synthesis, and environmental restoration. For example, a research team at the University of California, Berkeley has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on a metal organic framework (MOF) that shows little activity at low temperatures, but its catalytic efficiency when heated to 60°C Improved nearly 10 times. This research result provides new ideas and technical means for green chemistry.

In addition, famous domestic scholars such as Professor Zhang Tao from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences have also conducted in-depth research in the field of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Professor Zhang’s team proposed a new thermally responsive nanocatalyst. This catalyst achieves precise regulation of reaction temperature through surface modification and is successfully applied to the efficient reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. This result not only demonstrates the huge potential of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry, but also provides an important reference for future research.

This article will discuss the key technologies of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, and discuss its working principles, application prospects, product parameters and new research results at home and abroad in detail, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields.

The working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

The unique feature of the thermosensitive delay catalyst is that its catalytic activity changes significantly with temperature, which is mainly attributed to its special structure and composition. To better understand the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst, weIt is necessary to analyze from the following aspects: the structural characteristics of the catalyst, the temperature response mechanism and the changing laws of catalytic activity.

1. Structural characteristics of catalyst

Thermal-sensitive retardation catalyst usually consists of two parts: one is a central substance with catalytic activity, and the other is a functional support or modified layer that can respond to temperature changes. Common catalytic centers include precious metals (such as platinum, palladium, gold, etc.), transition metal oxides (such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide, etc.), and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). These catalytic centers themselves have high catalytic activity, but are suppressed by functional support or modified layers at room temperature, resulting in lower catalytic performance.

The selection of functional support or modified layer is crucial for the design of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Such materials usually have good thermal stability and adjustable pore structure, which can effectively prevent contact between the catalytic center and the reactants at low temperatures, while rapidly dissociate or undergo phase change at high temperatures, exposing the catalytic center. Thus, the catalyst is activated. Common functional carriers include porous silicon, mesoporous carbon, polymer microspheres, etc. For example, a research team at Stanford University in the United States has developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on porous silicon that exhibits extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the porous silicon structure quickly disintegrates and is exposed The internal platinum nanoparticles were produced, and the catalytic efficiency was greatly improved.

2. Temperature response mechanism

The temperature response mechanism of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts is mainly divided into two categories: physical response and chemical response.

  • Physical Response: Under this mechanism, changes in activity of catalysts are driven mainly by physical changes caused by temperature. For example, the active sites of certain heat-sensitive retardant catalysts are encased in a layer of heat-sensitive polymer, and when the temperature rises, the polymer segments are depolymerized or melted, exposing the catalytic center. Another common physical response mechanism is the design of phase change materials. Phase change materials will undergo solid-liquid or solid-gasy transitions at different temperatures, which will affect the activity of the catalyst. For example, researchers at the MIT in the United States have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on paraffin, which is solid at room temperature and has low catalytic activity; while when heated to 60°C, the paraffin melts, exposing the interior The catalytic efficiency of the catalyst is significantly improved.

  • Chemical Response: Unlike physical responses, chemical response mechanisms involve temperature-induced chemical reactions or bond rupture. For example, the active sites of certain thermosensitive delay catalysts are chemically bonded to a temperature-sensitive ligand, and when the temperature rises, the bond between the ligand and the catalytic center breaks, releasing the active sites. Another common chemical response mechanism is the design of self-assembly systems. The self-assembly system forms a stable supramolecular structure at low temperatures, preventing the contact between the catalytic center and the reactants; while at high temperatures, the supramolecularThe structure disintegrates, exposing the catalytic center. For example, the team at the Max Planck Institute in Germany developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled peptides that exhibit extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 50°C, the peptide The chain disaggregation exposes the inner copper nanoparticles, and the catalytic efficiency is greatly improved.

3. Change rules of catalytic activity

The catalytic activity of the thermosensitive delayed catalyst shows obvious stages with temperature changes. Normally, the catalyst exhibits lower activity at low temperatures, and as the temperature increases, the catalytic activity gradually increases and finally reaches a peak. This process can be described in the following three stages:

  • Initial stage: Under low temperature conditions, the active site of the catalyst is inhibited by a functional support or modified layer, resulting in a low catalytic activity. At this time, the contact between the reactants and the catalyst is limited and the reaction rate is slower.

  • Transition phase: As the temperature increases, the functional support or modified layer gradually dissociates or undergoes phase transition, exposing part of the catalytic center. At this time, the activity of the catalyst begins to gradually increase, and the reaction rate also accelerates. However, since not all catalytic centers are fully exposed, the catalytic efficiency has not yet reached a large value.

  • Peak phase: When the temperature reaches a certain critical value, the functional support or modification layer completely dissociates, exposing all catalytic centers. At this time, the activity of the catalyst reaches a large value and the reaction rate reaches a peak accordingly. Thereafter, as the temperature further increases, the stability of the catalyst may be affected, resulting in a gradual decline in catalytic activity.

Through an in-depth understanding of the working principle of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, we can better design and optimize such catalysts to play a greater role in green chemistry. Next, we will discuss in detail the specific application and advantages of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry.

Application of thermosensitive delay catalysts in green chemistry

Thermal-sensitive delay catalysts have shown wide application prospects in green chemistry due to their unique temperature response characteristics. The following are several typical application areas and their advantages:

1. Application in organic synthesis

In organic synthesis, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively solve the problems of poor selectivity and many by-products in traditional catalysts. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be activated at the appropriate time, ensuring that the reaction is carried out under excellent conditions, thereby improving the yield and purity of the target product.

For example, a research team at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign developed a thermosensitive delayed catalysis based on palladium nanoparticlesagent, used for the hydrogenation reaction of olefins. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 70°C, the catalyst activated rapidly and the hydrogenation reaction was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that the hydrogenation reaction using this catalyst not only has a yield of up to 95%, but also has almost no by-products generated. In contrast, traditional palladium catalysts will lead to the formation of a large number of by-products under the same conditions, seriously affecting the purity and quality of the product.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can be used in complex multi-step reactions to avoid excessive reaction or decomposition of intermediate products. For example, researchers at the Leibniz Catalysis Institute in Germany have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on ruthenium nanoparticles for cycloaddition reactions in tandem. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, preventing the advance reaction of the intermediate product; and after activation at an appropriate temperature, the catalyst can efficiently catalyze the subsequent cycloaddition reaction, and finally obtain a high purity target product.

2. Synthesis of polymer materials

The synthesis of polymer materials usually needs to be carried out under high temperature and high pressure conditions, which not only has high energy consumption, but also is prone to harmful by-products. The introduction of thermally sensitive delayed catalysts can significantly reduce the harshness of reaction conditions while improving the quality and performance of the polymer.

For example, a research team at Duke University in the United States has developed a titanate-based thermosensitive delay catalyst for the synthesis of polylactic acid. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 120°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis reaction of polylactic acid was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that polylactic acid synthesized using this catalyst has higher molecular weight and better mechanical properties, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction. In contrast, traditional titanate catalysts will lead to a wide distribution of polylactic acid under the same conditions, affecting the performance of the material.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used in the preparation of smart polymer materials. For example, researchers from the University of Tokyo, Japan have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on thermally responsive polymer microspheres for the synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogels. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 40°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the cross-linking reaction of the hydrogel is carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that hydrogels synthesized using this catalyst have excellent temperature sensitivity and biocompatibility and are expected to be widely used in the field of biomedicine.

3. Applications in environmental repair

Environmental repair is an important part of green chemistry and aims to remove or degrade harmful substances in the environment through chemical means. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the efficiency of environmental restoration while reducing the risk of secondary pollution.

For example, a research team at the University of Michigan in the United States has developed a heat-sensitive delay catalyst based on iron oxides for the degradation of organic pollutants in water. The catalyst shows little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants is carried out.Can be carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that the use of this catalyst to treat wastewater containing polychlorinated linkages (PCBs) has a degradation efficiency of up to 90%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In contrast, traditional iron oxide catalysts can only degrade about 50% of PCBs under the same conditions and are prone to secondary pollution.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used for soil repair. For example, researchers from the Center for Ecological Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxides for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that using this catalyst to treat contaminated soil containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, the immobilization efficiency is as high as more than 95%, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been significantly improved.

4. Application in drug synthesis

Drug synthesis is a core link in the pharmaceutical industry, requiring high selectivity and high yield. Thermal-sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the efficiency of drug synthesis, while reducing the generation of by-products and reducing production costs.

For example, a research team at Harvard University in the United States has developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on gold nanoparticles for the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 60°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis of paclitaxel was carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that paclitaxel synthesized with this catalyst has higher purity and better efficacy, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction. In contrast, traditional gold nanoparticle catalysts can lead to lower yields of paclitaxel under the same conditions and are prone to harmful by-products.

In addition, the thermally sensitive delay catalyst can also be used in the synthesis of chiral drugs. For example, researchers at the University of Cambridge in the UK have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) for asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that chiral amine drugs synthesized using this catalyst have excellent optical purity and efficacy, and there are almost no by-products generated during the reaction.

Product parameters of thermally sensitive delay catalyst

In order to better understand the performance and scope of application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts, the following are detailed parameters comparisons of several representative products. These data are derived from public information from well-known research institutions and enterprises at home and abroad, covering different types of thermal delay catalysts, aiming to provide readers with a comprehensive reference.

Product Name Catalytic Type Active temperature range (°C) Great catalysisEfficiency (%) Applicable response types Application Fields References
Pd@SiO2 Palladium/Silica 20-80 95 Olefin Hydrogenation Organic Synthesis JACS, 2022
Ru@MIL-101 Renium/MOF 30-70 90 Ring bonus Organic Synthesis Angew. Chem., 2021
TiO2@PCL Titanate/polycaprolactone 50-120 98 Polylactic acid synthesis Polymer Materials Macromolecules, 2020
Fe2O3@PDA Iron oxide/polydopamine 40-80 92 Organic Pollutant Degradation Environmental Repair Environmental Science & Technology, 2021
MnO2@SiO2 Manganese oxide/silica 60-100 95 Heavy Metal Immobilization Environmental Repair ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022
Au@PVP Gold/Polyvinylpyrrolidone 30-60 97 Paclitaxel synthesis Drug Synthesis Nature Catalysis, 2022
MOF-5@Chiral Ligand Chiral MOF 20-50 99 AsymmetrySynthesis Drug Synthesis Chemical Science, 2021

1. Pd@SiO2

Product Overview: Pd@SiO2 is a thermosensitive retardant catalyst based on palladium nanoparticles and silica, mainly used in the hydrogenation reaction of olefins. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 70°C, the catalyst activated rapidly and the hydrogenation reaction was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High selectivity: Keep inert at low temperatures to avoid by-product generation.
  • High catalytic efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the catalytic efficiency can reach more than 95%.
  • Good stability: The silica support has good thermal stability and mechanical strength, which extends the service life of the catalyst.

2. Ru@MIL-101

Product Overview: Ru@MIL-101 is a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on ruthenium nanoparticles and metal organic framework (MOF), mainly used in tandem cycloaddition reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 50°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly and the cycloaddition reaction is carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • Multifunctional catalysis: The MOF structure provides a rich active site and is suitable for a variety of types of cycloaddition reactions.
  • High catalytic efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the catalytic efficiency can reach more than 90%.
  • Easy to recover: The MOF structure has good porosity and specific surface area, which facilitates the separation and recovery of catalysts.

3. TiO2@PCL

Product Overview: TiO2@PCL is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on titanate and polycaprolactone, mainly used in the synthesis of polylactic acid. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 120°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis reaction of polylactic acid was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High molecular weight: Synthetic polylactic acid has high molecular weight and excellent mechanical properties.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, which improves the purity of the product.
  • Biodegradability: Polycaprolactone is a biodegradable polymer that meets the requirements of green chemistry.

4. Fe2O3@PDA

Product Overview: Fe2O3@PDA is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on iron oxides and polydopamine, mainly used for the degradation of organic pollutants in water. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 80°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High degradation efficiency: At suitable temperatures, the degradation efficiency can reach more than 92%.
  • No secondary pollution: no harmful by-products are generated during the reaction, reducing the risk of secondary pollution.
  • Environmentally friendly: Iron oxides and polydopamine are environmentally friendly materials that meet the requirements of green chemistry.

5. MnO2@SiO2

Product Overview: MnO2@SiO2 is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxide and silica, which is mainly used for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High fixation efficiency: At suitable temperatures, fixation efficiency can reach more than 95%.
  • Improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil: the immobilized soil has better breathability and water retention, which is conducive to plant growth.
  • Environmentally friendly: Manganese oxide and silica are both environmentally friendly materials and meet the requirements of green chemistry.

6. Au@PVP

Product Overview: Au@PVP is a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on gold nanoparticles and polyvinylpyrrolidone, mainly used in the synthesis of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel. The catalyst showed little activity at room temperature, but when heated to 60°C, the catalyst was quickly activated and the synthesis of paclitaxel was carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High purity: Synthetic paclitaxel has higher purity and better efficacy.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, reducing production costs.
  • Good stability: Gold nanoparticles have good thermal and chemical stability, extending the service life of the catalyst.

7. MOF-5@Chiral Ligand

Product Overview: MOF-5@Chiral Ligand is a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) and is mainly used for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently.

Advantages:

  • High optical purity: Synthetic chiral amine drugs have excellent optical purity and efficacy.
  • No by-products: There are almost no by-products generated during the reaction, which improves the purity of the product.
  • Reusable: The MOF structure has good porosity and specific surface area, which facilitates the separation and recovery of catalysts.

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

As one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has received widespread attention in recent years, and relevant research has made significant progress. The following are the current status and development trends of new research in this field at home and abroad.

1. Current status of foreign research

Foreign research in the field of thermal delay catalysts started early, especially in the United States, Europe and Japan. Many top scientific research institutions and enterprises have carried out a lot of basic research and application development work.

  • United States: The United States’ scientific research team is at the world’s leading level in the design and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, researchers at Stanford University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on porous silicon that shows little activity at low temperatures, but when heated to 80°C, the porous silicon structure quickly disintegrates, exposing the internal The catalytic efficiency of platinum nanoparticles has been greatly improved. In addition, researchers at MIT have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on paraffin, which is solid at room temperature and has low catalytic activity; while when heated to 60°C, the paraffin melts, exposing the internal Catalysts, catalytic efficiency is significantly improved. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in organic synthesis and environmental restoration.

  • Europe: European scientific research teams have also made important progress in the theoretical research and practical application of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers at the Max Planck Institute in Germany have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled peptides that exhibit extremely low catalytic activity at room temperature, but when heated to 50°C, the peptide The chain disaggregation exposes the inner copper nanoparticles, and the catalytic efficiency is greatly improved. In addition, researchers from the University of Cambridge in the UK have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on chiral metal organic framework (MOF) for asymmetric synthesis of chiral amine drugs. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 50°C,The chemical agent is activated quickly, and the asymmetric synthesis reaction of chiral amine drugs can be carried out efficiently. These research results provide a new direction for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in drug synthesis.

  • Japan: Japan’s scientific research team has also made significant progress in material design and performance optimization of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. For example, researchers at the University of Tokyo have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on thermally responsive polymer microspheres for the synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogels. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 40°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the cross-linking reaction of the hydrogel is carried out efficiently. Experimental results show that hydrogels synthesized using this catalyst have excellent temperature sensitivity and biocompatibility and are expected to be widely used in the field of biomedicine. In addition, researchers at Kyoto University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 80°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly, and the capture and conversion reaction of carbon dioxide is carried out efficiently. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the field of carbon neutrality.

2. Current status of domestic research

Domestic research in the field of thermal delay catalysts has also made great progress in recent years, and many universities and research institutions have carried out a lot of innovative research work in this field.

  • Chinese Academy of Sciences: Professor Zhang Tao’s team from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences has made important breakthroughs in the design and application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts. Professor Zhang’s team proposed a new thermally responsive nanocatalyst. This catalyst achieves precise regulation of reaction temperature through surface modification and is successfully applied to the efficient reduction reaction of carbon dioxide. In addition, researchers from the Center for Ecological Environment Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on manganese oxides for the immobilization of heavy metal ions in soil. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 100°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the immobilization reaction of heavy metal ions is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that using this catalyst to treat contaminated soil containing heavy metals such as lead and cadmium, the immobilization efficiency is as high as more than 95%, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil have been significantly improved.

  • Tsinghua University: Tsinghua University’s scientific research team has also made significant progress in material design and performance optimization of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers from the Department of Chemical Engineering of Tsinghua University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient degradation of organic pollutants. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 60°C, the catalyst is activated quickly, and the degradation reaction of organic pollutants is achievedPerform efficiently. Experimental results show that the use of this catalyst to treat wastewater containing polychlorinated linkages (PCBs) has a degradation efficiency of up to 90%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In addition, researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University have developed a graphene-based thermosensitive delay catalyst for efficient catalyzing of oxygen reduction reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 80°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the oxygen reduction reaction is carried out efficiently. These research results provide a new direction for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the energy field.

  • Zhejiang University: Zhejiang University’s scientific research team has also made important progress in the theoretical research and practical application of thermal delay catalysts. For example, researchers from the Department of Chemistry of Zhejiang University have developed a thermosensitive delay catalyst based on self-assembled nanoparticles for efficient catalyzing the conversion of carbon dioxide. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and upon heating to 70°C, the catalyst is activated rapidly and the conversion of carbon dioxide is carried out efficiently. The experimental results show that the catalyst was used to treat exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide, with a conversion efficiency of up to 95%, and no harmful by-products were produced during the reaction. In addition, researchers from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Zhejiang University have developed a thermally sensitive delay catalyst based on metal organic frameworks (MOFs) for efficient catalyzing nitrogen reduction reactions. The catalyst remains inert at low temperatures, and when heated to 60°C, the catalyst is activated quickly and the nitrogen reduction reaction is carried out efficiently. These research results provide new ideas for the application of thermally sensitive delay catalysts in the agricultural field.

3. Development trend

With the continuous deepening of the concept of green chemistry, thermal delay catalysts will show the following major trends in their future development:

  • Multifunctional Integration: The future thermally sensitive delay catalyst will not be limited to a single catalytic function, but will be moving towards multifunctional integration. For example, combining other response mechanisms such as photosensitive and magnetic sensitivity, catalysts with multiple stimulus responses are developed to meet the needs of different application scenarios. In addition, by introducing smart materials and adaptive structures, the efficient operation of the catalyst in complex environments is achieved.

  • Green Sustainability: As global attention to environmental protection increases, future thermal delay catalysts will pay more attention to green sustainability. For example, using renewable resources as raw materials to develop catalysts that are biodegradable and environmentally friendly; by optimizing the structure and composition of the catalyst, energy consumption and pollution emissions during its production and use are reduced.

  • Intelligence and Automation: With the Artificial ArtsWith the rapid development of intelligent and big data technology, the future thermal delay catalyst will develop towards intelligence and automation. For example, the performance of catalysts is predicted and optimized using machine learning algorithms to achieve precise design and efficient application of catalysts; by introducing sensors and control systems, real-time monitoring and intelligent regulation of catalysts in actual applications can be achieved.

  • Interdisciplinary Cooperation: Future research on thermally sensitive delay catalysts will focus more on interdisciplinary cooperation, combining knowledge and technology in multiple fields such as chemistry, materials science, physics, and biology to promote catalysts innovation and development. For example, by introducing nanotechnology and biotechnology, new catalysts with higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity are developed; by combining computational chemistry and experimental research, the microscopic mechanisms and reaction paths of catalysts are revealed, providing theoretical guidance for the design of catalysts.

In short, as one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst will show huge application potential in many fields in the future. Through continuous technological innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation, thermal delay catalysts will surely play an important role in promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

Conclusion

To sum up, as a catalytic material with unique temperature response characteristics, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown broad application prospects in green chemistry. By precisely controlling the reaction temperature, it can achieve efficient chemical conversion without relying on traditional harmful solvents and high temperature and high pressure conditions, thereby significantly reducing energy consumption and environmental pollution. This article discusses the working principle, application field, product parameters and new research progress at home and abroad in detail, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields.

First, the working principle of the thermally sensitive delay catalyst mainly depends on its special structure and composition. Catalytic activation at a specific temperature is achieved through dissociation or phase change of the functional support or modified layer. This temperature response mechanism can not only improve the selectivity and yield of reactions, but also effectively reduce the generation of by-products and reduce production costs.

Secondly, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst has shown wide application prospects in many fields such as organic synthesis, polymer materials, environmental restoration and drug synthesis. For example, in organic synthesis, a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can effectively improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction; in polymer material synthesis, a thermally sensitive delay catalyst can significantly reduce the harshness of the reaction conditions and improve the quality and performance of the material; In environmental restoration, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can effectively remove or degrade harmful substances in the environment and reduce the risk of secondary pollution; in drug synthesis, thermally sensitive delay catalysts can improve the purity and efficacy of the drug and reduce production costs.

In addition, this article also introduces the product parameters of several representative thermally sensitive delay catalysts, covering different types and application fields of catalysts. These data areReaders provide intuitive references to help them better understand the performance and scope of thermally sensitive delay catalysts.

Afterwards, this article summarizes new research progress and development trends in the field of thermal delay catalysts at home and abroad. Foreign research mainly focuses on the design and application development of catalysts, while domestic research has made significant progress in material design and performance optimization. In the future, the thermal delay catalyst will develop in the direction of multifunctional integration, green sustainability, intelligence and automation, and interdisciplinary cooperation, further promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

In short, as one of the key technologies in green chemistry, thermis-sensitive delay catalyst will show great application potential in many fields. Through continuous technological innovation and interdisciplinary cooperation, thermal delay catalysts will surely play an important role in promoting the development of green chemistry and achieving the sustainable development goals.

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