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2 – Application of transparent conductive layer of methylimidazole in flexible display screen manufacturing

2月 19th, 2025 News

2-Transparent conductive layer application of methylimidazole in flexible display manufacturing

Introduction

With the rapid development of technology, flexible display screens have become a hot topic in the field of electronic devices. From smartphones to smartwatches to wearable devices and on-board display systems, flexible displays are increasingly used. Behind this, the transparent conductive layer plays a crucial role as one of the core components of the flexible display screen. The transparent conductive layer not only needs to have high transparency and excellent conductivity, but also needs to be able to remain stable in complex environments such as bending and folding. Although traditional transparent conductive materials such as indium tin oxide (ITO) perform well in rigid displays, they face many challenges in flexible displays, such as high brittleness and easy breakage. Therefore, finding new transparent conductive materials has become the focus of research.

In recent years, 2-methylimidazole, as an organic small molecule material, has gradually attracted the attention of scientific researchers due to its unique physical and chemical properties and excellent film forming properties. 2-methylimidazole can not only form a stable coordination compound with metal ions, but also form a thin film with excellent conductivity through self-assembly technology. More importantly, the application of 2-methylimidazolyl materials in flexible display screens shows great potential, especially in the preparation of transparent conductive layers. This article will introduce in detail the application of 2-methylimidazole in the manufacturing of flexible display screens, and explore its advantages, preparation methods, performance characteristics and future development directions.

2-Basic Properties of methylimidazole

2-Methylimidazole (2MI) is a common organic compound with a chemical formula of C4H6N2. It is made by a hydrogen atom on the imidazole ring being replaced by a methyl group. 2-methylimidazole has high thermal and chemical stability, with a melting point of 198°C, a boiling point of 295°C and a density of 1.13 g/cm³. Its molecular structure is simple but its functions are diverse, and it can undergo various chemical reactions with other substances, especially coordination reactions with metal ions.

An important feature of 2-methylimidazole is that it can form stable complexes with a variety of metal ions. For example, 2-methylimidazole can form metal organic frames (MOFs) with zinc ions (Zn²?), cobalt ions (Co²?), nickel ions (Ni²?), etc. These complexes not only have good thermal and chemical stability, but also exhibit excellent optical and electrical properties. In addition, 2-methylimidazole can also form ordered nanostructures through self-assembly technology, which have important application value in the preparation of transparent conductive layers.

Table 1: Basic Physical and Chemical Properties of 2-methylimidazole

parameters value
Chemical formula C4H6N2
Molecular Weight 86.10 g/mol
Melting point 198°C
Boiling point 295°C
Density 1.13 g/cm³
Solution soluble in water,
Thermal Stability High
Chemical Stability High

Advantages of 2-methylimidazole in transparent conductive layers

Compared with traditional transparent conductive materials, 2-methylimidazole shows many advantages in transparent conductive layer applications of flexible display screens. First, the 2-methylimidazolyl material has excellent flexibility. Traditional materials such as ITO are prone to cracks when bending or folding, resulting in reduced conductivity and even complete failure. Due to the flexibility and self-assembly properties of the molecular chain, 2-methylimidazolyl materials can maintain good conductivity during repeated bending and folding without obvious performance attenuation.

Secondly, the 2-methylimidazolyl material has a higher transparency. The transparent conductive layer must not only have good conductivity, but also ensure a high light transmittance to ensure that the display effect of the display screen is not affected. Studies have shown that the light transmittance of 2-methylimidazolyl material can reach more than 90%, which is close to the transparency of glass, which makes it have great application potential in flexible display screens.

In addition, the preparation process of 2-methylimidazolyl materials is relatively simple and has a low cost. Traditional transparent conductive materials such as ITO need to be deposited at high temperatures, the equipment is complex and energy consumption is high. 2-methylimidazolyl materials can be prepared through low-cost processes such as solution method or inkjet printing, which greatly reduces production costs and improves production efficiency.

After

, the 2-methylimidazolyl material has good environmental friendliness. Traditional materials such as ITO contain heavy metal elements, which are harmful to the environment and human health. 2-methylimidazole is an organic small molecule, non-toxic and harmless, meets the requirements of green and environmental protection, and is suitable for future sustainable development needs.

Table 2: Comparison of performance between 2-methylimidazolyl materials and traditional transparent conductive materials

Performance metrics 2-methylimidazolyl material ITO AG(Silver Nanowire)
Flexibility High Low in
Sparseness >90% 85% 90%
Conductivity Excellent Excellent Excellent
Preparation process Simple Complex Simple
Cost Low High in
Environmental Friendship High Low in

Method for preparing 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer

The preparation methods of 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer are various, mainly including solution method, inkjet printing method, spin coating method and self-assembly method. Different preparation methods have their own advantages and disadvantages and are suitable for different application scenarios. Below we will introduce several common preparation methods and their characteristics in detail.

1. Solution method

The solution method is one of the commonly used methods for preparing 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer. This method forms a transparent conductive layer by dissolving 2-methylimidazole in a suitable solvent and then coating it on the substrate after drying and curing. The advantage of the solution method is that it is simple to operate, low cost, and is suitable for large-scale production. However, the disadvantage of the solution method is that the film formation uniformity is poor, and the problem of uneven thickness is prone to occur, which affects the conductivity.

2. Inkjet printing method

Inkjet printing method is an emerging method for preparing 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer. This method uses an inkjet printer to print ink containing 2-methylimidazole directly onto the substrate to form a patterned transparent conductive layer. The advantage of inkjet printing is that it can achieve high-precision patterning and is suitable for complex circuit designs. In addition, the inkjet printing method can also be combined with other functional materials to prepare a multifunctional transparent conductive layer. However, the disadvantage of inkjet printing is that it is slow in preparation and is not suitable for mass production.

3. Spin coating method

Spin coating is a classic film preparation method and is widely used in the fields of semiconductors and optoelectronics. This method uses centrifugal force to uniformly distribute the solution and form a thin film by dropwise addition of a solution containing 2-methylimidazole on a rotating substrate. The advantage of spin coating is film formationGood uniformity and controllable thickness, suitable for laboratory research and small batch production. However, the disadvantage of spin coating is that the preparation area is limited and it is not suitable for the preparation of large-area transparent conductive layers.

4. Self-assembly method

The self-assembly method is an innovative method for the preparation of 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer. This method uses weak interactions between 2-methylimidazole molecules (such as hydrogen bonding, ?-? stacking, etc.) to make it spontaneously form ordered nanostructures on the substrate surface. The advantage of the self-assembly method is that it is possible to prepare a transparent conductive layer with excellent conductivity and high transparency, and the microstructure and performance of the material can also be adjusted by regulating the self-assembly conditions. However, the disadvantage of the self-assembly method is that the preparation process is relatively complex and requires precise control of experimental conditions.

Table 3: Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods

Preparation method Pros Disadvantages
Solution Method Simple operation and low cost Poor film formation uniformity
Inkjet printing method High-precision patterning and multifunctional Slow preparation speed
Spin coating Good film formation uniformity and controllable thickness Preparation area is limited
Self-assembly method Excellent conductivity, high transparency Complex preparation process

2-Property optimization of methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer

In order to further improve the performance of the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer, the researchers optimized it from multiple aspects. The first is the selection and modification of materials. By introducing other functional materials, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanowires, etc., the conductive and mechanical properties of the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can be effectively improved. For example, compounding 2-methylimidazole with carbon nanotubes can significantly improve conductivity while maintaining high transparency; compounding 2-methylimidazole with graphene can enhance the flexibility and durability of the material.

The second is the optimization of the preparation process. By improving the preparation process, the film formation quality and performance of the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can be effectively improved. For example, low-temperature annealing treatment can reduce defects in the material and improve conductivity; multi-layer structural design can balance the relationship between transparency and conductivity, and achieve better comprehensive performance.

Then is the optimization of the application environment. 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer will be subjected to temperature, humidity, ultraviolet rays, etc. in actual applications.influence of factors. In order to improve the environmental stability of the material, researchers have developed a variety of protective measures, such as surface modification, packaging technology, etc. These measures can effectively extend the service life of the material and ensure its stable performance in various complex environments.

Table 4: Performance optimization strategies for 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer

Optimization Strategy Specific measures Effect
Material selection and modification Introduce carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanowires, etc. Enhance conductive performance and enhance flexibility
Preparation process optimization Low temperature annealing treatment, multi-layer structure design Improving film formation quality, balanced transparency and conductivity
Application Environment Optimization Surface modification and packaging technology Improve environmental stability and extend service life

2-Methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer application prospect

2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer has a broad application prospect in flexible display screens. With the continuous development of flexible electronic technology, the demand for flexible display screens is increasing year by year, especially in the fields of smartphones, smart watches, wearable devices, etc. With its excellent flexibility, high transparency and low cost, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer is expected to become one of the core materials for the next generation of flexible displays.

In addition to flexible display screens, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can also be applied in other fields, such as smart windows, solar cells, sensors, etc. In smart windows, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can realize the electrically controlled dimming function, automatically adjust the light transmittance according to the external environment, and achieve energy-saving effect; in solar cells, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can realize the electronically controlled dimming function, and automatically adjust the light transmittance according to the external environment to achieve energy saving effect; in solar cells, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can be used as a result of the energy-saving effect; in solar cells, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can be used as a result of the It can be used as an electrode material to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery; in the sensor, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer can be used to prepare flexible pressure sensors, strain sensors, etc., to meet the needs of various application scenarios.

In short, as a new material, 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer has wide application prospects. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the increase in market demand, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer will surely play an increasingly important role in the field of flexible electronics.

Conclusion

2-methylimidazole, as an organic small molecule material, has shown great potential in the application of transparent conductive layers of flexible displays. It not only has excellent flexibility, high transparency and low cost, but also can be achieved through a variety of preparation methods and performanceOptimization strategies further improve their overall performance. With the rapid development of flexible electronic technology, the 2-methylimidazolyl transparent conductive layer will surely become one of the core materials of future flexible display screens and will be widely used in more fields. Future research will further explore the potential applications of 2-methylimidazolyl materials and promote the continuous innovation and development of flexible electronic technology.

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Preparation method of high-performance thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole

2月 19th, 2025 News

Introduction

With the rapid development of modern electronic devices, thermal management issues are increasingly becoming a key factor restricting their performance and reliability. From smartphones to high-performance computers to electric vehicles and industrial control systems, these devices generate a lot of heat during operation. If heat is not dissipated in time and effectively, it will not only increase the temperature of the equipment, affect its working efficiency, but may even cause hardware failures or safety problems. Therefore, the development of efficient Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs) has become the key to solving this problem.

The main function of thermal interface materials is to fill the tiny gap between the heating element and the radiator, reduce thermal resistance, and improve heat transfer efficiency. Although traditional thermal interface materials such as silicon grease, thermal gaskets, etc. can meet the needs to a certain extent, their performance is often unsatisfactory in high-temperature and high-power application scenarios. Especially in areas such as high-power LEDs, 5G base stations, and data centers that require extremely high heat dissipation, the limitations of traditional materials are becoming increasingly obvious.

High-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole are born. As an organic compound, 2-methylimidazole has unique chemical structure and excellent physical properties, making it show great potential in the preparation of high-performance thermal interface materials. By introducing 2-methylimidazole, the thermal conductivity of the material can not only be significantly improved, but also improve its mechanical strength, heat resistance and stability, thereby providing a more reliable thermal management solution for electronic devices.

This article will introduce in detail the preparation method of high-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole, explore its advantages in different application scenarios, and demonstrate its breakthrough in performance by comparing and analyzing existing materials. The article will also combine new research results at home and abroad to deeply analyze the microstructure and working principles of the material, helping readers to fully understand this cutting-edge technology.

2-Basic Characteristics of methylimidazole

2-Methylimidazole, referred to as MI, is an important organic compound with a chemical formula C4H6N2. It belongs to a type of imidazole compound, and the molecule contains a five-membered heterocycle, in which one nitrogen atom is located inside the ring and the other nitrogen atom is located outside the ring. The molecular structure of 2-methylimidazole imidizes it with a range of unique physical and chemical properties, making it outstanding in multiple fields, especially in the application of thermal interface materials.

First, 2-methylimidazole has high thermal stability. Studies have shown that the decomposition temperature of 2-methylimidazole is usually above 300°C, which allows it to maintain a stable chemical structure under high temperature environments without decomposition or deterioration. This characteristic is particularly important for thermal interface materials, as electronic devices may generate temperatures up to 100°C or even higher during operation, while the high thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole ensures the material under extreme conditions.Long-term reliability.

Secondly, 2-methylimidazole has good chemical reactivity. It can react chemically with other functional substances (such as metal oxides, polymers, etc.) to form stable composite materials. For example, when preparing thermal interface materials, 2-methylimidazole can coordinate with metal nanoparticles (such as copper, silver, etc.) to form a composite material with excellent thermal conductivity. In addition, 2-methylimidazole can also undergo cross-linking reaction with polymer matrix to enhance the mechanical strength and durability of the material.

Third, 2-methylimidazole has a lower melting point and good fluidity. Its melting point is about 95°C, which means it can be made liquid by heating during preparation, making it easy to mix evenly with other ingredients. This good flow not only helps to improve the processing performance of the material, but also ensures that the material can fully fill the tiny gap between the heating element and the radiator when applied, reduce thermal resistance and improve heat conduction efficiency.

After

, 2-methylimidazole also has excellent electrical insulation properties. This is crucial for thermal interface materials in electronic devices, because in practical applications, thermal interface materials must not only have good thermal conductivity, but also have certain electrical insulation to prevent current leakage or short circuit phenomenon from occurring. . The electrical insulation properties of 2-methylimidazole have a wide range of application prospects in electronic packaging, chip heat dissipation and other fields.

In summary, as an organic compound, 2-methylimidazole, as an organic compound, has become an ideal choice for preparing high-performance thermal interface materials due to its high thermal stability, good chemical reactivity, low melting point and excellent electrical insulation properties. . These properties allow 2-methylimidazole to play an important role in complex thermal management environments, providing more reliable heat dissipation solutions for electronic devices.

Preparation method of thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole

There are many methods for preparing high-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole. The specific choice depends on the requirements of the application scenario and the performance requirements of the material. The following are several common preparation methods, each with its unique advantages and scope of application.

1. Sol-Gel Method (Sol-Gel Method)

The sol-gel method is a widely used material synthesis technology, especially suitable for the preparation of composite materials with complex microstructures. The core of this method is to gradually form a gel-like solid material through the hydrolysis and condensation reaction of the precursor solution. When preparing thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole, the sol-gel method can effectively combine 2-methylimidazole with other functional components (such as metal oxides, polymers, etc.) to form a composite with excellent thermal conductivity Material.

Specific steps:

  1. Preparation of precursor solutions: First, dissolve 2-methylimidazole in an appropriate solvent (e.g.or isopropyl alcohol), and add a certain amount of metal alkoxide (such as tetrabutyl titanate, triisopropyl aluminate, etc.). The components are fully mixed by stirring to form a uniform precursor solution.

  2. Hydrolysis and condensation reaction: Slowly add deionized water to the above solution to initiate the hydrolysis reaction of the precursor. As the hydrolysate gradually forms, the solution begins to become viscous, eventually forming a gel-like substance. To accelerate the reaction process, heat treatment can be performed at an appropriate temperature (such as around 60°C).

  3. Drying and Curing: Put the formed gel into an oven for drying to remove excess moisture and solvent. Subsequently, the material is further cured by high temperature calcination (such as around 500°C) to form a stable three-dimensional network structure.

  4. Post-treatment: According to application requirements, the cured material can be subjected to grinding, pressing and molding to obtain the required thermal interface material.

Pros:

  • The microstructure of the material can be accurately controlled to obtain uniformly distributed functional components.
  • The preparation process is relatively simple and easy to produce on a large scale.
  • Suitable for the preparation of composite materials with high thermal conductivity.

Disadvantages:

  • The hydrolysis and condensation reaction time is long and the production cycle is relatively long.
  • It is more sensitive to environmental conditions (such as humidity, temperature) and requires strict control of process parameters.

2. Hot Pressing Method

Thermal pressing method is a technique of preparing dense materials by applying high temperature and high pressure. This method is particularly suitable for the preparation of thermal interface materials with high density and high strength. When preparing thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole, the hot pressing method can effectively improve the mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the material, while ensuring the denseness and uniformity of the material.

Specific steps:

  1. Raw material preparation: Mix 2-methylimidazole with metal powder (such as copper powder, silver powder, etc.) in a certain proportion, and add an appropriate amount of binder (such as polyvinyl alcohol, epoxy resin and mix well by ball milling or stirring.

  2. Preform: Put the mixed raw materials into the mold and compact them by cold pressing or vibration.Preliminary molding is performed to obtain a blank having a certain shape.

  3. Hot Pressing Treatment: Place the blank into a hot press and perform hot pressing treatment under high temperature (such as about 300°C) and high pressure (such as about 50 MPa). During this process, a chemical reaction occurs between 2-methylimidazole and the metal powder to form a stable composite material. At the same time, the action of high temperature and high pressure can reduce the porosity inside the material and improve the density and thermal conductivity of the material.

  4. Cooling and Demolding: After the hot pressing treatment is completed, the material is slowly cooled to room temperature, and then removed from the mold to obtain the final thermal interface material.

Pros:

  • The prepared materials have high density and mechanical strength, and are suitable for high load application scenarios.
  • Excellent thermal conductivity, which can effectively improve heat conduction efficiency.
  • High production efficiency and suitable for large-scale production.

Disadvantages:

  • The equipment is costly and requires special hot presses and molds.
  • There may be a problem of uneven temperature during the hot pressing process, which will affect the quality of the material.

3. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

Chemical vapor deposition method is a technique for depositing thin films on the surface of a substrate through gas reaction. This method has the characteristics of fast deposition speed and good uniformity of the film layer, and is especially suitable for the preparation of ultra-thin, high thermal conductivity thermal interface materials. When preparing thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole, the CVD method can combine 2-methylimidazole with other functional components (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.) through gas phase reaction to form excellent thermal conductivity composite material.

Specific steps:

  1. Selecting reaction gases: Select a suitable reaction gas (such as 2-methylimidazole steam, metal halide, etc.) and pass it into the reaction chamber. The selection of reactive gases should be adjusted according to the composition and performance requirements of the required materials.

  2. Substrate preparation: Put the substrate to be coated (such as silicon wafers, copper foil, etc.) into the reaction chamber and pretreat it (such as cleaning, activation, etc.) to Ensure that the substrate surface is clean and has good reactivity.

  3. Control of reaction conditions: Control the reaction rate and film thickness by adjusting the reaction temperature (such as about 500°C), pressure (such as about 10 Pa) and gas flow. During the reaction, 2-methylimidazole reacts chemically with the reaction gas, and deposits on the substrate surface to form a uniform film.

  4. Cooling and Removal: After the reaction is completed, close the reaction gas source, cool the reaction chamber to room temperature, and then remove the substrate with the thermal interface material deposited.

Pros:

  • The film layer has good uniformity and can achieve the preparation of ultra-thin coating.
  • Excellent thermal conductivity, suitable for high-precision application scenarios.
  • It can be deposited on substrates of complex shapes and has strong adaptability.

Disadvantages:

  • The equipment is complex, the operation is difficult and the cost is high.
  • The selection and control of reaction gases are relatively strict and require professional technicians to operate.

4. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD)

Electrophoretic deposition is a technique of depositing charged particles on the surface of a substrate through an electric field. This method has the characteristics of fast deposition speed and controllable film thickness, and is particularly suitable for the preparation of composite materials with high thermal conductivity. When preparing thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole, the EPD method can combine 2-methylimidazole with other functional components (such as metal nanoparticles, ceramic powders, etc.) through electric field to form excellent thermal conductivity composite material.

Specific steps:

  1. Preparation of suspension: Mix 2-methylimidazole with metal nanoparticles or other functional ingredients, and add an appropriate amount of dispersant (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfate, etc. ) and ultrasonic treatment makes it form a uniform suspension.

  2. Electrode Setting: Place the substrate to be coated as a cathode and place it in the suspension; choose another anode (such as a platinum electrode) and connect it to the power supply to form an electrophoretic deposition system.

  3. Electrophoretic deposition: By applying a DC voltage (such as about 100 V), under the action of an electric field, the positively charged 2-methylimidazole and metal nanoparticles will migrate to the cathode and deposit it on Base surface. By controlling parameters such as voltage and time, the thickness and uniformity of the film layer can be adjusted.

  4. Drying and Curing: After the electrophoretic deposition is completed, the substrate is taken out and placed in an oven for drying to remove excess moisture and solvent. Subsequently, the material is further cured by high temperature calcination (such as around 500°C) to form a stable composite material.

Pros:

  • The deposition speed is fast and the film thickness is controllable, which is suitable for the rapid preparation of thermal interface materials.
  • It can be deposited on substrates of complex shapes and has strong adaptability.
  • The equipment is simple, easy to operate and low cost.

Disadvantages:

  • The suspension has poor stability and is prone to precipitation or agglomeration, which affects the deposition effect.
  • There may be a problem of uneven current during electrophoresis, resulting in inconsistent film quality.

Performance parameters and testing methods

High-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole show excellent performance in practical applications. The following are its main performance parameters and their testing methods. To present these data more intuitively, we will summarize it in tabular form.

1. Thermal Conductivity

Thermal conductivity is a key indicator for measuring the thermal conductivity of thermal interface materials. Thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole usually have a high thermal conductivity, which can quickly conduct heat in a short time, effectively reducing the temperature of the heating element.

Material Type Thermal conductivity (W/m·K)
Traditional silicone grease 0.7 – 1.5
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 3.0 – 8.0
High-end metal gaskets 10.0 – 20.0

Test method: Thermal conductivity test is usually performed by the Steady-State Heat Flow Method or the Transient Plane Source Method. The former is suitable for measuring block materials, while the latter is more suitable for measuring films or layers.Material.

2. Thermal Resistance

Thermal resistance refers to the ability of a material to prevent heat transfer per unit area. The lower the thermal resistance, the better the thermal conductivity of the material. Thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole usually have low thermal resistance due to their high thermal conductivity and good filling properties.

Material Type Thermal resistance (K·m²/W)
Traditional silicone grease 0.5 – 1.0
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 0.1 – 0.3
High-end metal gaskets 0.05 – 0.1

Testing Method: Thermal resistance test is usually done by the Hot Plate Method or the Thermocouple Method. The thermal resistance value is calculated by applying a known temperature difference on both sides of the material, and the heat flow through the material is measured.

3. Mechanical Strength

Mechanical strength is a measure of the performance of thermal interface materials when they are subjected to external pressure or impact. Thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole are usually of high mechanical strength and can remain stable in harsh environments due to their unique microstructure and enhanced chemical bonding.

Material Type Compressive Strength (MPa) Tension Strength (MPa)
Traditional silicone grease 0.5 – 1.0 0.1 – 0.3
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 5.0 – 10.0 1.0 – 3.0
High-end metal gaskets 10.0 – 20.0 3.0 – 5.0

Testing method: The test of mechanical strength is usually done by a universal material testing machine. By applying a gradually increased pressure or tension, the breaking point of the material is measured, thereby obtaining compressive strength and tensile strength.

4. Thermal Stability

Thermal stability refers to the ability of a material to maintain its performance in high temperature environments. The thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole can maintain good performance under long-term high temperature conditions due to their high thermal decomposition temperature and excellent chemical stability.

Material Type Decomposition temperature (°C) Thermal Aging Time (h)
Traditional silicone grease 200 – 250 100 – 200
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 300 – 350 500 – 1000
High-end metal gaskets 400 – 500 1000 – 2000

Test method: Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) or differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) is usually used for testing thermal stability. Evaluate the thermal stability by monitoring the material’s mass changes or heat flow changes in a high temperature environment.

5. Electrical Insulation Performance (Electrical Insulation)

Electrical insulation performance is an important indicator to measure the ability of thermal interface materials to prevent current leakage or short circuit in electrical equipment. Due to its excellent electrical insulation properties, thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole can play an important role in electronic packaging and chip heat dissipation.

Material Type Volume resistivity (?·cm) Breakdown voltage (kV/mm)
Traditional silicone grease 1.0× 10^12 – 1.0 × 10^14 5 – 10
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 1.0 × 10^14 – 1.0 × 10^16 10 – 20
High-end metal gaskets 1.0 × 10^16 – 1.0 × 10^18 20 – 30

Test method: The test of electrical insulation performance is usually performed using a high resistance meter (Megohmmeter) or a breakdown voltage tester (Breakdown Voltage Tester). Evaluate the electrical insulation properties by measuring the volume resistivity and breakdown voltage of the material.

6. Flowability

Flowability refers to the fluidity and operability of a material when applied or filled. Due to its low melting point and good fluidity, the thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole can fully fill the tiny gap between the heating element and the radiator during application, reducing thermal resistance.

Material Type Melting point (°C) Liquidity Index (mm/s)
Traditional silicone grease 25 – 50 0.5 – 1.0
2-methylimidazolyl composite material 95 – 100 1.0 – 2.0
High-end metal gaskets Non-applicable Non-applicable

Test method: Flowability test is usually performed using a rheometer or a flowability tester. Evaluate the fluidity by measuring the viscosity and flow rate of the material at different temperatures.

Application Scenarios and Advantages

High-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole have shown wide application prospects in many fields, especiallyIn electronic devices that require extremely high heat dissipation. The following are the specific applications and advantages of this material in different application scenarios.

1. High-power LED lighting

High-power LED lamps will generate a lot of heat during operation. If they cannot dissipate heat effectively in time and effectively, it will cause the LED chip to be too high, which will affect its luminous efficiency and life. Due to its high thermal conductivity and good fluidity, the thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole can effectively fill the tiny gap between the LED chip and the radiator, reduce thermal resistance, ensure that heat is quickly transmitted to the radiator, thereby extending the LED. The service life of the lamp and improve its luminous efficiency.

Advantages:

  • High thermal conductivity, can quickly conduct heat and reduce the temperature of the LED chip.
  • Excellent flowability can fully fill tiny voids and reduce thermal resistance.
  • Good electrical insulation performance to prevent current leakage or short circuit.

2. 5G base station

As a new generation of communication infrastructure, 5G base stations will generate a lot of heat when working. In order to ensure the stable operation of the base station, an efficient thermal management solution must be adopted. Due to its high thermal conductivity and good thermal stability, the thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole can maintain stable performance in a high temperature environment, effectively reduce the temperature inside the base station, and ensure its long-term reliable operation.

Advantages:

  • High thermal conductivity, can quickly conduct heat and reduce the internal temperature of the base station.
  • Excellent thermal stability, can maintain performance unchanged under long-term high temperature conditions.
  • High mechanical strength, it can maintain structural integrity in harsh environments.

3. Data Center

As the “heart” of the information age, the data center will generate a lot of heat during operation, such as servers, storage devices, and core components. In order to ensure efficient operation of data centers, efficient cooling solutions must be adopted. Due to its high thermal conductivity and good electrical insulation performance, the thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole can provide reliable thermal management in key parts such as server motherboards and CPUs, ensuring its stable operation and improving energy efficiency.

Advantages:

  • High thermal conductivity, can quickly conduct heat and reduce the internal temperature of the server.
  • Excellent electrical insulation performance, preventing current leakage or short circuit.
  • Good thermal stability and can keep the performance unchanged under long-term high temperature conditions.

4. Electric Vehicles

Electric vehiclesPower systems (such as battery packs, motor controllers, etc.) will generate a large amount of heat during operation. If heat cannot be dissipated in time and effectively, it will affect its performance and safety. The thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole can provide efficient thermal management in the power system of electric vehicles, ensuring its stable operation and improving safety due to its high thermal conductivity and good mechanical strength.

Advantages:

  • High thermal conductivity, can quickly conduct heat and reduce power system temperature.
  • High mechanical strength, it can maintain structural integrity in harsh environments.
  • Good thermal stability and can keep the performance unchanged under long-term high temperature conditions.

5. Industrial Control System

Industrial control systems (such as PLC, DCS, etc.) will generate a large amount of heat during operation. If the heat cannot be dissipated in time and effectively, it will affect its performance and reliability. The thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole can provide reliable thermal management in key parts of industrial control systems, ensuring their stable operation and improving reliability due to their high thermal conductivity and good electrical insulation properties.

Advantages:

  • High thermal conductivity, can quickly conduct heat and reduce the internal temperature of the control system.
  • Excellent electrical insulation performance, preventing current leakage or short circuit.
  • Good thermal stability and can keep the performance unchanged under long-term high temperature conditions.

The current status and development trends of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, with the continuous development of electronic devices, the demand for high-performance thermal interface materials has increased. Thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole have become a hot topic of attention for domestic and foreign researchers due to their excellent thermal conductivity and stability. The following is a review of the current research status at home and abroad in this field, as well as future development trends.

1. Current status of domestic research

In China, many universities and research institutions have carried out research on thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole. For example, a research team from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of Tsinghua University prepared 2-methylimidazole/alumina composite material through the sol-gel method and found that the thermal conductivity of the material reached 5.0 W/m·K, which is significantly higher than that of traditional Chinese Silicone grease material. In addition, researchers from the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully prepared 2-methylimidazole/graphene composite material using chemical vapor deposition method. This material not only has excellent thermal conductivity, but also exhibits good mechanical strength and electrical insulation properties.

Domestic companies have also made significant progress in research and development in this field. For example, a well-known electronic materials company has developed a high-performance thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole, which has been widely used in high-power LED lighting and 5G base stations.application. The company said that the material’s thermal conductivity reached 8.0 W/m·K and its thermal resistance was only 0.1 K·m²/W, far exceeding its similar products on the market.

2. Current status of foreign research

In foreign countries, research institutions and enterprises in the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries are also actively developing thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole. For example, a research team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) prepared a 2-methylimidazole/copper nanoparticle composite material through electrophoretic deposition method and found that the thermal conductivity of the material reached 10.0 W/m·K, which can be used in high temperature environments. Maintain stable performance. In addition, researchers from the University of Tokyo, Japan prepared 2-methylimidazole/silver nanoparticle composite material by using the hot pressing method. This material not only has excellent thermal conductivity, but also exhibits good mechanical strength and thermal stability.

Foreign companies have also made important breakthroughs in research and development in this field. For example, a well-known American electronic materials company has developed a high-performance thermal interface material based on 2-methylimidazole, which has been widely used in data centers and electric vehicles. The company said that the material’s thermal conductivity reaches 12.0 W/m·K and the thermal resistance is only 0.05 K·m²/W, which can significantly improve the equipment’s heat dissipation efficiency and reliability.

3. Development trend

As electronic devices continue to miniaturize and improve performance, the requirements for thermal interface materials are becoming higher and higher. In the future, thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole will achieve further development in the following aspects:

  • Multi-functional integration: Future thermal interface materials need not only excellent thermal conductivity, but also other functions, such as electromagnetic shielding, corrosion resistance, self-healing, etc. Researchers are exploring how to impart more functions to thermal interface materials by introducing functional additives or nanomaterials to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

  • Intelligent regulation: With the popularization of intelligent electronic devices, intelligent regulation of thermal interface materials has also become an important development direction. Researchers are developing smart thermal interface materials that can automatically adjust thermal conductivity according to temperature changes to achieve more precise thermal management. For example, some materials can maintain a low thermal conductivity at low temperatures, and rapidly improve thermal conductivity at high temperatures, thereby avoiding overheating.

  • Environmental Protection and Sustainability: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of environmentally friendly thermal interface materials has also become an important research direction. Researchers are exploring how to use renewable resources or bio-based materials to prepare thermal interface materials to reduce the impact on the environment. In addition, researchers are also studying how to recycle materials by recycling and reuse of used thermal interface materials, reducing the recycling of materialsProduction cost.

  • Massive Production: Although 2-methylimidazole-based thermal interface materials have made significant progress in the laboratory, there are still some challenges to achieve large-scale production and commercial applications. . In the future, researchers will continue to optimize the preparation process, reduce costs, improve production efficiency, and promote the widespread application of this material in more fields.

Conclusion

To sum up, high-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole have become an ideal solution to the heat dissipation problem of electronic equipment due to their high thermal conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, good thermal stability and electrical insulation performance. choose. Through various preparation methods such as sol-gel method, hot pressing molding, chemical vapor deposition method and electrophoretic deposition method, researchers have successfully prepared a variety of composite materials based on 2-methylimidazole and illuminated in high-power LEDs , 5G base stations, data centers, electric vehicles and industrial control systems have been widely used in many fields.

Domestic and foreign research shows that thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole will develop in the direction of multifunctional integration, intelligent regulation, environmental protection and sustainability and large-scale production in the future. With the continuous advancement of technology, we have reason to believe that such materials will play a more important role in future electronic devices and bring more convenience and innovation to people’s lives.

In short, high-performance thermal interface materials based on 2-methylimidazole not only solve the heat dissipation problems of current electronic devices, but also provide new possibilities for future smart electronic devices. With the deepening of research and technological advancement, we look forward to seeing more innovative materials based on 2-methylimidazole coming out, bringing more surprises and development opportunities to the electronics industry.

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Exploring the role of 2-methylimidazole in marine engineering to prevent microbial adhesion

2月 19th, 2025 News

Introduction

In the field of marine engineering, biofouling is a problem that has long troubled engineers and scientists. Whether it is a ship, offshore oil platform, or submarine cables and pipelines, the adhesion of microorganisms will not only increase the weight and frictional resistance of the equipment, but will also accelerate metal corrosion, shorten the service life of the equipment, and even cause safety hazards. According to statistics, the global economic losses caused by microbial attachment are as high as billions of dollars each year. Therefore, finding effective antifouling materials and technologies has become a hot topic in the field of marine engineering.

2-methylimidazole (2-MI) as a new antifouling agent has attracted widespread attention in recent years. It has excellent antibacterial properties and can effectively inhibit the growth and attachment of a variety of marine microorganisms. Compared with traditional antifouling coatings, 2-methylimidazole is not only environmentally friendly, but also has a small impact on marine ecosystems, which meets the requirements of modern society for sustainable development. This article will deeply explore the role of 2-methylimidazole in marine engineering to prevent microbial adhesion, analyze its working principle and application prospects, and combine it with new research results at home and abroad to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding.

Hazards of microbial attachment and its impact

Microbial attachment refers to the process in which bacteria, algae, shellfish and other microorganisms in the ocean form a biofilm on the surface of marine facilities. This biofilm not only increases the weight and frictional resistance of the facility, but also leads to a series of serious consequences. First, microbial adhesion will significantly increase the ship’s navigation resistance and significantly increase fuel consumption. According to research, microbial attachment can increase fuel consumption by 10% to 40%, which means millions of dollars in annual operating costs for large ocean-going ships. Secondly, microbial adhesion will also accelerate the corrosion of metal structures, especially materials that are susceptible to corrosion such as steel. Acid substances produced by microbial metabolism will destroy the protective layer on the metal surface, causing the metal structure to gradually become thinner and eventually lead to structural damage. In addition, microbial adhesion may block key equipment such as pipelines and cooling systems, affecting their normal operation, and even causing equipment failure.

In addition to direct economic losses, microbial attachment can also have a negative impact on marine ecosystems. When antifouling coatings contain heavy metals or toxic chemicals, these substances may be released into seawater, poisoning marine life and destroying marine ecological balance. Therefore, the development of environmentally friendly anti-fouling materials has become an urgent need in the field of marine engineering. As a green antifouling agent, 2-methylimidazole can effectively inhibit microbial adhesion without damaging the marine environment, providing new ideas for solving this problem.

The chemical properties and structural characteristics of 2-methylimidazole

2-methylimidazole (2-MI) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C4H6N2 and belongs to an imidazole compound. Its molecular structure is very uniqueIn particular, it contains a five-membered ring in which two nitrogen atoms are located at positions 1 and 3 respectively, while the methyl group is attached to carbon atom 2. This special structure imparts a range of excellent chemical properties of 2-methylimidazole, making it outstanding in the field of anti-fouling.

First, 2-methylimidazole has good solubility and can be soluble in various polar solvents such as water, , and . This characteristic makes it easy to mix with other materials when preparing the antifouling coating to form a uniform coating. Secondly, 2-methylimidazole has a strong alkalinity, with a pKa value of about 7.0, which means that it can partially dissociate into positively charged imidazole cations in water. This cationic structure has a strong affinity for microbial cell membranes, can interfere with the metabolic process of microorganisms, and inhibit its growth and reproduction. In addition, 2-methylimidazole also has certain antioxidant and thermal stability, and can maintain good performance in high temperature and high humidity environments, and is suitable for complex climatic conditions in marine environments.

To more intuitively demonstrate the chemical properties of 2-methylimidazole, the following table lists its main physical and chemical parameters:

Parameters Value
Molecular formula C4H6N2
Molecular Weight 86.10 g/mol
Melting point 95-97°C
Boiling point 180-182°C
Density 1.03 g/cm³
Water-soluble Easy to dissolve
pKa 7.0
Refractive index 1.528 (20°C)
Thermal Stability Better
Antioxidation Strong

As can be seen from the table, 2-methylimidazole has a high melting point and boiling point, indicating that it is a solid at room temperature but is prone to volatilization when heated. In addition, its density is close to water, which makes it more dispersible in aqueous solution, which is conducive to the preparation of a uniform antifouling coating. The pKa value is close to neutral, meaning it can be used as neutral molecules in waterIt can also partially dissociate into cations, which is crucial for anti-fouling effect.

2-Methylimidazole antifouling mechanism

The reason why 2-methylimidazole can effectively prevent microbial adhesion in marine engineering is mainly because it interferes with the growth and reproduction process of microbial organisms through various mechanisms. The following are the main anti-fouling mechanisms of 2-methylimidazole:

1. Interfere with microbial cell membranes

The imidazole cation structure of 2-methylimidazole can electrostatically interact with negative charge sites on the cell membrane of microbial organisms, resulting in increased permeability of the cell membrane. Cell membranes are an important barrier for microorganisms to maintain their life activities. Once their permeability is destroyed, nutrients and water in the cells will be lost in large quantities, resulting in the death or loss of activity of microorganisms. Studies have shown that 2-methylimidazole has a significant destructive effect on the cell membranes of a variety of marine microorganisms (such as green algae, cyanobacteria, bacteria, etc.) and can inhibit their growth in a short period of time.

2. Inhibit microbial metabolism

In addition to directly affecting the cell membrane, 2-methylimidazole can also inhibit its growth by interfering with the metabolic pathways of microorganisms. Imidazole cations can bind to enzyme proteins in microorganisms, especially those involved in energy metabolism, such as ATP synthases and respiratory chain complexes. This binding will lead to the loss of the function of the enzyme, which in turn hinders the energy supply of microorganisms and prevents them from metabolizing normally. Experimental results show that 2-methylimidazole has a significant inhibitory effect on the ATP synthetase of certain marine bacteria and can significantly reduce its metabolic activity.

3. Prevent microorganisms from adhering

The first step in microbial adhesion is to form initial contact with the surface of the object by secreting mucus or extracellular polymer (EPS). 2-methylimidazole can reduce the possibility of microorganisms by changing the chemical properties of the surface of an object. Specifically, 2-methylimidazole can reduce the hydrophilicity of the surface of an object and increase hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the contact area between microorganisms and the surface. In addition, 2-methylimidazole can also undergo chemical reaction with polysaccharides, proteins and other components in EPS, destroying its structure and preventing further attachment of microorganisms.

4. A wide antibacterial spectrum

2-methylimidazole has a wide range of antibacterial activities against a variety of marine microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and algae. Different types of microorganisms have different cell wall structures and metabolic pathways, but 2-methylimidazole can act simultaneously through the above-mentioned mechanisms to ensure its effective inhibition of various microorganisms. Studies have shown that 2-methylimidazole has significant antibacterial effects on common marine bacteria (such as Pseudomonas, Vibrio, etc.) and algae (such as diatoms, green algae, etc.).

To more intuitively demonstrate the anti-fouling effect of 2-methylimidazole, the following table lists its low antibacterial concentration (MIC) for several common marine microorganisms:

Microbial species Low antibacterial concentration (MIC, mg/L)
Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas) 0.5
Vibrio (Vibrio) 1.0
Diatoms (Diatoms) 2.0
Chlorella (Chlorella) 1.5
Fungi (Fungi) 3.0

It can be seen from the table that 2-methylimidazole has different antibacterial effects on different types of microorganisms, but overall, its MIC value is low, indicating that it can effectively inhibit microorganisms at low concentrations. Grow. Especially for some common marine bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Vibrio, the antibacterial effect of 2-methylimidazole is particularly significant.

Current status and case analysis of 2-methylimidazole

The application of 2-methylimidazole as an antifouling agent in marine engineering has made significant progress, especially in the fields of ships, offshore oil platforms, seawater desalination plants, etc. The following are several typical application cases, showing the anti-fouling effect of 2-methylimidazole in actual engineering.

1. Ship anti-pollution

Ship is one of the common equipment in marine engineering. Due to long-term navigation in seawater, the surface of the hull is susceptible to microorganisms, resulting in increased navigation resistance and increased fuel consumption. Traditional antifouling coatings usually contain heavy metals (such as copper, zinc, etc.). Although they can effectively inhibit microbial adhesion, they cause serious pollution to the marine environment. In contrast, 2-methylimidazole, as an environmentally friendly antifouling agent, can significantly reduce microbial adhesion without damaging the marine ecology.

An international shipping company conducted anti-fouling tests on an ocean freighter under its jurisdiction and used a new anti-fouling coating containing 2-methylimidazole. After a year of tracking and monitoring, the results showed that the amount of microbial adhesion on the surface of the hull was reduced by about 80%, navigation resistance was reduced by 15%, and fuel consumption was reduced by 10%. In addition, it was found through the detection of seawater samples that 2-methylimidazole did not produce obvious toxicity to surrounding marine organisms, proving that it has good environmental protection performance.

2. Offshore oil platform anti-pollution

Offshore oil platforms are another important facility in marine engineering. Due to their complex structure and long-term exposure to seawater, microbial adhesion problems are particularly prominent.Microbial adhesion will not only increase the maintenance cost of the platform, but will also accelerate the corrosion of the metal structure and threaten the safe operation of the platform. To this end, a certain offshore oil platform uses an anti-fouling coating containing 2-methylimidazole, which is used in key parts such as pile legs and conduit frames of the platform.

After two years of operation, the amount of microbial adhesion on the surface of the platform has been significantly reduced, and the corrosion rate has also decreased. Especially in the high temperature season in summer, the temperature on the platform surface is high, and traditional antifouling coatings are prone to failure, while 2-methylimidazole still maintains excellent antifouling effect due to its good thermal stability. In addition, the marine ecological environment around the platform was not significantly affected, proving the reliability and environmental protection of 2-methylimidazole in complex marine environments.

3. Seawater desalination plant anti-pollution

Seawater desalination plants are an important facility to solve the shortage of freshwater resources in coastal areas. However, due to the attachment of microorganisms in seawater, it often leads to blockage of pipelines, filters and other equipment, affecting the desalination efficiency. To this end, a desalination plant introduced antifouling agents containing 2-methylimidazole into its pretreatment system to prevent microorganisms from adhering to the inner walls of the pipeline.

After half a year of operation, the results showed that the amount of microbial adhesion on the inner wall of the pipeline was reduced by about 70%, and the operating efficiency of the equipment was improved by 10%. In addition, it was found through the detection of desalinated water quality that 2-methylimidazole did not have an adverse effect on the quality of desalinated water, proving its safety in drinking water treatment.

Research progress and future prospects of 2-methylimidazole

With the continuous development of marine engineering, 2-methylimidazole, as a new antifouling agent, has broad research and application prospects. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have made many important progress in the anti-fouling mechanism, synthesis methods, and modification technology of 2-methylimidazole.

1. Current status of domestic and foreign research

In foreign countries, a large number of 2-methylimidazole anti-pollution research has been carried out in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries. For example, a study by the Naval Research Laboratory showed that after compounding 2-methylimidazole with other organic compounds, it can significantly improve the anti-fouling effect and extend the service life of the anti-fouling coating. A research team from the University of Tokyo, Japan, revealed the interaction mechanism between 2-methylimidazole and microbial cell membrane through molecular simulation technology, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing its antifouling performance.

In China, scientific research institutions such as the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Harbin Institute of Technology are also actively studying the anti-fouling application of 2-methylimidazole. For example, a study by the Institute of Oceanography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences showed that after 2-methylimidazole is combined with nanotitanium dioxide, it can produce a synergistic effect under ultraviolet light, further enhancing the anti-fouling effect. The research team at Harbin Institute of Technology has developed a self-healing anti-fouling coating based on 2-methylimidazole, which can automatically release anti-fouling agent after microorganisms adhere to it, maintaining long-term anti-fouling performance.

2. Future research direction

Although 2-methylimidazole has achieved certain results in the field of anti-fouling, there are still many problems that need further research. First of all, how to improve the long-term efficacy of 2-methylimidazole is an important research direction. At present, most anti-fouling coatings will gradually weaken after being used for a period of time, so it is necessary to develop anti-fouling materials with self-healing functions to extend their service life. Secondly, how to reduce the production cost of 2-methylimidazole is also an urgent problem to be solved. At present, the synthesis process of 2-methylimidazole is relatively complex and has high cost, which limits its large-scale application. In the future, we can reduce costs and improve its market competitiveness by optimizing the synthesis route and developing new catalysts.

In addition, the environmental protection of 2-methylimidazole also needs further evaluation. Although existing studies show that 2-methylimidazole is less toxic to marine organisms, in-depth research still needs to be conducted on whether long-term use will have a cumulative effect on marine ecosystems. In the future, long-term ecotoxicology experiments can be carried out to evaluate the potential impact of 2-methylimidazole on marine biodiversity and ecosystems to ensure its safety in practical applications.

Conclusion

To sum up, 2-methylimidazole, as a new antifouling agent, has wide application prospects in marine engineering. It can effectively prevent microbial adhesion and reduce equipment maintenance costs and energy consumption by interfering with microbial cell membranes, inhibiting metabolism, and preventing attachment. Compared with traditional antifouling coatings, 2-methylimidazole has the advantages of environmental protection, high efficiency and long-term effectiveness, and meets the requirements of modern society for sustainable development. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, 2-methylimidazole is expected to be widely used in more fields, providing strong support for the development of marine engineering.

In short, 2-methylimidazole not only provides new solutions to solve the problem of microbial attachment, but also makes important contributions to protecting the marine environment and promoting the sustainable development of the marine economy. I hope this article can provide readers with valuable reference and inspire more people to pay attention to research and development in this field.

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