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Combination of polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 and environmentally friendly production process

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material widely used in all walks of life, and is highly favored for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance and processing properties. With the increase of environmental awareness and the popularization of sustainable development concepts, traditional polyurethane production processes have gradually exposed their shortcomings in environmental friendliness. For example, catalysts used in traditional processes tend to contain heavy metals or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only cause pollution to the environment, but also potentially harm human health. Therefore, developing environmentally friendly polyurethane production processes has become an urgent need in the industry.

In this context, polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 came into being. This catalyst has unique delayed catalytic characteristics and can maintain low activity at the beginning of the reaction, thereby effectively controlling the reaction rate and avoiding the occurrence of premature gelation. This characteristic makes the polyurethane production process more controllable, reduces the production of waste and improves production efficiency. At the same time, the 8154 catalyst itself has low toxicity and low volatility, meets modern environmental protection requirements, and can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment.

This article will focus on the combination of polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 and environmentally friendly production processes, analyze its application advantages in polyurethane production, and elaborate on its performance in different application scenarios by citing relevant domestic and foreign literature. The article will also combine specific product parameters and experimental data to further verify the feasibility and advantages of 8154 catalyst in environmentally friendly production processes. In addition, the article will compare the performance differences between traditional catalysts and 8154 catalysts to provide readers with a comprehensive perspective and help understand the important role of 8154 catalysts in promoting the green transformation of the polyurethane industry.

Basic Principles of Polyurethane Retardation Catalyst 8154

Polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 is a highly efficient catalyst specially designed for polyurethane production. Its main components are organometallic compounds, usually based on elements such as tin and bismuth. Compared with traditional fast catalysts, the unique feature of 8154 catalyst is its delayed catalytic properties, that is, it maintains a low activity at the beginning of the reaction. As the reaction temperature increases or the time increases, the catalyst gradually releases the active ingredients, thereby Achieve accurate control of reaction rate.

1. Delayed catalytic mechanism

8154 The delayed catalytic mechanism of catalysts mainly depends on the special functional groups in their molecular structure. These functional groups can weakly interact with the isocyanate groups (-NCO) and hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the polyurethane raw materials at room temperature to form a stable intermediate. The presence of this intermediate causes the reaction to progress slowly in the initial stage, avoiding the occurrence of premature gelation. As the reaction temperature increases or the time extends, the intermediate gradually decomposes, releasing catalytic species with higher activity, thereby accelerating the reaction process.

Study shows that the delayed catalytic effect of 8154 catalyst is closely related to the coordination number in its molecular structure. Higher coordination numbers help to form more stable intermediates, thereby extending the delay time of the catalyst. In addition, the particle size and dispersion of the catalyst will also affect its delayed catalytic performance. Small particle size and good dispersion can improve the active center density of the catalyst, ensuring that it performs an excellent catalytic effect at an appropriate time point.

2. Environmental protection

Another important feature of 8154 catalyst is its environmental protection. Traditional polyurethane catalysts such as dilauri dibutyltin (DBTL) and sinia (T9) have high catalytic efficiency, but contain heavy metal components and are prone to release harmful substances during the production process, posing a potential threat to the environment and human health. In contrast, the 8154 catalyst uses heavy metal-free organometallic compounds, which have low toxicity and low volatility, and meets modern environmental protection requirements.

According to relevant standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 8154 catalysts are much lower than those of traditional catalysts, and they are biodegradable and will not cause long-term pollution to water and soil. . In addition, the use of 8154 catalyst can also reduce the amount of solvent used during the production process, further reduce the emission of VOCs, and improve the overall environmental protection performance.

3. Scope of application

8154 catalyst is suitable for a variety of polyurethane production, including rigid foams, soft foams, elastomers, coatings and adhesives. Due to its delayed catalytic properties, the 8154 catalyst is particularly suitable for application scenarios that require long-term operation or complex molding processes, such as large-scale mold injection molding, spray foaming, etc. In these application scenarios, the 8154 catalyst can effectively extend the reaction time and ensure that the product has uniform density and good physical properties.

8154 Product parameters of catalyst

In order to better understand the performance characteristics of 8154 catalyst, the following table summarizes its main product parameters:

parameter name Unit Value Range Remarks
Appearance – Light yellow transparent liquid No precipitates, good fluidity
Density g/cm³ 0.95-1.05 Measurement at 25°C
Viscosity mPa·s 50-150 Measurement at 25°C
Active ingredient content % 10-15 Organometallic compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) g/L <50 Complied with EPA standards
Flashpoint °C >60 Close cup measurement
pH value – 7-8 Measurement at 25°C
Storage temperature °C 0-30 Stay away from light, sealed
Shelf life month 12 Storage under specified conditions

As can be seen from the table, the 8154 catalyst has a lower density and viscosity, which facilitates mixing and dispersion during the production process. Its active ingredient content is moderate, which can reduce unnecessary additions and reduce production costs while ensuring catalytic effects. In addition, the VOCs emissions of 8154 catalyst are extremely low, meet strict environmental protection standards, and are suitable for application scenarios with high environmental requirements.

Application of 8154 Catalyst in Environmentally friendly production processes

As the global focus on environmental protection is increasing, the production methods of the polyurethane industry are also constantly developing towards green and sustainable directions. As an environmentally friendly delay catalyst, 8154 catalyst has shown wide application prospects in the environmentally friendly polyurethane production process with its unique delayed catalytic characteristics and low toxicity. The following are the specific application cases and their advantages of 8154 catalyst in different types of polyurethane products.

1. Application in the production of rigid foam

Rough polyurethane foam is widely used in building insulation, refrigeration equipment and other fields. During its production process, it needs to accurately control the foaming speed and density to ensure the insulation performance and mechanical strength of the product. Traditional catalysts such as DBTL and T9 show faster catalytic rates in the production of rigid foams, which can easily lead to uneven foaming and even local premature gelation, affecting product quality.

In contrast, the delayed catalytic properties of the 8154 catalyst give it a significant advantage in rigid foam production. Research shows that the 8154 catalyst can effectively extend the foaming time, ensure that the foam fully expands in the mold, and form a uniform and dense structure. In addition, the low volatility and low toxicity of the 8154 catalyst also helps reduce harmful gas emissions during the production process, improve the working environment, and reduce the potential risks to the health of the operators.

A study conducted by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany showed that rigid polyurethane foam produced using 8154 catalyst has a thermal conductivity of about 5% lower than that produced by traditional catalysts and has an increase of more than 10% density uniformity. This not only improves the insulation performance of the product, but also reduces the use of materials and reduces production costs.

2. Application in soft foam production

Soft polyurethane foam is mainly used in furniture, mattresses, car seats and other fields. It needs to control the softness and resilience of the foam during its production process. Traditional catalysts often lead to excessive foam or insufficient resilience in soft foam production, affecting the comfort and durability of the product. In addition, the high volatility of traditional catalysts will also lead to a large amount of VOCs emissions during the production process, which does not meet modern environmental protection requirements.

8154 The delayed catalytic properties of the catalyst enable it to exhibit excellent performance in soft foam production. It maintains low activity at the beginning of the reaction, ensuring that the foam expands fully within the mold to form a soft and elastic structure. As the reaction temperature increases, the 8154 catalyst gradually releases the active ingredients, accelerates the cross-linking reaction, and imparts good mechanical properties to the foam. Experimental data show that the compressive permanent deformation rate of soft polyurethane foam produced using 8154 catalyst is about 15% lower than that of foam produced by traditional catalysts, and the rebound is 8%.

In addition, the low volatility of the 8154 catalyst significantly reduces VOCs emissions during the production process, complying with the requirements of the EU REACH regulations and the Chinese GB/T 35603-2017 standards. This not only helps protect the environment, but also enhances the social responsibility image of the company and enhances market competitiveness.

3. Application in elastomer production

Polyurethane elastomers have excellent wear resistance, tear resistance and oil resistance, and are widely used in soles, conveyor belts, seals and other fields. During the production process of elastomers, the speed and degree of crosslinking reactions need to be precisely controlled to ensure the mechanical properties and service life of the product. Traditional catalysts often lead to excessive or insufficient crosslinking in elastomer production, affecting the performance and quality of the product.

8154 The delayed catalytic properties of the catalyst enable it to exhibit excellent performance in elastomer production. It can maintain low activity at the beginning of the reaction, ensuring that the crosslinking reaction is carried out at the appropriate temperature and time, and avoiding excessive or insufficient crosslinking. Experimental results show that the tensile strength of the polyurethane elastomer produced using 8154 catalyst is about 10% higher than that of the elastomer produced by traditional catalysts, and the elongation of break is increased by 15%.

In addition, the low toxicity of the 8154 catalyst makes it safer and more reliable in elastomer production, and meets international safety requirements for food contact materials. This is particularly important for polyurethane elastomers used in food processing equipment and medical devices.

4. Application in the production of coatings and adhesives

Polyurethane coatings and adhesives are widely used in construction, automobiles, electronics and other fields due to their excellent adhesion, weather resistance and chemical resistance. Traditional catalysts often cause too fast curing in coatings and adhesives production, affectingConstruction time and coating quality. In addition, the high volatility of traditional catalysts will also lead to large emissions of VOCs, which does not meet modern environmental protection requirements.

8154 The delayed catalytic properties of the catalyst enable it to exhibit excellent performance in coating and adhesive production. It maintains low activity at the beginning of the reaction, ensuring that the coating has sufficient open time during construction, making it easier for operators to apply and trim. As the reaction temperature increases, the 8154 catalyst gradually releases the active ingredients, accelerates the curing reaction, and imparts good mechanical properties and durability to the coating.

Experimental data show that the drying time of polyurethane coatings produced using 8154 catalyst is approximately 30% longer than that of paints produced by traditional catalysts, and the hardness and adhesion of the coating are increased by 12% and 15% respectively. In addition, the low volatility of the 8154 catalyst significantly reduces VOCs emissions during the production process, complying with the requirements of the US ASTM D2369-16 standard and the Chinese GB/T 23986-2009 standard.

Comparison of properties of 8154 catalysts and traditional catalysts

In order to more intuitively demonstrate the advantages of 8154 catalyst in environmentally friendly polyurethane production processes, this paper compares the performance of 8154 catalyst with common traditional catalysts such as DBTL and T9. The following are the comparison results based on multiple experimental data and literature.

1. Catalytic efficiency

Catalytic Type Catalytic efficiency (measured by reaction time) Remarks
DBTL 10-15 minutes Fast reaction speed can easily lead to premature gelation
T9 12-18 minutes The reaction speed is moderate, but there is still a risk of gelation
8154 20-30 minutes Delayed catalysis, controllable reaction time

It can be seen from the table that the catalytic efficiency of the 8154 catalyst is relatively low, but this is the embodiment of its delayed catalytic characteristics. The 8154 catalyst can maintain low activity at the beginning of the reaction, avoid premature gelation, thereby extending the reaction time and ensuring that the product has uniform density and good physical properties. In contrast, DBTL and T9 catalysts have higher catalytic efficiency, but in some application scenarios, it may lead to out-of-control reactions and affect product quality.

2. Environmental protection

Catalytic Type VOCs emissions (g/L) Heavy metal content (ppm) Biodegradability Remarks
DBTL >100 50-100 Poor Contains heavy metals, which are harmful to the environment
T9 >80 30-50 Poor Contains heavy metals, which are harmful to the environment
8154 <50 0 Better No heavy metals, low VOCs emissions

From the environmental perspective, the 8154 catalyst has obvious advantages. Its VOCs emissions are much lower than those of DBTL and T9 catalysts, and meet modern environmental standards. In addition, the 8154 catalyst does not contain heavy metals, has good biodegradability, and will not cause long-term pollution to water and soil. In contrast, DBTL and T9 catalysts contain a certain amount of heavy metals, which are prone to release harmful substances during production, posing a potential threat to the environment and human health.

3. Cost-effective

Catalytic Type Additional amount (wt%) Production cost (yuan/ton) Scrap rate (%) Remarks
DBTL 0.5-1.0 1200-1500 5-8 Fast reaction speed, high waste rate
T9 0.8-1.2 1300-1600 4-7 The reaction rate is moderate, the waste rate is moderate
8154 0.3-0.6 1100-1400 2-4 Reaction time is controllable, waste rate is low

From the cost-effective point of view, the 8154 catalyst is added at a low level, the production cost is relatively low, and the waste rate is low, which can effectively reduce production costs. In addition, the delayed catalytic characteristics of the 8154 catalyst make the production process more controllable, reduce the generation of waste and further improve economic benefits. In contrast, the amount of DBTL and T9 catalysts added is larger, the production cost is higher, and the waste rate is higher, which increases the production cost.

Conclusion and Outlook

To sum up, the application of polyurethane delay catalyst 8154 in environmentally friendly production processes has shown significant advantages. Its unique delayed catalytic characteristics make the production process more controllable, avoid premature gelation, and ensure product uniformity and excellent physical properties. At the same time, the low toxicity and low volatility of 8154 catalyst meet modern environmental protection requirements and significantly reduces the negative impact on the environment. By comparing the performance of traditional catalysts, 8154 catalyst has performed outstandingly in terms of catalytic efficiency, environmental protection and cost-effectiveness, and has broad application prospects.

In the future, with the increasing strictness of environmental protection regulations and technological advancement, 8154 catalyst is expected to be widely used in more polyurethane production fields. Researchers can further optimize the molecular structure and preparation process of the catalyst to improve its catalytic performance and environmental protection. In addition, the development of new environmentally friendly catalysts is also an important research direction in the future, aiming to provide a greener approach to the polyurethane industry.?Efficient solution.

The technical principle of polyurethane delayed catalyst 8154 extending reaction time

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in many fields such as construction, automobile, home appliances, and furniture. Its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance and processing properties make it an indispensable part of modern industry. However, in practical applications, the reaction rate and curing time of polyurethane have a crucial impact on the final performance of the product. A too fast reaction will lead to problems such as foam collapse and surface defects, while a too slow reaction will extend the production cycle and increase costs. Therefore, how to effectively control the reaction rate of polyurethane has become a hot topic in research.

As a key component in regulating the reaction rate of polyurethane, the delayed catalyst can significantly extend the reaction time and thus improve the processing performance and final quality of the product. As a typical delay catalyst, 8154 has been widely used in the polyurethane industry due to its excellent performance and wide applicability. This article will deeply explore the technical principles of 8154 delay catalyst, analyze its performance in different application scenarios, and combine relevant domestic and foreign literature to elaborate on its action mechanism and optimization strategies.

The structure of the article is as follows: First, introduce the basic reaction mechanism of polyurethane and its requirements for catalysts; then analyze the product parameters and technical characteristics of delayed catalysts in detail; then discuss the specific technical principles of extending the reaction time, including its chemical structure, The mechanism of action and comparison with other catalysts; the advantages and challenges of 8154 in practical applications are summarized and future research directions are proposed.

The basic reaction mechanism of polyurethane and its demand for catalysts

Polyurethane is a type of polymer material produced by gradual addition polymerization reaction of isocyanate (Isocyanate, -NCO) and polyol (Polyol, -OH). The basic reaction equation is:

[ R-NCO + R’-OH rightarrow R-NH-CO-O-R’ ]

In this process, the isocyanate group (-NCO) reacts with the hydroxyl group (-OH) to form a aminomethyl ester bond (-NH-CO-O-), and then gradually grows into polymer chains. In addition to the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, other side reactions may also be involved in the polyurethane system, such as hydrolysis reaction, carbon dioxide generation reaction, etc., which will affect the performance of the final product.

1. Reaction of isocyanate and polyol

The reaction of isocyanate with polyol is the core step in polyurethane synthesis. Depending on the ratio and conditions of the reactants, different polyurethane structures can be generated, such as linear polyurethane, crosslinked polyurethane or foam polyurethane. The reaction rate is affected by a variety of factors, including temperature, humidity, reactant concentration, and the type and amount of catalyst. Typically, isocyanate reacts very quickly with polyols, especially under high temperature and humidity conditions, and the reaction may be completed in seconds. Although this helps improve production efficiency, it can also lead to problems such as foam collapse and surface unevenness, especially in foaming processes.

2. Hydrolysis reaction and carbon dioxide formation

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, the presence of moisture will trigger a series of side reactions. Water reacts with isocyanate to form amines and carbon dioxide. The specific reaction formula is:

[ R-NCO + H_2O rightarrow R-NH_2 + CO_2 ]

The generated amine further reacts with isocyanate to form an urea bond (-NH-CO-NH-). This process not only consumes part of the isocyanate, but also can generate a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, causing the foam to expand excessively or unevenly. In addition, the hydrolysis reaction will accelerate the aging of polyurethane and reduce its durability. Therefore, controlling the rate of hydrolysis reaction is crucial to ensuring product quality.

3. The action of catalyst

In order to regulate the reaction rate of polyurethane, the application of catalysts is particularly important. The catalyst can reduce the activation energy of the reaction, promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, and inhibit unnecessary side reactions. According to the different catalytic mechanisms, polyurethane catalysts are mainly divided into two categories: tertiary amine catalysts and metal salt catalysts.

  • Term amine catalysts: This type of catalyst enhances its nucleophilicity by providing electrons to isocyanate groups, thereby accelerating the reaction. Common tertiary amine catalysts include dimethylamine (DMEA), triamine (TEA), etc. They have high catalytic activity and can promote reactions at lower temperatures, but they are prone to trigger side reactions, resulting in foam instability.

  • Metal Salt Catalysts: This type of catalyst promotes the reaction between isocyanate and polyols through coordinated action, while inhibiting the hydrolysis reaction. Common metal salt catalysts include octyl tin (SnOct), dilaury dibutyl tin (DBTL), etc. They have good selectivity and can function stably over a wide temperature range, but have relatively low catalytic activity and require a higher dosage.

4. Demand for delayed catalysts

In some application scenarios, especially in foaming processes and thick layer casting processes, excessively fast reaction rates will lead to foam collapse, surface defects and other problems, affecting the appearance and performance of the product. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to develop a delayed catalyst that can effectively extend the reaction time. The delay catalyst can slow down the reaction rate and extend the operating time without affecting the performance of the final product, thereby improving production efficiency and product quality.

8154 Product parameters and technical characteristics of delayed catalyst

8154 is a delay catalyst specially designed for polyurethane systems, with excellent delay effect and good compatibility. It can significantly extend the reaction time without affecting the performance of the final product, and is especially suitable for foaming, spraying, casting and other processes. The following are the main product parameters and technical features of 8154 delay catalyst:

1. Chemical composition and physical properties

parameter name 8154 Delay Catalyst
Chemical composition Carboxylic Salt Complex
Appearance Light yellow transparent liquid
Density (20°C, g/cm³) 1.05 ± 0.05
Viscosity (25°C, mPa·s) 50 ± 10
pH value (1% aqueous solution) 6.5 ± 0.5
Flash point (°C) >90
Solution Easy soluble in polyols

8154’s main ingredient is a carboxy salt complex with good solubility and stability. Its low viscosity and moderate density make it easy to mix with other raw materials without affecting the flowability of the polyurethane system. In addition, the pH value of 8154 is close to neutral and will not have adverse effects on polyols and other additives, and has good compatibility.

2. Delay effect and reaction rate control

8154’s major feature is its excellent delay effect. Research shows that 8154 can significantly extend the reaction time of polyurethane at room temperature, which is specifically manifested as:

  • Extended bubble time: In the foaming process, 8154 can extend the bubble time from several minutes to more than ten minutes, or even longer, depending on the formulation and process conditions. This provides operators with more time to perform mold filling and surface trimming, reducing the risk of foam collapse.

  • Extend gel time: In the casting process, 8154 can extend the gel time from tens of seconds to several minutes, making the molding of thick-layer products more uniformly, avoiding excessive reactions The internal bubbles and surface defects are caused.

  • Extended curing time: 8154 not only extends the foaming time and gel time, but also effectively delays the process of final curing, making the product remain plastic for a long time, making it easier to follow-up processing and modification .

3. Temperature sensitivity and adaptability

8154’s delay effect is closely related to its use temperature. Studies have shown that the delay effect of 8154 at low temperatures is more significant, and as the temperature increases, its delay effect gradually weakens. Specifically:

  • Low Temperature Environment (<20°C): 8154 shows a strong delay effect, can significantly extend the reaction time at low temperatures, and is suitable for construction and winter production in cold areas.

  • Face Temperature Environment (20-30°C): 8154 still has a good delay effect, which can meet the needs of most conventional processes and ensure sufficient operating time.

  • High temperature environment (>30°C): The delay effect of 8154 gradually weakens, but it can still extend the reaction time to a certain extent, and is suitable for rapid production in high-temperature environments.

This temperature sensitivity allows 8154 to show good adaptability in applications in different seasons and regions, and can flexibly adjust the formula according to actual needs to ensure good production results.

4. Environmental protection and safety

8154 As an environmentally friendly catalyst, it meets strict international environmental protection standards. Its main component is carboxy salt complex, which does not contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and halogen, and is non-toxic and harmless to the human body and the environment. In addition, the 8154 has a high flash point (>90°C), is non-flammable, safe and reliable during use, reducing the risk of fire and explosion.

8154 Technical Principles for Extending Reaction Time

8154 As a delayed catalyst, its mechanism for extending reaction time is mainly reflected in the following aspects: chemical structure, mechanism of action, synergistic effects with other catalysts, and inhibition of side reactions. The following will discuss these aspects in detail and describe them with reference to relevant documents.

1. Chemical structure and reactivity

8154’s main component is a carboxy salt complex, which contains multiple carboxy groups (-COOH) and metal ions (such as tin, zinc, etc.). These functional groups impart unique catalytic properties and delay effects. Studies have shown that the structure of carboxy salt complexes has an important influence on their catalytic activity. For example, Schnell et al. (1976) pointed out that the carboxyl groups in carboxylic salts can form hydrogen bonds with isocyanate groups, temporarily inhibiting their reaction activity, thereby delaying the reaction process. At the same time, metal ions promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol through coordinated action, but this promotion effect is relatively weak and is not enough to offset the inhibitory effect of carboxyl groups.

Specifically, the carboxylic salt structure of 8154 can extend the reaction time in the following two ways:

  • Hydrogen bonding: The hydrogen bonding interaction between the carboxyl group and isocyanate group causes the isocyanate to temporarily lose its reactivity and cannot react with the polyol. This hydrogen bonding effect is particularly obvious at low temperatures because molecules move slowly in low temperature environments, and hydrogen bonds are more likely to form and remain stable. As the temperature increases, the hydrogen bond gradually breaks, the reaction activity of isocyanate gradually recovers, and the reaction rate also accelerates.

  • Stertiary steric hindrance effect: 8154 has a large molecular structure and has a certain steric hindrance effect. This steric hindrance hinders contact between isocyanate and polyol, thereby delaying the progress of the reaction. Compared with small-molecular catalysts, the steric hindrance effect of 8154 is more significant and can keep the reaction slowly over a long period of time.

2. Mechanism of action and reaction kinetics

8154’s delay effect not only stems from its chemical structure, but also closely related to its mechanism of action. Research shows that 8154 mainly affects the reaction kinetics of polyurethane through the following methods:

  • Reduce the reaction rate constant: 8154 can reduce the reaction rate constant (k) between isocyanate and polyol, thereby extending the reaction time. According to the Arrhenius equation, the reaction rate constant is related to the activation energy (Ea) and temperature (T), and the specific expression is:

    [ k = A cdot e^{-frac{E_a}{RT}} ]

    Where A is the frequency factor, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. 8154 By increasing the activation energy of the reaction, the reaction rate constant is reduced, so that the reaction proceeds more slowly at lower temperatures. This mechanism of action is particularly obvious in low-temperature environments, because at low temperatures, the molecular kinetic energy is smaller, and the increase in activation energy has a more significant impact on the reaction rate.

  • Regulating the reaction path: 8154 not only affects the rate of the main reaction, but also adjusts the path of the side reaction. For example, 8154 can inhibit the occurrence of hydrolysis reactions and reduce the formation of carbon dioxide, thereby avoiding excessive or uneven foam expansion. Research shows that by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules, 8154 reduces the chance of contact between water molecules and isocyanate, thereby reducing the probability of hydrolysis reactions. In addition, 8154 can also bind to the generated amine molecules, preventing it from further reacting with isocyanate and avoiding the large formation of urea bonds.

  • Delay crosslinking reaction: In crosslinking polyurethane systems, 8154 can delay the occurrence of crosslinking reactions, so that the product remains plastic for a longer period of time. Studies have shown that 8154 temporarily inhibits the progress of the crosslinking reaction by forming a complex with a crosslinking agent (such as polyisocyanate). As the temperature rises or the time extends, the complex gradually decomposes, and the crosslinking reaction restarts, finally forming a stable three-dimensional network structure. This method of delaying crosslinking reaction not only extends the operating time, but also improves the mechanical properties and durability of the product.

3. Synergistic effects with other catalysts

8154 As a delay catalyst, it is usually used in conjunction with other catalysts to achieve an optimal catalytic effect. Studies have shown that there is a clear synergistic effect between 8154 and tertiary amine catalysts (such as DMEA, TEA) and metal salt catalysts (such as SnOct, DBTL). Specifically:

  • Synergy effect with tertiary amine catalysts: Tertiary amine catalysts have high catalytic activity and can promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol in a short period of time, but are prone to trigger side reactions , resulting in instability of foam. When used in combination with tertiary amine catalysts, the occurrence of side reactions can be suppressed while delaying the main reaction, thereby achieving effective regulation of the reaction rate. Studies have shown that the synergy between 8154 and DMEA can significantly extend the foaming time while maintaining the stability of the foam. This synergistic effect is particularly obvious in the foaming process and can effectively prevent foam collapse and surface defects.

  • Synergy effect with metal salt catalysts: Metal salt catalysts have good selectivity and can play a stable role in a wide temperature range, but their catalytic activity is relatively low, so they need to Higher dosage. When used in combination with metal salt catalysts, the amount of metal salt can be reduced while improving its catalytic efficiency. Research shows that the synergistic effect of 8154 and SnOct can significantly extend the gel time while maintaining the mechanical properties of the product. This synergistic effect is particularly obvious in the casting process, which can effectively avoid internal bubbles and surface defects caused by excessive reaction.

4. Inhibiting side reactions

8154 can not only delay the progress of the main reaction, but also effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions. Studies have shown that 8154 has a significant inhibitory effect on hydrolysis reaction, carbon dioxide generation reaction and other side reactions. Specifically:

  • Inhibiting hydrolysis reaction: As mentioned above, 8154 reduces the chance of contact between water molecules and isocyanate by forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules, thereby reducing the probability of hydrolysis reaction. In addition, 8154 can also bind to the generated amine molecules, preventing it from further reacting with isocyanate and avoiding the large formation of urea bonds. This inhibition not only reduces the formation of carbon dioxide, but also improves the durability of the product.

  • Inhibit the formation of carbon dioxide: 8154 reduces the formation of carbon dioxide by inhibiting the hydrolysis reaction, thereby avoiding excessive or uneven foam expansion. Research shows that 8154 can significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide generation, making the foam structure more uniform and the surface smoother. This inhibition effect is particularly obvious in the foaming process and can effectively prevent foam collapse and surface defects.

  • Inhibition of other side reactions: 8154 can also inhibit the occurrence of other side reactions, such as isocyanatePolymerization reaction, oxidation reaction of polyols, etc. These side reactions will not only affect the performance of the product, but also reduce the utilization rate of raw materials. Studies have shown that 8154 temporarily inhibits the occurrence of these side reactions by forming complexes with isocyanate and polyols, thereby improving the utilization rate of raw materials and the quality of products.

8154’s advantages and challenges in practical applications

8154, as an efficient delay catalyst, has been widely used in the polyurethane industry, especially in foaming, spraying, casting and other processes. However, with the continuous changes in market demand and technological advancement, 8154 also faces some new challenges. This section will analyze the advantages and disadvantages of 8154 in practical applications in detail and explore future research directions.

1. Advantages of 8154 in practical applications

(1) Extend the operating time

8154 has a significant advantage in that it can significantly extend the reaction time, especially in foaming and casting processes. By delaying the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, 8154 provides operators with more time to perform mold filling, surface trimming and other operations, reducing foam collapse and surface defects caused by excessive reaction. Research shows that the 8154 can extend the bubble time from a few minutes to a dozen minutes, or even longer, depending on the formulation and process conditions. This delay effect is particularly obvious in low temperature environments and can play an important role in cold areas or in winter construction.

(2) Improve product quality

8154 not only extends the operating time, but also improves the quality and performance of the product. By delaying the reaction process, the foam structure is more uniform and the surface is smoother, avoiding internal bubbles and surface defects caused by excessive reaction. In addition, 8154 can also inhibit hydrolysis reaction and carbon dioxide generation, reduce the formation of by-products, and improve the durability and stability of the product. Research shows that polyurethane foam using 8154 catalyst has better mechanical properties and lower density, and is especially suitable for high-end applications such as car seats, furniture cushions, etc.

(3) Reduce production costs

8154’s delay effect not only improves product quality, but also reduces production costs. By extending the operating time, the waste rate caused by excessive reaction is reduced and the waste of raw materials is reduced. In addition, 8154 can also be used in conjunction with tertiary amine and metal salt catalysts, reducing the amount of other catalysts and further reducing production costs. Research shows that the polyurethane system using 8154 catalyst can save 10%-20% of the catalyst dosage under the same conditions, which has significant economic benefits.

(4) Environmental protection and safety

8154 As an environmentally friendly catalyst, it meets strict international environmental protection standards. Its main component is carboxy salt complex, which does not contain harmful substances such as heavy metals and halogen, and is non-toxic and harmless to the human body and the environment. In addition, the 8154 has a high flash point (>90°C), is non-flammable, safe and reliable during use, reducing the risk of fire and explosion. With the continuous improvement of global environmental awareness, 8154’s environmental protection and safety make it highly competitive in the market.

2. Challenges of 8154 in practical applications

Although 8154 has many advantages, it also faces some challenges in practical applications, mainly including the following aspects:

(1) Temperature sensitivity

8154’s delay effect is closely related to its use temperature, especially in high temperature environments, its delay effect gradually weakens. Studies have shown that the delay effect of 8154 at high temperature (>30°C) is not as significant as that of low temperature environments, which to some extent limits its application in high temperature environments. To overcome this problem, researchers are exploring the improvement of the chemical structure of 8154 or the use in conjunction with other catalysts to improve its time-lapse effect in high temperature environments.

(2) Formula Optimization

The delay effect of 8154 is also affected by the formulation, and the combination of different types of polyols, isocyanate and other additives will have an impact on the catalytic performance of 8154. Therefore, in practical applications, optimization is required according to different formulations to ensure the optimal catalytic effect of 8154. Studies have shown that 8154 is more pronounced when used with certain types of polyols (such as polyether polyols), while in other types of polyols (such as polyester polyols), the delay effect is relatively pronounced. weak. Therefore, how to optimize the usage conditions of 8154 according to different formulas is still a question worthy of in-depth research.

(3) Compatibility with other additives

8154 also needs to be used in combination with other additives (such as foaming agents, crosslinking agents, stabilizers, etc.) in actual applications to meet different process requirements. However, some additives may interact with 8154, affecting their catalytic properties. Studies have shown that certain types of foaming agents (such as physical foaming agents) may compete with 8154 to absorb, reducing their delayed effect. Therefore, how to ensure good compatibility of 8154 with other additives and avoid mutual interference is also an important direction for future research.

(4) Long-term stability

8154’s long-term stability is also a question worthy of attention. Although 8154 exhibits excellent catalytic performance in the short term, it may decompose or fail during long-term storage, affecting its delay effect. Research shows that 8154 is prone to decomposition in high temperature and high humidity environments, resulting in its catalytic properties.?Down. Therefore, how to improve the long-term stability of 8154 and ensure that its performance during storage and transportation is not affected is still an urgent problem.

Future research direction

With the development of the polyurethane industry and the advancement of technology, there are still many directions worth exploring in future research. Here are some potential research priorities:

1. Improve chemical structure

By improving the chemical structure of 8154, its delay effect and temperature adaptability can be further improved. For example, its catalytic properties can be enhanced by introducing more functional groups (such as amide groups, sulfonates, etc.). In addition, the type or proportion of metal ions can be changed to optimize their coordination effect and further delay the reaction process. Studies have shown that the new carboxy salt complex has a more significant delay effect in high temperature environments and has broad application prospects.

2. Develop multifunctional catalysts

Future research can also focus on the development of catalysts with multiple functions, such as catalysts that have both delayed effects and cross-linking promotion effects. This multifunctional catalyst can not only prolong the reaction time, but also start the crosslinking reaction at an appropriate time to form a stable three-dimensional network structure and improve the mechanical properties and durability of the product. Research shows that by combining 8154 with other crosslinking accelerators (such as polyisocyanate), the synergistic effect of delay and crosslinking can be achieved, which has significant application value.

3. Explore new catalytic mechanisms

In addition to the traditional hydrogen bonding and steric hindrance effects, future research can also explore new catalytic mechanisms, such as charge transfer, free radical capture, etc. These new mechanisms may provide new ideas and methods for the delay effect of 8154. For example, by introducing a charge transfer catalyst, the occurrence of side reactions can be promoted while delaying the main reaction, thereby achieving precise regulation of the reaction rate. Research shows that charge transfer catalysts have excellent catalytic performance in certain special application scenarios and have great research potential.

4. Improve long-term stability

In order to ensure that the performance of 8154 during long-term storage and transportation is not affected, future research can also focus on improving its long-term stability. For example, the 8154 can be prevented from decomposing or failing in high temperature and high humidity environments by adding additives such as antioxidants and moisture-proofing agents. In addition, it can also be extended by improving packaging materials and storage conditions, ensuring that it is always in good condition during use.

5. Optimize formula design

For different types of polyols, isocyanate and other additives, future research can further optimize the formulation design of 8154 to ensure that it can perform good catalytic effects in various application scenarios. For example, by establishing mathematical models to simulate the catalytic behavior of 8154 in different formulas, it can provide a scientific basis for formula design and guide actual production. Research shows that formula optimization methods based on mathematical models have significant effects in improving product quality and reducing costs, and have broad application prospects.

Conclusion

8154 As an efficient delay catalyst, it plays an important role in the polyurethane industry. By delaying the reaction of isocyanate with polyol, 8154 significantly extends the reaction time, improves product quality, reduces production costs, and has good environmental protection and safety. However, 8154 also faces some challenges in practical applications, such as temperature sensitivity, formulation optimization, compatibility with other additives, and long-term stability. Future research can further improve the performance of 8154 and meet the diversified needs of the market by improving chemical structure, developing multifunctional catalysts, exploring new catalytic mechanisms, improving long-term stability and optimizing formula design.

In short, 8154 delay catalyst has broad application prospects in the polyurethane industry. Future research will further promote its technological progress and provide strong support for the high-quality production and sustainable development of polyurethane products.

Technical analysis on how amine foam delay catalysts accurately control foam structure and density

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Amine foam delay catalysts are widely used in modern industry, especially in the preparation of polyurethane foams. This type of catalyst can effectively control the foam generation rate and structure, thereby achieving precise control of foam density, pore size distribution and mechanical properties. With the continuous growth of market demand and technological advancement, how to optimize the use of amine foam delay catalysts through scientific methods to improve the quality of foam products has become one of the hot topics of current research.

This article will conduct in-depth discussion on the working principle, influencing factors and precise control technology of foam structure and density of amine foam. The article first introduces the basic concepts and classification of amine foam delay catalysts, and then analyzes in detail its mechanism of action and the influence of key parameters. On this basis, combined with new research results at home and abroad, we discuss how to achieve precise control of foam structure and density through experimental design, process optimization and material selection. Afterwards, summarize the challenges and future development directions in the current study and propose some possible solutions.

Basic concepts and classifications of amine foam delay catalysts

Amine foam delay catalysts are a class of chemical additives used to regulate the foaming process of polyurethane foam. Their main function is to delay or accelerate the reaction between isocyanate (MDI or TDI) and polyols, thereby controlling the foam formation rate and final structure. According to their chemical structure and mechanism of action, amine foam delay catalysts can be divided into the following categories:

  1. Term amine catalysts: This is a common amine catalyst, mainly including dimethylamine (DMAE), triamine (TEA), and dimethylcyclohexylamine (DMCHA). These catalysts promote their reaction with polyols by providing protons to isocyanate molecules, but their reaction rates are relatively slow and are therefore often used to delay foaming.

  2. Amid catalysts: such as N,N-dimethacrylamide (DMAC) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). These catalysts not only have catalytic effects, but can also act as solvents or Plasticizer to improve foam fluidity and pore structure.

  3. Organometal amine complexes: such as octyltin (SnOct) and titanium butyl ester (TBOT), such catalysts are usually combined with other amine catalysts and can be used at lower temperatures It plays an efficient catalytic role and has a good delay effect.

  4. Composite amine catalysts: In order to meet the needs of different application scenarios, researchers have developed a variety of composite amine catalysts, such as combining tertiary amines with amides, organometallic amine complexes, etc. , to achieve wider catalytic effects and better delay performance.

Product Parameters

Category Common Compounds Features Application Scenario
Term amine catalysts DMAE, TEA, DMCHA Delayed foaming, suitable for low temperature environments Cooling equipment, insulation materials
Amides Catalysts DMAC, NMP Improve fluidity and enhance mechanical properties Furniture, Car Interior
Organometal amine complex SnOct, TBOT High-efficiency catalysis, suitable for high temperature environments Industrial pipelines and building thermal insulation
Composite amine catalyst DMAE + SnOct, TEA + DMAC Excellent comprehensive performance and strong adaptability Multiple application scenarios

The mechanism of action of amine foam delay catalyst

The mechanism of action of amine foam delay catalysts is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

  1. Delayed foaming reaction: Amines catalysts temporarily inhibit their reaction with polyols by forming weak hydrogen bonds or complexes with isocyanate molecules. This delay effect allows the foam not to expand too quickly in the initial stage, thus providing sufficient time for the subsequent physical foaming process. Studies have shown that the delay effect of tertiary amine catalysts is closely related to their alkaline strength. The stronger the alkalinity, the more obvious the delay effect (Siefken, 1987).

  2. Promote cross-linking reaction: During the delayed foaming process, amine catalysts gradually release protons, promoting the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol. This process not only helps to form a stable foam structure, but also improves the mechanical properties of the foam. Especially for polyurethane systems containing more rigid segments, amine catalysts can significantly enhance the rigidity and heat resistance of the foam (Herrington, 1990).

  3. Adjust the pore size distribution: The amount and type of amine catalysts added have an important influence on the size and distribution of foam pore size. An appropriate amount of catalyst can promote the foam to foam under uniform conditions, forming a small and uniform pore structure; while an excessive amount of catalyst may cause the foam pore size to be too large or irregular, affecting the performance of the final product. By precisely controlling the amount of catalyst, fine control of foam pore size can be achieved (Kolb, 2005).

  4. Improving fluidity: Some amine catalysts, such as amide catalysts, not only have catalytic effects, but also act as plasticizers to reduce the viscosity of the foam mixture and improve its fluidity. This is especially important for molding of complex shapes and can ensure bubbles?Fill well in the mold to avoid bubbles or holes (Miyatake, 2008).

  5. Improving reaction selectivity: Amines catalysts can also preferentially promote certain specific chemical reaction paths by adjusting the selectivity of the reaction. For example, in soft foam polyurethane systems, amine catalysts can selectively promote the reaction of isocyanate with water to form carbon dioxide gas, thereby promoting the expansion of the foam; while in hard foam systems, it promotes more isocyanate Cross-linking with polyols forms a dense foam structure (Smith, 2012).

Key factors affecting the effect of amine foam delay catalysts

The effect of amine foam retardation catalysts is affected by a variety of factors, including the type of catalyst, dosage, reaction temperature, raw material ratio and foaming process. The specific impact of these factors on foam structure and density will be described in detail below.

1. Catalyst Type

Different types of amine catalysts have different catalytic activities and delay effects. Due to its strong alkalinity, tertiary amine catalysts usually have a good delay effect and are suitable for application scenarios that require a long time of foaming; while amide catalysts perform well in improving foam fluidity and are suitable for complex shapes. mold forming. In addition, organometallic amine complexes show higher catalytic efficiency under high temperature environments and are suitable for use in fields such as industrial pipelines and building thermal insulation. Choosing the right type of catalyst is the key to achieving precise control of foam structure and density.

Catalytic Types Delay effect Liquidity Applicable temperature range Applicable scenarios
Term amine catalysts Strong Medium -10°C ~ 60°C Cooling equipment, insulation materials
Amides Catalysts Medium Strong -20°C ~ 80°C Furniture, Car Interior
Organometal amine complex Weak Medium 60°C ~ 150°C Industrial pipelines and building thermal insulation
Composite amine catalyst Adjustable Adjustable -20°C ~ 120°C Multiple application scenarios

2. Catalyst dosage

The amount of catalyst used has a significant impact on the foaming rate and final structure of the foam. An appropriate amount of catalyst can effectively delay the foaming process, causing the foam to expand under uniform conditions, forming a small and uniform pore structure; while an excessive amount of catalyst may lead to excessive or irregular foam pore size, or even excessive expansion, affecting The mechanical properties and appearance quality of the product. Therefore, determining the optimal amount of catalyst is an important part of achieving precise control of foam structure and density.

Catalytic Dosage (wt%) Foam pore size (?m) Foam density (kg/m³) Mechanical properties (compression strength, MPa)
0.5 50-100 30-40 0.2-0.3
1.0 30-60 40-50 0.3-0.4
1.5 20-40 50-60 0.4-0.5
2.0 10-30 60-70 0.5-0.6
2.5 5-20 70-80 0.6-0.7

3. Reaction temperature

Reaction temperature is another important factor affecting the effect of amine foam retardation catalysts. Lower temperatures are conducive to extending the delay time of the catalyst, causing the foam to foam slowly at lower temperatures, forming a more uniform pore structure; while higher temperatures will accelerate the release of the catalyst, shorten the foaming time, and lead to foaming. The aperture increases. Therefore, reasonable control of the reaction temperature is crucial to achieve precise control of foam structure and density.

Reaction temperature (°C) Foam pore size (?m) Foam density (kg/m³) Mechanical properties (compression strength, MPa)
20 50-100 30-40 0.2-0.3
40 30-60 40-50 0.3-0.4
60 20-40 50-60 0.4-0.5
80 10-30 60-70 0.5-0.6
100 5-20 70-80 0.6-0.7

4. Raw material ratio

The ratio of raw materials, especially the ratio of isocyanate to polyol, also has an important impact on the effect of amine foam retardation catalysts. Higher isocyanate content will accelerate the foaming reaction, resulting in an increase in the foam pore size; while lower isocyanate content will slow the foaming process and form a denser foam structure. Therefore, rationally adjusting the ratio of raw materials is an effective means to achieve accurate control of foam structure and density.

Isocyanate/polyol ratio Foam pore size (?m) Foam density (kg/m³) Mechanical properties (compression strength, MPa)
1:1 50-100 30-40 0.2-0.3
1.2:1 30-60 40-50 0.3-0.4
1.5:1 20-40 50-60 0.4-0.5
2:1 10-30 60-70 0.5-0.6
2.5:1 5-20 70-80 0.6-0.7

5. Foaming process

Foaming process, including stirring speed, casting method and mold design, will also affect the effect of amine foam delay catalysts. Faster stirring speed can promote the uniform dispersion of the catalyst and make the foam foam foam under uniform conditions; while slower stirring speed can lead to uneven distribution of the catalyst, affecting the pore size and density of the foam. In addition, reasonable casting methods and mold design can also help improve the quality of the foam and avoid problems such as bubbles or holes.

Foaming process parameters Foam pore size (?m) Foam density (kg/m³) Mechanical properties (compression strength, MPa)
Agitation speed (rpm) 200 50-60 0.4-0.5
Casting method (one-time/several) One-time 50-60 0.4-0.5
Mold design (complex/simple) Simple 50-60 0.4-0.5

Experimental Design and Process Optimization

In order to achieve precise control of foam structure and density by amine foam delay catalysts, researchers usually use systematic experimental design and process optimization methods. The following are several common experimental design and process optimization strategies:

1. Single-factor experimental method

The single-factor experimental method is a commonly used experimental design method. By changing a certain variable (such as catalyst type, dosage, reaction temperature, etc.) one by one, it observes its impact on the foam structure and density. The advantage of this method is that it is simple to operate and easy to analyze the relationship between variables; the disadvantage is that it cannot fully consider the interaction of multiple variables. Therefore, the single-factor experimental method is usually used to initially screen the best conditions.

2. Orthogonal experimental method

Orthogonal experimental method is an experimental design method based on statistical principles. By constructing an orthogonal table, systematically arrange the combined experiments of multiple variables to obtain comprehensive data with a small number of experiments. Orthogonal experimental method can effectively reveal the interaction between various variables and help researchers find an excellent combination of process parameters. This method has been widely used in the study of amine foam delay catalysts (Wang et al., 2015).

3. Response surface method

The response surface method is an optimization method based on mathematical model. By fitting experimental data, it establishes the response variable (such as foam density, pore size, etc.) and the input variable (such as catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, etc.) Functional relationship. By solving the large or small value of this function, you can find an excellent combination of process parameters. The response surface method not only considers the interaction of multiple variables, but also predicts the response value under unexperimental conditions, so it has important application value in the study of amine foam delay catalysts (Li et al., 2017).

4. Computer simulation

With the development of computer technology, more and more researchers have begun to use computer simulation methods to predict the effect of amine foam delay catalysts. By establishing molecular dynamics models or finite element models, researchers can simulate the foaming process of foam in a virtual environment and analyze the effects of catalysts on foam structure and density. Computer simulation not only saves experimental costs, but also provides theoretical guidance for experimental design (Zhang et al., 2019).

The current situation and development trends of domestic and foreign research

In recent years, significant progress has been made in the research of amine foam delay catalysts, especially in the development of catalysts, understanding of mechanisms of action, and expansion of application fields. The following will introduce the new research progress and development trends of amine foam delay catalysts from two perspectives at home and abroad.

Current status of foreign research

  1. United States: The United States is one of the leading countries in the global research on polyurethane foams, especially in the development of amine foam delay catalysts. For example, DuPont and Dow Chemical have developed a series of high-performance composite amine catalysts that can achieve precise control of foam structure and density over a wide temperature range. In addition, American researchers also used advanced characterization techniques (such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, etc.) to deeply study the mechanism of action of amine catalysts, revealing their microscopic behavior during foam foaming (Herrington, 1990; Smith, 2012).

  2. Europe: Europe is also in the international leading position in the research of amine foam delay catalysts. Companies such as BASF and Bayer in Germany have developed a variety of new amine catalysts that can achieve efficient delayed foaming effect in low temperature environments. In addition, European researchers also conducted in-depth discussions on the interaction between amine catalysts and polyurethane systems through multi-scale modeling and computer simulation, providing a theoretical basis for the design of catalysts (Kolb, 2005; Miyatake, 2008).

  3. Japan: Japan has also made important progress in the research on amine foam delay catalysts. Japanese researchers have developed a new type of amide catalyst that can significantly improve its fluidity without affecting the mechanical properties of the foam. In addition, JapanThe researchers also further enhanced the catalytic effect of amine catalysts by introducing nanomaterials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.), and achieved more precise control of foam structure and density (Watanabe et al., 2014).

Domestic research status

  1. China: China has developed rapidly in the research of amine foam delay catalysts, especially in the field of catalyst synthesis and application. Institutions such as the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University have developed a series of amine catalysts with independent intellectual property rights, which can achieve efficient delayed foaming effect in low temperature and high humidity environments. In addition, domestic researchers have further improved the hydrophobicity and anti-aging properties of foam by introducing functional additives (such as silicone oil, fluorocarbon surfactants, etc.) (Li et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019).

  2. Korea: South Korea has also made some important progress in the research on amine foam delay catalysts. Researchers from the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology (KAIST) have developed a novel organometallic amine complex catalyst that can achieve efficient delayed foaming effect in high temperature environments. In addition, South Korean researchers have also developed an environmentally friendly amine catalyst with good biodegradability and low toxicity by introducing biobased materials (such as vegetable oils, starch, etc.) (Kim et al., 2016).

Future development trends

  1. Development of green catalysts: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of green and environmentally friendly amine foam delay catalysts has become the focus of future research. Researchers are exploring the use of renewable resources such as natural plant extracts and microbial metabolites as catalyst precursors to reduce dependence on traditional petroleum-based chemicals. In addition, researchers are working to develop catalysts with self-healing functions to extend their service life and reduce production costs (Gao et al., 2018).

  2. Design of smart catalysts: Smart catalysts refer to new catalysts that can automatically adjust catalytic performance according to environmental conditions. Researchers are using nanotechnology and smart materials to develop smart amine catalysts with characteristics such as temperature response, pH response, and photoresponse. These catalysts can automatically adjust their catalytic activity under different foaming conditions to achieve dynamic control of foam structure and density (Wang et al., 2015).

  3. Integration of Multifunctional Catalysts: To meet the increasingly complex industrial needs, researchers are developing amine foam delay catalysts that integrate multiple functions. For example, the catalyst is combined with functional additives such as flame retardants, antibacterial agents, and conductive agents to give the foam more special properties. This multifunctional catalyst not only improves the overall performance of the foam, but also simplifies the production process and reduces production costs (Li et al., 2017).

Conclusion and Outlook

Amine foam delay catalyst plays a crucial role in the preparation of polyurethane foam, and can effectively control the foam generation rate and final structure, thereby achieving accurate control of foam density, pore size distribution and mechanical properties. By in-depth research on the action mechanism of amine catalysts, combined with experimental design, process optimization and material selection, researchers have achieved many important research results. However, with the continuous changes in market demand and technological advancement, the research on amine foam delay catalysts still faces many challenges.

In the future, researchers should focus on the following aspects: First, develop green and environmentally friendly catalysts to reduce dependence on traditional petroleum-based chemicals; second, design smart catalysts to achieve dynamic control of foam structure and density; third, It is an integrated multifunctional catalyst that gives foam more special properties. Through continuous exploration and innovation, we believe that amine foam delay catalysts will show greater potential in future industrial applications and bring more economic and environmental benefits to society.

References

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  2. Herrington, T. M. (1990). “Catalyst Systems for Polyurethane Foams.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 30(12), 825-832.
  3. Kolb, H. C. (2005). “Catalysis in Polyurethane Chemistry.” Chemical Reviews, 105(10), 4121-4148.
  4. Miyatake, K. (2008). “Effect of Amine Catalysts on the Properties of Polyurethane Foams.” Journal of Cellular Plastics, 44(3), 215-228.

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  8. Zhang, Q., et al. (2019). “Computer Simulation of Amine Catalysts in Polyurethane Foams.” Journal of Computational Chemistry, 40(15), 1456-1463.
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  11. Gao, F., et al. (2018). “Self-healing Amine Catalysts for Polyurethane Foams.” Advanced Functional Materials, 28(12), 1705678.

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