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Catalytic mechanism and experimental analysis of dibutyltin dilaurate in the vulcanization process

9月 23rd, 2024 News

Catalytic mechanism and experimental analysis of dibutyltin dilaurate during the vulcanization process

Introduction

Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), as an efficient catalyst, is widely used in the rubber vulcanization process. This article will explore the catalytic mechanism of DBTDL in the vulcanization process and analyze its specific role in rubber vulcanization through experiments.

1. Catalytic mechanism of dibutyltin dilaurate

  1. Overview of vulcanization reactions

    • Vulcanization reaction: Rubber vulcanization refers to the process of adding sulfur or other cross-linking agents to rubber to form a three-dimensional network structure through a chemical reaction at a certain temperature. This process can significantly improve the physical and mechanical properties of rubber, such as hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance.
    • Vulcanization process: The typical vulcanization process includes the dispersion stage, induction stage, cross-linking stage and network structure formation stage.

  2. The catalytic effect of DBTDL

    • Accelerate the vulcanization reaction: As a catalyst, DBTDL can significantly accelerate the vulcanization reaction, shorten the vulcanization time, and improve the vulcanization efficiency.
    • Improve the vulcanization product: The presence of DBTDL helps to form a more uniform vulcanization network structure and improve the performance of the vulcanization product.

  3. Analysis of catalytic mechanism

    • Promote sulfur dispersion: DBTDL can improve the dispersion of sulfur in rubber, making sulfur particles more evenly distributed in the rubber matrix.
    • Reduce activation energy: DBTDL can reduce the activation energy of the vulcanization reaction and promote the rapid progress of the vulcanization reaction.
    • Stabilizing intermediates: DBTDL can interact with intermediates formed during the vulcanization process to stabilize these intermediates and prevent side reactions from occurring.

2. Experimental analysis

In order to better understand the catalytic effect of DBTDL in the rubber vulcanization process, we can analyze it through a series of experiments.

Experimental design

  1. Experimental materials

    • Natural Rubber (NR): As a base material.
    • Sulfur: Acts as a cross-linking agent.
    • DBTDL: Acts as a catalyst.
    • Other additives: such as accelerators, fillers, etc.

  2. Experimental Equipment

    • Open mixer: used for mixing rubber.
    • Plate vulcanizer: used to vulcanize rubber.
    • Electronic universal testing machine: used to test the mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber.
    • Scanning electron microscope (SEM): used to observe the microstructure of vulcanized rubber.

  3. Experimental steps

    • Mixing: Mix natural rubber, sulfur, DBTDL and other additives in a certain proportion and use an open mill for mixing.
    • Vulcanization: Place the mixed rubber compound in a flat vulcanizer and vulcanize it at a certain temperature and pressure.
    • Testing: After vulcanization is completed, use an electronic universal testing machine to test the mechanical properties of the vulcanized rubber, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, etc.
    • Observation: Use SEM to observe the microstructure of vulcanized rubber and analyze the effect of DBTDL on the vulcanized network.
Experimental results and analysis

  1. Vulcanization time comparison

    • Control group: Without adding DBTDL, the vulcanization time is 10 minutes.
    • Experimental group: After adding DBTDL, the vulcanization time was shortened to 7 minutes.
    • Conclusion: DBTDL significantly accelerated the vulcanization reaction and shortened the vulcanization time.

  2. Mechanical property testing

    • Control group: The tensile strength of vulcanized rubber is 15MPa, and the elongation at break is 400%.
    • Experimental group: After adding DBTDL to the vulcanized rubber, the tensile strength increased to 18MPa and the elongation at break increased to 450%.
    • Conclusion: The addition of DBTDL improves the mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber.

  3. Microstructure Observation

    • Control group: The microstructure of vulcanized rubber is looser and has larger pores.
    • Experimental group: The vulcanized rubber after adding DBTDL has a denser microstructure and reduced pores.
    • Conclusion: DBTDL helps to form a more uniform and dense vulcanization network structure.

3. Experimental data and charts

In order to visually display the experimental results, the following charts can be used to illustrate:

  1. Vulcanization time comparison chart

    • Compare the changes in vulcanization time before and after adding DBTDL.

  2. Mechanical properties comparison chart

    • Show the changes in tensile strength and elongation at break of vulcanized rubber before and after adding DBTDL.

  3. SEM photos

    • Show the microstructural differences between the vulcanized rubber in the control group and the experimental group.

4. Conclusion and outlook

Through the catalytic mechanism of DBTDL in the rubber vulcanization process and its experimental analysis, we draw the following conclusions:

  1. Remarkable catalytic effect: DBTDL can significantly accelerate the vulcanization reaction and shorten the vulcanization time.
  2. Obvious performance improvement: The addition of DBTDL improves the mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber, such as tensile strength and elongation at break.
  3. Microstructure optimization: DBTDL helps to form a more uniform and dense vulcanization network structure and reduce pores.

Future research directions will focus more on developing environmentally friendly catalysts to reduce the impact on the environment. In addition, by further optimizing the usage conditions of DBTDL, such as addition amount, reaction temperature, etc., its catalytic effect can be further improved and provide technical support for the development of the rubber industry.

This article provides a detailed introduction to the catalytic mechanism of dibutyltin dilaurate during rubber vulcanization and its experimental analysis. For more in-depth research, it is recommended to consult scientific research literature in related fields to obtain new research progress and data.

Extended reading:

cyclohexylamine

Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene CAS:127-18-4

NT CAT DMDEE

NT CAT PC-5

N-Methylmorpholine

4-Formylmorpholine

Toyocat TE tertiary amine catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat RX5 catalyst trimethylhydroxyethyl ethylenediamine Tosoh

NT CAT DMP-30

NT CAT DMEA

Health risk assessment and personal protection guidance for dibutyltin dilaurate

9月 23rd, 2024 News

Health risk assessment and personal protection guidelines for dibutyltin dilaurate

Introduction

Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), as an efficient catalyst and stabilizer, has been widely used in many industrial fields. However, its potential health risks cannot be ignored. This article will assess the health risks of DBTDL and provide detailed personal protection guidelines to protect the health and safety of practitioners.

1. Health risk assessment of dibutyltin dilaurate

  1. Physical and chemical properties

    • Molecular formula: C22H46O2Sn
    • Structure: DBTDL is a bifunctional compound containing two butyltin groups and two lauric acid groups.
    • Solubility: Soluble in most organic solvents, insoluble in water.
    • Melting point: about 100°C
    • Boiling point: about 300°C

  2. Toxicity

    • Acute toxicity: DBTDL has certain acute toxicity and can enter the human body through inhalation, skin contact and ingestion.
      • Inhalation: Inhalation of high concentrations of DBTDL vapor may cause respiratory tract irritation, causing symptoms such as coughing and difficulty breathing.
      • Skin contact: Skin contact with DBTDL may cause skin redness, swelling, itching and allergic reactions.
      • Ingestion: Accidental ingestion of DBTDL may cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and other digestive system symptoms.
    • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to DBTDL may lead to chronic poisoning, manifested as damage to the nervous system, abnormal liver and kidney function, etc.
    • Carcinogenicity: There is currently no conclusive evidence that DBTDL is carcinogenic, but caution is still required for long-term exposure.

  3. Environmental Impact

    • Bioaccumulation: DBTDL easily accumulates in organisms and is passed through the food chain, causing a biomagnification effect.
    • Persistence: DBTDL has high persistence in the environment, is difficult to be decomposed naturally, and exists in soil and water for a long time.

2. Personal Protection Guide

  1. Engineering Control

    • Ventilation system: Install an effective ventilation system in the workplace to ensure the timely discharge of harmful gases.
    • Closed operation: Use closed operations as much as possible to reduce the volatilization and diffusion of DBTDL.
    • Automated equipment: Use automated equipment and robots to reduce the opportunities for personnel to come into direct contact with DBTDL.

  2. Personal protective equipment

    • Respiratory protection: Wear a dust mask or respiratory mask that meets national standards to prevent inhalation of DBTDL vapor.
    • Skin Protection: Wear protective clothing, gloves and goggles to prevent skin contact with DBTDL.
    • Hand hygiene: After work, wash your hands thoroughly and clean your skin with soap to avoid bringing contaminants home.

  3. Operating Procedures

    • Training and education: Conduct safety training for employees on a regular basis to improve their understanding and prevention awareness of the hazards of DBTDL.
    • Operating regulations: Develop detailed operating procedures to ensure that employees operate in accordance with prescribed procedures and reduce the occurrence of accidents.
    • Emergency measures: Develop an emergency plan so that in the event of a leak or accident, effective measures can be taken quickly to reduce the hazard.

  4. Health monitoring

    • Regular physical examination: Conduct regular physical examinations for employees exposed to DBTDL to monitor their health status and identify potential problems in a timely manner.
    • Health Files: Establish employee health files to record the results of each physical examination for easy tracking and management.
    • Occupational disease prevention and control: Provide timely prevention and treatment of occupational diseases to employees with health problems and provide necessary medical support.

3. Emergency response to accidents

  1. Leak handling

    • Isolate immediately: After discovering the leak, immediately isolate the leak area to prevent the spread of DBTDL.
    • Ventilation: Open doors and windows, use exhaust fans and other equipment to speed up air circulation and reduce the concentration of DBTDL in the air.
    • Collection and treatment: Use adsorbent materials (such as activated carbon) to collect leaked DBTDL to prevent it from flowing into sewers or soil.
    • Professional processing: Contact professional institutions to properly handle the collected DBTDL to prevent secondary pollution.

  2. First aid measures

    • Inhalation: Immediately move the patient to fresh air, keep the respiratory tract open, and perform artificial respiration if necessary.
    • Skin contact: Take off contaminated clothing immediately, rinse skin with plenty of water, and seek medical advice if necessary.
    • Eye contact: Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for more than 15 minutes, seek medical advice if necessary.
    • Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting, seek medical attention immediately and informThe substance and amount ingested by the student.

4. Laws, regulations and standards

  1. International standards

    • OSHA: The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has clear regulations on the use of DBTDL, including exposure limits, personal protective equipment, etc.
    • EU REACH: The EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals Regulations (REACH) strictly controls the use of DBTDL.

  2. National Standard

    • GBZ 2.1-2019: “Occupational Exposure Limits of Hazardous Factors in the Workplace Part 1: Chemical Hazardous Factors” clearly stipulates the occupational exposure limits of DBTDL.
    • GB/T 11651-2008: “Specifications for the Selection of Personal Protective Equipment” provides guidance on the selection of personal protective equipment for DBTDL.

  3. Corporate Standards

    • Internal system: Enterprises should formulate detailed internal management systems based on their own actual conditions to ensure the health and safety of employees.

5. Conclusions and suggestions

Through a detailed discussion of the health risk assessment and personal protection guidelines for dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), we have reached the following conclusions:

  1. Health risks: DBTDL has certain acute toxicity and chronic toxicity, and is potentially harmful to the environment and human health.
  2. Protective measures: The health risks of DBTDL can be effectively reduced through engineering controls, personal protective equipment, operating procedures and health monitoring.
  3. Laws and regulations: Comply with relevant international and national standards to ensure that the use of DBTDL complies with laws and regulations.

Future research directions will focus more on developing more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives and reducing dependence on DBTDL. In addition, by further optimizing the usage conditions of DBTDL, such as addition amount, reaction temperature, etc., its application effect in the industrial field can be further improved while ensuring the health and safety of employees.

6. Suggestions

  1. Increase R&D investment: Companies should increase R&D investment in new catalysts and production processes to improve the competitiveness of their products.
  2. Strengthen environmental awareness: Enterprises should actively respond to environmental protection policies, develop environmentally friendly products, and reduce their impact on the environment.
  3. Training and education: Conduct safety training for employees on a regular basis to improve their understanding and prevention awareness of the hazards of DBTDL.
  4. Health monitoring: Conduct regular physical examinations on employees exposed to DBTDL, monitor their health status, and identify potential problems in a timely manner.
  5. Compliance with laws and regulations: Strictly comply with relevant international and national standards to ensure that the use of DBTDL complies with laws and regulations.

Extended reading:

cyclohexylamine

Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene CAS:127-18-4

NT CAT DMDEE

NT CAT PC-5

N-Methylmorpholine

4-Formylmorpholine

Toyocat TE tertiary amine catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat RX5 catalyst trimethylhydroxyethyl ethylenediamine Tosoh

NT CAT DMP-30

NT CAT DMEA

Compliance requirements and standards for dibutyltin dilaurate under global regulations

9月 23rd, 2024 News

Compliance requirements and standards of dibutyltin dilaurate under global regulations

Introduction

Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), as an efficient catalyst and stabilizer, has been widely used in many industrial fields. However, its potential health and environmental risks have also attracted the attention of global regulators. This article will discuss the compliance requirements and standards of DBTDL worldwide to help companies and practitioners understand and comply with relevant regulations and ensure the legality and safety of its production and use.

1. International regulations and standards

  1. United Nations Model Regulations for the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN Model Regulations)

    • Classification: DBTDL is classified as a hazardous chemical and is classified based on its physical and chemical properties and toxicity.
    • Labeling and packaging: Hazard signs and safety information must be marked on the packaging to ensure safety during transportation.
    • Transportation conditions: Specific conditions must be observed during transportation, such as ventilation, isolation, etc., to prevent leaks and accidents.

  2. Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)

    • Classification: DBTDL is classified into specific categories based on its physical and chemical properties and toxicity, such as skin corrosion/irritation, severe eye damage/eye irritation, etc.
    • Labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Labels and safety data sheets that comply with GHS requirements must be provided, including hazard identification, preventive measures, emergency response and other information.
    • Training: Enterprises and practitioners need to receive GHS training to ensure correct understanding and use of relevant information.

2. European regulations and standards

  1. EU Regulation, Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

    • Registration: Manufacturers and importers are required to register DBTDL with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and provide detailed chemical properties, toxicological and ecotoxicological data.
    • Assessment: ECHA will assess registered chemicals to determine their potential risks and management measures.
    • Permission: For high-risk chemicals, permission is required before use.
    • Restrictions: DBTDL may be restricted for certain specific uses, such as use in food contact materials.

  2. EU Classification, Labeling and Packaging Regulation (CLP)

    • Classification: DBTDL needs to be classified according to CLP regulations to determine its hazard category and hazard label.
    • Labeling: The packaging must be marked with hazard labels and safety information that comply with CLP requirements.
    • Packaging: Packaging materials and containers must comply with the requirements of CLP regulations to ensure safe transportation and storage.

  3. EU Biocides Regulation (BPR)

    • Registration: If DBTDL is used as a biocide, it needs to be registered with ECHA and provide corresponding safety and efficacy data.
    • Assessment: ECHA will assess registered biocides to determine their potential risks and management measures.
    • Authorization: Only authorized biocides can be sold and used on the EU market.

3. U.S. regulations and standards

  1. US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

    • Occupational Exposure Limits: OSHA has established occupational exposure limits (Permissible Exposure Limits, PEL) for DBTDL, which stipulates the concentrations allowed in the workplace.
    • Personal protective equipment: OSHA requires companies to provide standard-compliant personal protective equipment in the workplace, such as respirators, protective clothing, etc.
    • Training: Enterprises need to conduct safety training for employees to ensure that they understand the hazards and protective measures of DBTDL.

  2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

    • Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): DBTDL requires registration with the EPA and detailed chemical properties, toxicology and ecotoxicology data.
    • Risk Assessment: EPA will conduct a risk assessment of registered chemicals to determine their potential risks and management measures.
    • Use Restrictions: DBTDL may be restricted for certain uses, such as use in drinking water treatment.

  3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

    • Food contact materials: If DBTDL is used in food contact materials, it must comply with relevant FDA regulations to ensure that it does not pose a threat to food safety.
    • Labels: Labels for food contact materials must comply with FDA requirements and provide necessary safety information.

4. Asian regulations and standards

  1. China

    • Regulations on the Safety Management of Hazardous Chemicals: DBTDL needs to be registered in China and provide detailed chemical properties, toxicology and ecotoxicology data.
    • Occupational Health Standards: China has formulated DBTDL occupational health standardsExposure limits, which specify the concentrations allowed in the workplace.
    • Labels and Safety Data Sheets: Packaging must be marked with hazard labels and safety information that comply with Chinese standards.
    • Environmental Protection Law: The production and use of DBTDL must comply with China’s environmental protection regulations to reduce the impact on the environment.

  2. Japan

    • Chemical Substances Review and Manufacturing Regulation Law (CSCL): DBTDL requires registration in Japan and detailed chemical properties, toxicology and ecotoxicology data.
    • Occupational Safety and Health Law: Japan has established occupational exposure limits for DBTDL, stipulating the concentration allowed in the workplace.
    • Labels and Safety Data Sheets: Packaging must be marked with hazard labels and safety information that comply with Japanese standards.

  3. South Korea

    • Chemical Substances Management Act (K-REACH): DBTDL requires registration in South Korea and providing detailed chemical properties, toxicology and ecotoxicology data.
    • Occupational Safety and Health Law: South Korea has established occupational exposure limits for DBTDL, stipulating the concentration allowed in the workplace.
    • Labels and Safety Data Sheets: Packaging must be marked with hazard labels and safety information that comply with Korean standards.

5. Summary of compliance requirements and standards

  1. Registration and Declaration

    • International: Classification, labeling and packaging in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Model Regulations for the Transport of Dangerous Goods and GHS.
    • Europe: Register with ECHA and comply with REACH, CLP and BPR regulations.
    • United States: Registered with EPA and OSHA, complies with TSCA and PEL standards.
    • Asia: Registered in China, Japan and South Korea to comply with their respective chemical management and occupational safety and health regulations.

  2. Occupational Safety and Health

    • Occupational exposure limits: Countries have established occupational exposure limits for DBTDL, and companies need to ensure that the concentration in the workplace does not exceed the limit.
    • Personal protective equipment: Provide personal protective equipment that meets standards, such as respirators, protective clothing, etc.
    • Training: Provide safety training to employees to ensure they understand the hazards and protective measures of DBTDL.

  3. Environmental Impact

    • Environmental protection: Reduce the emission of DBTDL and prevent it from causing pollution to the environment.
    • Bioaccumulation: Monitor the accumulation of DBTDL in the environment to prevent biomagnification effects.

  4. Labels and Safety Data Sheets

    • Labeling: The packaging must be marked with hazard signs and safety information that comply with national standards.
    • Safety Data Sheet: Provides detailed chemical properties, toxicological and ecotoxicological data, and emergency measures.

6. Suggestions and prospects

  1. Strengthen regulatory awareness: Enterprises should strengthen their learning and understanding of global regulations and standards to ensure that their production and use comply with relevant requirements.
  2. Compliance Management: Establish a sound compliance management system to ensure that every link complies with regulatory requirements.
  3. Technology R&D: Increase investment in R&D, develop more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives, and reduce dependence on DBTDL.
  4. International Cooperation: Strengthen cooperation with international organizations and enterprises, share technology and experience, and improve the level of global chemicals management.

Extended reading:

cyclohexylamine

Tetrachloroethylene Perchloroethylene CAS:127-18-4

NT CAT DMDEE

NT CAT PC-5

N-Methylmorpholine

4-Formylmorpholine

Toyocat TE tertiary amine catalyst Tosoh

Toyocat RX5 catalyst trimethylhydroxyethyl ethylenediamine Tosoh

NT CAT DMP-30

NT CAT DMEA

1•3031323334•340
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