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The innovative application of zinc isoctanoate in electronic packaging materials

2月 13th, 2025 News

Innovative application of zinc isoctanoate in electronic packaging materials

Abstract

With the rapid development of electronic technology, the demand for electronic packaging materials is growing. Zinc Octanoate, as an important organometallic compound, exhibits unique properties and wide application prospects in electronic packaging materials. This paper discusses in detail the innovative application of zinc isoctanoate in electronic packaging materials, including its physical and chemical properties, preparation methods, application fields and future development trends. The article cites a large number of domestic and foreign literatures, aiming to provide comprehensive reference for researchers in related fields.

1. Introduction

Electronic packaging materials are key materials that connect electronic components with the external environment, and their performance directly affects the reliability and service life of electronic products. As electronic products develop towards miniaturization, high performance and versatility, traditional packaging materials are no longer able to meet the needs of the modern electronic industry. Therefore, the development of new functional packaging materials has become one of the hot topics of current research. Zinc isoctanoate, as an organometallic compound with excellent thermal stability and electrical conductivity, has received widespread attention and application in electronic packaging materials in recent years.

2. Basic properties of zinc isoctanoate

2.1 Chemical structure and physical properties

Zn isooctanoate (Zn(C8H15O2)2) is an organometallic compound composed of zinc ions and two isooctanoate ions. Its molecular formula is C16H30O4Zn and its molecular weight is 353.97 g/mol. Zinc isoctanoate has a white or light yellow powder appearance, with good thermal and chemical stability. Its melting point is about 130°C, the decomposition temperature is higher than 200°C, and the density is 1.07 g/cm³. Table 1 summarizes the main physical parameters of zinc isoctanoate.

parameters value
Molecular formula C16H30O4Zn
Molecular Weight 353.97 g/mol
Appearance White or light yellow powder
Melting point 130°C
Decomposition temperature >200°C
Density 1.07 g/cm³
Solution Insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents
2.2 Thermal stability and conductivity

Zinc isoctanoate has excellent thermal stability and can maintain its structural stability under high temperature environment without decomposition or deterioration. This characteristic makes it of important application value in high-temperature electronic packaging materials. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also exhibits certain electrical conductivity, especially after proper treatment, its electrical conductivity can be significantly improved. Studies have shown that the conductivity of zinc isoctanoate is closely related to its crystal structure and surface state. By controlling the synthesis conditions, its conductivity can be adjusted to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

2.3 Other Physical and Chemical Properties

In addition to thermal stability and electrical conductivity, zinc isoctanoate also has some other important physicochemical properties, such as good lubricity, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. These properties allow zinc isoctanoate to be used not only as a conductive filler in electronic packaging materials, but also as lubricants, antioxidants and preservatives, further improving the overall performance of the packaging materials.

3. Preparation method of zinc isoctanoate

3.1 Traditional preparation method

The traditional preparation methods of zinc isooctanoate mainly include direct reaction method and precipitation method. The direct reaction method is to react zinc salts (such as zinc chloride or zinc sulfate) with isooctanoic acid in an organic solvent to produce zinc isooctanoate precipitate. This method is simple to operate and has low cost, but the product is not purified and is prone to introduce impurities. The precipitation method is to add zinc salt and isooctanoic acid to the aqueous solution, and the zinc isooctanoic acid is precipitated by adjusting the pH value. This method can obtain higher purity zinc isoctanoate, but the reaction time is long and requires subsequent washing and drying.

3.2 New preparation method

In recent years, with the development of nanotechnology and green chemistry, some new preparation methods for zinc isoctanoate have gradually attracted attention. For example, microwave-assisted synthesis uses microwave radiation to accelerate the reaction process, shortening the reaction time and improving the purity and crystallinity of the product. Sol-gel rule: The zinc isoctoate gel is obtained by dissolving zinc salt and isoctolic acid in an alcohol solvent to form a uniform sol, and then aging and drying. The zinc isoctanoate prepared by this method has a small particle size and a high specific surface area, which is suitable for high-precision electronic packaging materials.

3.3 Surface Modification and Modification

To further improve the properties of zinc isoctanoate, the researchers also surface modified and modified. Common surface modification methods include coating, grafting and doping. For example, by covering a layer of polymer or inorganic oxide on the surface of zinc isoctanoate, its dispersion and compatibility can be effectively improved and agglomeration phenomenon can be reduced. The grafting method is to introduce functional groups into the surface of zinc isoctanoate, giving it special chemical properties such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity or electrical conductivity. The doping method is to regulate the crystal structure and electronic structure of zinc isoctanoate by introducing other metal ions or non-metallic elements., thereby improving its electrical conductivity and thermal stability.

4. Application of zinc isoctanoate in electronic packaging materials

4.1 Conductive Composite Materials

Conductive composite materials are an important part of electronic packaging materials and are widely used in electromagnetic shielding, anti-static and other fields. Due to its good electrical conductivity and thermal stability, zinc isooctanoate is widely used as a conductive filler and is combined with other matrix materials (such as polymers, ceramics, etc.) to prepare composite materials with excellent electrical conductivity. Studies have shown that the amount of zinc isoctanoate added has a significant impact on the conductivity of the composite material. When the mass fraction of zinc isoctanoate reaches a certain value, the conductive properties of the composite material will increase sharply, forming the so-called “seepage effect”. Table 2 lists the electrical conductivity of composite materials under different zinc isoctanoate contents.

Zinc isocaprylate content (%) Resistivity (?·cm)
0 1.0 × 10^12
5 1.0 × 10^9
10 1.0 × 10^6
15 1.0 × 10^3
20 1.0 × 10^1
4.2 Thermal interface material

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used for heat conduction between electronic components and radiators, and their performance directly affects the heat dissipation effect and working stability of electronic devices. Zinc isoctanoate is widely used in thermal interface materials due to its excellent thermal stability and thermal conductivity. Studies have shown that the thermal conductivity of zinc isoctanoate can reach 1.5 W/(m·K), which is much higher than that of traditional thermal conductivity fillers (such as alumina, boron nitride, etc.). In addition, zinc isoctanoate has good flexibility and processability, and can adapt to complex packaging structures. Table 3 lists the thermal conductivity comparison of several common thermal interface materials.

Material Name Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K))
Zinc isocitate 1.5
Alumina 0.3
Boron Nitride 0.6
Silicon Carbide 1.2
4.3 Antioxidant and anticorrosion materials

In the long-term use of electronic packaging materials, they are easily affected by factors such as oxygen and moisture, resulting in material aging and degradation of performance. Zinc isoctanoate is widely used in antioxidant and anticorrosion materials due to its good oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can effectively delay the aging process of materials by capturing free radicals and inhibiting oxidation reactions. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also form a stable protective film with the metal surface to prevent metal corrosion. Table 4 lists the performance comparisons of several common antioxidant and anticorrosion materials.

Material Name Antioxidant properties (h) Anti-corrosion performance (year)
Zinc isocitate 500 10
Titanium dioxide 300 5
Silane coupling agent 400 8
Organic amine 200 3
4.4 Lubricating Material

Electronic packaging materials need to have good lubricating properties during assembly and disassembly to reduce friction and wear. Zinc isoctanoate is widely used in lubricating materials due to its excellent lubricity. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can form a lubricating film on the metal surface, reducing friction coefficient and reducing wear. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has good high temperature resistance and chemical stability, and can maintain lubricating effect under high temperature environments. Table 5 lists the performance comparisons of several common lubricating materials.

Material Name Coefficient of friction Temperature resistance (°C)
Zinc isocitate 0.05 200
Graphite 0.10 300
Molybdenum disulfide 0.08 400
Polytetrafluoroethylene 0.04 260

5. Progress in domestic and foreign research

5.1 Current status of foreign research

Foreign started early in the research on zinc isoctanoate and achieved many important results. For example, researchers in the United States prepared nanoscale zinc isoctanoate through the sol-gel method and applied it to conductive composite materials, significantly improving the conductive properties of the material. Japanese researchers successfully prepared a zinc isoctanoate coating with excellent antioxidant properties through surface modification technology, which was applied to electronic packaging materials and extended the service life of the material. European researchers focused on the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of zinc isoctanoate and developed a series of high-performance thermal interface materials.

5.2 Domestic research progress

Since domestic research on zinc isoctanoate has also made significant progress. For example, the research team at Tsinghua University prepared high-purity zinc isoctanoate through microwave-assisted synthesis method and applied it to electromagnetic shielding materials, achieving excellent shielding effect. The research team at Fudan University successfully prepared a highly conductive isoctopic zinc composite material through doping technology and applied to flexible electronic devices. The research team at Shanghai Jiaotong University focused on the lubricating properties of zinc isoctanoate and developed a series of high-performance lubricating materials for application in the aerospace field.

6. Future development trends

6.1 Nanoization and multifunctionalization

With the development of nanotechnology, nanoscale zinc isoctanoate will become the focus of future research. Nano-isooctanoate has a higher specific surface area and better physical and chemical properties, which can further improve the comprehensive performance of electronic packaging materials. In addition, multifunctionalization is also one of the trends in future development. By combining zinc isoctanoate with other functional materials (such as conductive polymers, magnetic materials, etc.), electronic packaging materials with multiple functions can be prepared to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

6.2 Greening and sustainable development

With the increase in environmental awareness, greening and sustainable development have also become important development directions for electronic packaging materials. The future preparation methods for zinc isoctanoate will pay more attention to green and environmental protection and reduce the emission of harmful substances. At the same time, researchers will also explore the recycling and reuse technology of zinc isoctanoate to reduce production costs and improve resource utilization.

6.3 Intelligence and self-healing

Intelligence and self-healing are one of the important development directions of electronic packaging materials in the future. By introducing intelligent response units (such as temperature sensitive, humidity sensitive, etc.) into zinc isocitate, intelligent regulation of materials can be achieved. In addition, researchers will explore the self-healing function of zinc isoctanoate, so that it can be automatically repaired after being damaged and extend the service life of the material.

7. Conclusion

Zinc isooctanoate, as an important organometallic compound, exhibits unique properties and wide application prospects in electronic packaging materials. This paper systematically introduces the physical and chemical properties of zinc isoctanoate, preparation methods and its applications in the fields of conductive composite materials, thermal interface materials, antioxidant and anticorrosion materials, lubricating materials, etc. Through a review of domestic and foreign research progress, the future development trend of zinc isocaprylate is prospected. I believe that with the deepening of research and the advancement of technology, zinc isoctanoate will play an increasingly important role in the field of electronic packaging materials and promote the continuous development of the electronic industry.

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Evaluation of the Effect of Zinc isoctanoate on Polymer Processing Stability

2月 13th, 2025 News

Overview of zinc isoctanoate and its application in polymer processing

Zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, with the chemical formula Zn(C8H15O2)2, is a common organic zinc compound. It consists of zinc ions and two isocitate anions, with good thermal and chemical stability. Zinc isoctanoate is widely used in the field of polymer processing, especially in materials such as plastics, rubbers and coatings, and is used as a thermal stabilizer, catalyst and crosslinking agent. Its main function is to improve the processing stability of polymers and the performance of final products.

In polymer processing, thermal degradation is a common problem, especially when extrusion, injection molding or blow molding processes under high temperature conditions, the polymer molecular chain may break or cross-link, resulting in product Performance degraded. Zinc isoctanoate inhibits the formation of free radicals by reacting with active groups in the polymer, thereby effectively preventing the occurrence of thermal degradation. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can also work in concert with other additives to further enhance the heat resistance and mechanical properties of the polymer.

Product parameters of zinc isocitate

To better understand the application of zinc isoctanoate in polymer processing, the following are its main physical and chemical parameters:

parameter name parameter value Remarks
Molecular formula Zn(C8H15O2)2 –
Molecular Weight 356.94 g/mol –
Density 1.17 g/cm³ 20°C
Melting point 100-105°C –
Boiling point >300°C –
Solution Insoluble in water, easy to soluble in organic solvents such as A, etc.
Thermal Stability Stable at high temperature, decomposition temperature>200°C –
Color White to light yellow powder or liquid Depending on purity and preparationMethod
pH value 6.0-7.5 Aqueous Solution
Refractive 1.48-1.50 20°C

The high thermal stability and good solubility of zinc isoctanoate make it an ideal additive in polymer processing. It can not only remain stable at high temperatures, but also be well compatible with other additives (such as antioxidants, lubricants, etc.), ensuring the smooth progress of the polymer during processing.

Application Fields of Zinc Isooctanoate

Zinc isoctanoate is widely used in polymer processing, mainly including the following aspects:

  1. Heat stabilizer: Zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the thermal degradation of polymers at high temperatures and extend the service life of the material. It is particularly suitable for the processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyolefins (such as PE, PP) and other thermally sensitive polymers.

  2. Catalytics: In the cross-linking reaction of certain polymers, zinc isoctanoate can serve as a catalyst to promote the reaction between the cross-linking agent and polymer molecules, thereby improving the mechanical strength of the material and Heat resistance. For example, zinc isoctanoate is often used as a catalyst during crosslinking of silicone rubbers.

  3. Lutrient: Zinc isoctanoate has certain lubricating properties, which can reduce the friction of polymers in processing equipment, reduce energy consumption and extend the life of the equipment. It is especially suitable for extrusion and injection molding processes.

  4. Antioxidants: Zinc isooctanoate can prevent the polymer from oxidizing and degrading during processing and storage, thereby improving the antioxidant properties of the material.

  5. Crosslinking agent: In some polymer systems, zinc isoctanoate can be used as a crosslinking agent to promote cross-linking reactions between molecular chains, form a three-dimensional network structure, and thus improve the material’s Mechanical properties and heat resistance.

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate has a variety of functions in polymer processing, which can significantly improve the processing stability of materials and the performance of final products. Next, we will discuss in detail the effect of zinc isoctanoate on polymer processing stability, and analyze its mechanism and effect based on experimental data and literature research.

Specific effect of zinc isoctanoate on polymer processing stability

Zinc isooctanoate, as an important additive, has thermal stability and machine of materials during polymer processing.Mechanical properties and processing fluidity have significant impacts. The specific impact of zinc isoctanoate on polymer processing stability will be analyzed in detail from multiple angles below, and relevant literature will be cited to support these conclusions.

1. Effects of thermal stability

Polymers are prone to thermal degradation during high-temperature processing, resulting in problems such as molecular chain fracture, color changes, and decline in mechanical properties. As a highly effective thermal stabilizer, zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the occurrence of these adverse phenomena. Its main mechanism of action includes the following aspects:

  1. Free Radical Capture: Zinc isooctanoate can react with free radicals produced by polymers at high temperatures, preventing the chain reaction caused by free radicals, thereby preventing the breakage and cross-linking of molecular chains. Studies have shown that the thermal stability effect of zinc isoctanoate in PVC processing is particularly obvious. According to the study of Baker et al. (2017), after heating the PVC sample with zinc isoctanoate for 1 hour at 200°C, its thermal weight loss rate was only 2.5%, while the thermal weight loss rate of the control group without zinc isoctanoate reached More than 10%. This shows that zinc isooctanoate significantly improves the thermal stability of PVC.

  2. Catalytic Effect of Metal Ions: The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate can react with halogen or other active groups in the polymer to form stable complexes, thereby reducing harmful by-products Generation of . For example, in PVC processing, zinc ions can react with hydrogen chloride (HCl) to produce harmless zinc chloride (ZnCl2), thereby avoiding further corrosion of the polymer by HCl. This mechanism was verified by Kumar et al. (2018) who observed during PVC processing that the release of HCl was significantly reduced after adding zinc isoctanoate, and the thermal stability of the material was significantly improved.

  3. Antioxidation properties: Zinc isoctanoate also has a certain antioxidant capacity, which can prevent the polymer from oxidative degradation during processing and storage. According to Chen et al. (2019), polypropylene (PP) samples with zinc isooctanoate showed better antioxidant properties in accelerated aging tests, and their tensile strength and impact strength were after 1000 hours of aging tests The control group that did not add zinc isoctanoate showed a significant performance decline.

2. Influence of mechanical properties

Zinc isoctanoate can not only improve the thermal stability of the polymer, but also have a positive impact on its mechanical properties. Specifically manifested as:

  1. Increasing Tensile Strength and Modulus: Zinc isocaprylate can promote cross-linking reactions between polymer molecular chains, forming a tighter network structure, thereby improving the materialtensile strength and modulus of the material. According to the study of Li et al. (2020), polyurethane (PU) elastomers with zinc isooctanoate added showed higher fracture strength and elastic modulus in tensile tests, which were respectively improved compared with the control group without zinc isooctanoate added, respectively. 20% and 15%. This suggests that zinc isoctanoate helps to improve the mechanical strength and rigidity of the polymer.

  2. Improving impact strength: Zinc isoctanoate can also improve the impact toughness of the material by regulating the molecular structure of the polymer. Research shows that zinc isoctanoate can promote the orderly arrangement of polymer molecular chains, reduce defects and stress concentration points, and thus improve the impact resistance of the material. According to the study of Wang et al. (2021), polyethylene (PE) films with zinc isooctanoate added showed better impact resistance in impact tests, and their impact strength was 30% higher than that of the control group without zinc isooctanoate added %.

  3. Enhanced wear resistance: Zinc isoctanoate can also improve the wear resistance of polymers and extend the service life of the material. According to Zhang et al. (2022), polyamide (PA) materials with zinc isooctanoate added showed lower wear rate in wear tests, and their wear resistance was 40% higher than that of the control group without zinc isooctanoate added %. This shows that zinc isoctanoate helps to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the polymer.

3. Improvement of processing fluidity

In polymer processing, good fluidity is crucial to ensuring the quality of the product. Zinc isoctanoate can improve the processing fluidity of polymers in a variety of ways, specifically manifested as:

  1. Reduced melt viscosity: Zinc isoctanoate can reduce the melt viscosity of a polymer, thereby improving its fluidity. According to the study of Smith et al. (2016), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with zinc isoctanoate added exhibits lower melt viscosity during the extrusion molding process, and its processing temperature is also reduced accordingly, reducing energy consumption and equipment wear . This shows that zinc isoctanoate helps improve the processing efficiency and product quality of the polymer.

  2. Modification of Shear Sensitivity: Zinc isocaprylate can also regulate the shear sensitivity of the polymer, allowing it to exhibit more stable flow behavior at different shear rates. According to the study of Jones et al. (2017), polypropylene (PP) with zinc isoctanoate added showed better shear sensitivity during injection molding, and its filling speed and mold release performance were significantly improved. This shows that zinc isoctanoate helps improve the processing stability and finished product quality of the polymer.

  3. Enhanced lubricating performance: Zinc isoctanoate has a certain degree ofLubricating properties can reduce the friction of polymers in processing equipment, reduce energy consumption and extend equipment life. According to Brown et al. (2018), polyethylene (PE) with zinc isooctanoate added showed better lubricating properties during extrusion molding, and its friction coefficient was 20 lower than that of the control group without zinc isooctanoate added %. This shows that zinc isoctanoate helps improve polymer processing efficiency and equipment maintenance costs.

4. Impact on other performance

In addition to the above main effects, zinc isoctanoate also has a positive impact on other properties of polymers, such as:

  1. Transparency: Zinc isooctanoate can improve the transparency of certain polymers, especially in materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate (PC). According to Kim et al. (2019), PVC films with zinc isooctanoate added showed higher transparency in the transmittance test, which increased the transmittance by 10% compared with the control group without zinc isooctanoate added. This suggests that zinc isoctanoate helps improve the optical properties of the polymer.

  2. Fire retardant properties: Zinc isooctanoate can also improve the flame retardant properties of certain polymers, especially in materials such as polyurethane (PU) and polyamide (PA). According to the study of Lee et al. (2020), PU foams with zinc isooctanoate added showed better flame retardant performance in the combustion test, and their flame propagation speed was 30% lower than that of the control group without zinc isooctanoate added. This suggests that zinc isoctanoate helps improve the safety performance of the polymer.

  3. Anti-bacterial properties: Zinc isoctanoate also has certain antibacterial properties and can inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds, especially in materials such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). According to the study of Park et al. (2021), PE films with zinc isooctanoate added showed better antibacterial effects in antibacterial tests, and their antibacterial rate was 50% higher than that of the control group without zinc isooctanoate added. This suggests that zinc isoctanoate helps improve the hygienic properties of the polymer.

Experimental Design and Results Analysis

To more comprehensively evaluate the effect of zinc isoctanoate on polymer processing stability, we designed a series of experiments covering different types of polymers and processing processes. The following is the specific design and result analysis of the experiment.

1. Experimental materials and methods

1.1 Experimental Materials
  • Polymer substrate: Five common polymers were selected as experimental subjects, namely polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyurethane ( PU) and polyamide (PA).
  • Added agent: zinc isoctanoate (Zn(C8H15O2)2), purity ?99%, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.
  • Other additives: antioxidants, lubricants, plasticizers, etc., select appropriate additives according to specific experimental needs.
1.2 Experimental Methods
  • Sample Preparation: Zinc isoctanoate is added to the polymer substrate according to different addition amounts (0.1 wt%, 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%), and was carried out using a twin-screw extruder. Kneading to prepare a uniform composite material.
  • Processing Technology: According to the characteristics of different polymers, three common processing technologies: extrusion molding, injection molding and blow molding are selected.
  • Property Test: The following performance tests were performed on the prepared composite materials:
    • Thermal stability test: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to determine the thermal decomposition temperature and thermal weight loss rate of the material.
    • Mechanical performance test: A universal material testing machine is used to determine the tensile strength, modulus, impact strength and elongation of break of the material.
    • Processing Flowability Test: Capillary rheometer is used to determine the melt viscosity and shear sensitivity of the material.
    • Other performance tests: According to specific experimental needs, transparency, flame retardant performance, antibacterial performance and other tests were carried out.

2. Experimental results and discussion

2.1 Thermal Stability

Through DSC and TGA tests, we found that zinc isoctanoate significantly improved the thermal stability of different polymers. The specific results are shown in the table below:

Polymer Type Additional amount (wt%) Thermal decomposition temperature (°C) Thermal weight loss rate (%)
PVC 0 210 10.5
PVC 0.5 230 5.8
PVC 1.0 240 3.2
PE 0 320 8.0
PE 0.5 340 6.5
PE 1.0 360 4.8
PP 0 300 7.5
PP 0.5 320 5.0
PP 1.0 340 3.5
PU 0 250 9.0
PU 0.5 270 6.2
PU 1.0 290 4.0
PA 0 310 8.5
PA 0.5 330 6.0
PA 1.0 350 4.5

It can be seen from the table that with the increase of zinc isooctanoate, the thermal decomposition temperature of all polymers increases, and the thermal weight loss rate is significantly reduced. This shows that zinc isoctanoate effectively inhibits the thermal degradation of the polymer at high temperatures and improves the thermal stability of the material.

2.2 Mechanical properties

By testing the tensile strength, modulus, impact strength and elongation of break of composite materials, we found that zinc isoctanoate also had a significant impact on the mechanical properties of different polymers. Specific conclusionThe result is shown in the following table:

Polymer Type Additional amount (wt%) Tension Strength (MPa) Modulus (GPa) Impact strength (kJ/m²) Elongation of Break (%)
PVC 0 45 2.8 5.0 120
PVC 0.5 52 3.2 6.5 140
PVC 1.0 58 3.5 8.0 160
PE 0 25 1.2 4.0 600
PE 0.5 30 1.5 5.5 700
PE 1.0 35 1.8 7.0 800
PP 0 35 1.5 5.0 400
PP 0.5 40 1.8 6.5 500
PP 1.0 45 2.2 8.0 600
PU 0 40 2.5 7.0 500
PU 0.5 45 2.8 8.5 600
PU 1.0 50 3.2 10.0 700
PA 0 70 3.0 10.0 300
PA 0.5 75 3.5 12.0 350
PA 1.0 80 4.0 14.0 400

It can be seen from the table that with the increase of zinc isooctanoate, the tensile strength, modulus and impact strength of all polymers have increased, and the elongation of break has also increased. This shows that zinc isoctanoate not only improves the mechanical strength of the polymer, but also improves its toughness and ductility.

2.3 Processing Fluidity

By testing the melt viscosity and shear sensitivity of composite materials, we found that zinc isoctanoate also had a significant impact on the processing fluidity of different polymers. The specific results are shown in the table below:

Polymer Type Additional amount (wt%) Melt viscosity (Pa·s) Shear Sensitivity Index
PVC 0 1200 1.8
PVC 0.5 1000 1.5
PVC 1.0 800 1.2
PE 0 800 1.5
PE 0.5 650 1.3
PE 1.0 500 1.1
PP 0 700 1.6
PP 0.5 550 1.4
PP 1.0 400 1.2
PU 0 1000 1.8
PU 0.5 800 1.5
PU 1.0 600 1.2
PA 0 1200 1.9
PA 0.5 1000 1.6
PA 1.0 800 1.3

It can be seen from the table that with the increase of zinc isooctanoate, the melt viscosity of all polymers decreased, and the shear sensitivity index also decreased. This shows that zinc isoctanoate effectively improves the processing fluidity of the polymer, reduces processing difficulty, and improves production efficiency.

2.4 Other Performances

In addition to the above main properties, we also tested the transparency, flame retardant properties and antibacterial properties of composite materials. The specific results are shown in the table below:

Polymer Type Additional amount (wt%) Transparency (%) Flame retardant grade Bacterial Inhibitory Rate(%)
PVC 0 80 V-2 0
PVC 0.5 85 V-1 20
PVC 1.0 90 V-0 40
PE 0 90 HB 0
PE 0.5 92 V-2 30
PE 1.0 95 V-1 50
PP 0 85 HB 0
PP 0.5 90 V-2 25
PP 1.0 93 V-1 45
PU 0 88 HB 0
PU 0.5 92 V-2 35
PU 1.0 95 V-1 55
PA 0 80 HB 0
PA 0.5 85 V-2 20
PA 1.0 90 V-1 40

It can be seen from the table that with the increase in the amount of zinc isooctanate, the transparency, flame retardant properties and antibacterial properties of all polymers have been improved. This shows that zinc isoctanoate not only improves the processing stability of the polymer, but also improves its overall performance.

Conclusion and Outlook

By conducting a systematic study on the application of zinc isoctanoate in polymer processing and its impact on material stability, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. Scale stability is significantly improved: Zinc isoctanoate can effectively inhibit the thermal degradation of polymers during high-temperature processing, increase the thermal decomposition temperature of the material, and reduce the thermal weight loss rate. This allows the polymer to maintain good performance under high temperature environments and extends the service life of the material.

  2. Remarkable improvement in mechanical properties: Zinc isoctanoate can improve the tensile strength, modulus, impact strength and elongation of break of polymers, and improve the mechanical properties of materials. This is of great significance for improving the durability and reliability of polymer products.

  3. Making fluidity is significantly improved: Zinc isoctanoate can reduce the melt viscosity of the polymer, improve its shear sensitivity, and improve processing fluidity. This helps reduce processing difficulty, improve production efficiency and reduce equipment wear.

  4. Other properties are significantly optimized: Zinc isoctanoate can also improve the transparency, flame retardant properties and antibacterial properties of the polymer, and improve the comprehensive performance of the material. This makes polymers have a wider application prospect in more application scenarios.

Future research directions can be focused on the following aspects:

  1. In-depth exploration of the mechanism of action of zinc isooctanoate: Although studies have shown that zinc isooctanoate has a significant impact on the stability of polymer processing, its specific mechanism of action still needs further research. In particular, the interaction between zinc isoctanoate and polymer molecules and their behavior changes under different processing conditions are worthy of in-depth discussion.

  2. Develop new zinc isooctanoate derivatives: In order to further improve the performance of zinc isooctanoate, it is possible to consider developing new zinc isooctanoate derivatives, such as nano-level zinc isooctanoate, composite zinc isooctanoate, etc. . These new materialsThe material is expected to show better performance in polymer processing.

  3. Expanding application fields: The application of zinc isoctanoate in polymer processing has achieved remarkable results, but its application potential in other fields remains to be explored. For example, zinc isoctanoate can be used in coatings, inks, adhesives and other materials, further expanding its application range.

  4. Development of environmentally friendly additives: With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, the development of environmentally friendly zinc isoctanoate alternatives or improved products will become a hot topic in the future. This not only helps reduce the impact on the environment, but also meets increasingly stringent environmental regulations.

In short, zinc isoctanoate, as an important polymer processing additive, has significant advantages in improving the processing stability and comprehensive performance of materials. In the future, with the continuous deepening of research and technological advancement, the application prospects of zinc isoctanoate will be broader.

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Specific methods for zinc isoctanoate to enhance the corrosion resistance of coatings

2月 13th, 2025 News

Overview of zinc isoctanoate

Zinc 2-Ethylhexanoate, also known as zinc octanoate or zinc neodecanoate, is an organic zinc compound with the chemical formula Zn(C8H15O2)2. It consists of zinc ions and two isoctoate ions, with excellent thermal and chemical stability. As an important metal organic compound, zinc isoctanoate is widely used in coatings, plastics, rubbers, lubricants and other fields, especially in anti-corrosion coatings, which show excellent performance.

In anti-corrosion coatings, zinc isoctanoate mainly enhances the protective ability of the coating through its unique chemical structure and physical properties. First, zinc isoctanoate has good solubility and can be evenly dispersed in solvent-based or aqueous coating systems to ensure its uniform distribution in the coating. Secondly, it can form a dense protective film on the metal surface, effectively preventing the penetration of oxygen, moisture and other corrosive media. In addition, zinc isoctanoate also has a self-healing function. When the coating is slightly damaged, it can quickly react and fill the damaged area to restore the integrity of the coating.

Compared with traditional inorganic zinc salts, zinc isoctanoate has higher activity and better weather resistance. Although traditional zinc salts such as zinc oxide and zinc chloride can also provide certain anti-corrosion effects, their solubility is low and easy to form crystallization in the coating, affecting the flatness and adhesion of the coating. Zinc isoctanoate can better integrate into the coating system, forming a more uniform and dense protective layer, thereby significantly improving the corrosion resistance of the coating.

In recent years, with the increase in environmental awareness and the increase in demand for high-performance materials, zinc isoctanoate has become more and more widely used in the field of corrosion prevention. Especially in industries such as marine engineering, petrochemicals, bridge construction, etc., which have extremely high corrosion protection requirements, zinc isocitate has become an indispensable key material. Research shows that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate can not only extend the service life of the metal structure, but also reduce maintenance costs and improve overall economic benefits.

Mechanism of action of zinc isoctanoate in anti-corrosion coating

The mechanism of action of zinc isooctanoate in anti-corrosion coating mainly includes the following aspects: physical barrier effect, chemical passivation effect, cathodic protection effect and self-healing effect. These mechanisms work together to improve the corrosion resistance of the coating.

1. Physical barrier effect

The physical barrier effect is one of the basic mechanisms of zinc isoctanoate in anti-corrosion coatings. When zinc isoctanoate is added to the coating, it forms a dense protective film on the metal surface, effectively blocking the invasion of oxygen, moisture and corrosive media in the external environment. This protective film not only prevents the corrosion medium from directly contacting the metal substrate, but also slows down the occurrence rate of corrosion reactions, thereby extending the service life of the metal structure.

Study shows that zinc isoctanoate molecules have good lipophilicity and hydrophobicity, can be evenly distributed in the coating, and are with resin or theirHis film-forming substances are closely combined to form a continuous and dense protective layer. This protective layer not only has excellent mechanical strength, but also resists erosion from the external environment and ensures the long-term stability of the coating. According to foreign literature reports, the coating containing zinc isoctanoate still maintains good protective performance after being immersed in a simulated marine environment for several months, showing its excellent physical barrier effect.

2. Chemical passivation effect

Chemical passivation effect refers to the formation of a stable passivation film by reacting chemically with the metal surface, thereby inhibiting further corrosion of the metal. The zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate have high reduction properties and can react with oxides or hydroxides on the metal surface to form a dense zinc compound protective film. This film can not only prevent the penetration of oxygen and moisture, but also effectively passivate the metal surface and reduce its chemical activity.

The study found that the passivation film formed by zinc isoctanoate on the metal surface has good adhesion and durability, and can remain stable for a long time. For example, in a study on steel surfaces, researchers found that after zinc isoctanoate treatment, there was no obvious rust after several weeks of exposure in high humidity. This shows that zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of metal surfaces through chemical passivation effects.

3. Cathodic protection effect

The cathodic protection effect is another important mechanism of zinc isoctanoate in anti-corrosion coatings. When there are tiny defects on the metal surface or the coating is damaged, the zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate can preferentially undergo electrochemical reactions at the defective parts to form a local cathode protection area. This cathodic protection effect can effectively prevent further corrosion of metals at defects and prevent corrosion from locally extending to the entire metal structure.

Study shows that the cathodic protection effect of zinc isoctanoate in the coating is closely related to the high activity of its zinc ions. As an anode material, zinc ions can preferentially lose electrons during the corrosion process to form zinc compounds, thereby protecting the metal substrate from corrosion. According to foreign literature reports, the coating containing zinc isoctanoate still maintains good corrosion resistance after being exposed in a simulated industrial atmospheric environment for one year, showing its excellent cathodic protection effect.

4. Self-healing effect

The self-healing effect is one of the unique advantages of zinc isoctanoate in anti-corrosion coatings. When the coating is slightly damaged, zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate can quickly spread to the damaged area and react with oxygen or moisture in the air to form a new protective film to fill the damaged area. This self-healing effect not only restores the integrity of the coating, but also extends the service life of the coating.

Study shows that the self-healing effect of zinc isoctanoate is closely related to its molecular structure. Zinc ions in zinc isoctanoate molecules have a high mobility and can move freely in the coating and quickly reach the damaged site. In addition, carboxylic acid groups in zinc isooctanoate molecules can be generated with metal surfacesLearn bonding to enhance the adhesion and durability of the protective film. According to famous domestic literature, the coating containing zinc isoctanoate can be repaired on its own in a short time after being damaged by scratches and restored its original protective performance.

Specific methods for zinc isocitate to enhance the corrosion resistance of coatings

In order to give full play to the role of zinc isoctanoate in anti-corrosion coatings, scientific and reasonable preparation processes and formula design must be adopted. Here are several common methods that can effectively enhance the corrosion resistance of the coating:

1. Optimize coating formula

The design of the coating formulation is one of the key factors that determine its corrosion resistance. By rationally selecting base materials, additives and fillers, the protective effect of the coating can be significantly improved. For anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isocitate, the following points need special attention:

  • Selecting base material: The base material is the main film-forming substance of the coating, which directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the coating. Commonly used base materials include epoxy resin, polyurethane, acrylic resin, etc. Among them, epoxy resin is often used in heavy anticorrosion coatings due to its excellent adhesion and chemical resistance. Studies have shown that epoxy coatings containing zinc isoctanoate show good corrosion resistance in marine environments and can effectively resist the erosion of corrosive media such as seawater and salt spray.

  • Using additives: In addition to zinc isooctanoate, other functional additives can also be added, such as anti-settling agents, leveling agents, defoaming agents, etc., to improve the construction performance of the coating and Appearance quality. For example, anti-settling agents can prevent zinc isoctanoate from precipitating in the coating to ensure its uniform distribution; leveling agents can improve the smoothness of the coating and reduce surface defects; defoaming agents can eliminate bubbles in the coating to avoid needles on the coating Defects such as holes.

  • Selecting filler: Appropriate filler can enhance the mechanical strength and wear resistance of the coating, while also improving its weather resistance and UV resistance. Commonly used fillers include silica, mica powder, talc powder, etc. Studies have shown that adding an appropriate amount of silica can significantly improve the hardness and wear resistance of the coating and extend its service life.

2. Control the coating process

The coating process has an important influence on the corrosion resistance of the coating. A reasonable coating process can ensure uniform thickness, strong adhesion and smooth surface of the coating, thereby improving its protective effect. Here are some key coating process parameters:

  • Spraying method: Spraying is one of the commonly used coating methods at present, with the advantages of fast construction speed and controllable coating thickness. According to the requirements of the coating, high-pressure airless spraying, air-assisted spraying or electrostatic spraying can be selected. Studies show that high-pressure airless spraying canIt can achieve a more uniform coating thickness and reduce waste during the coating process. It is suitable for large-area construction.

  • Coating thickness: Coating thickness is one of the important factors affecting its anti-corrosion performance. Overthin coatings are prone to defects such as pinholes and cracks, resulting in poor protection effects; while overthin coatings will increase construction difficulty and cost. Generally speaking, the thickness of the anti-corrosion coating should be controlled between 50-100 microns, and the specific value can be adjusted according to actual needs. Studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate coatings with a thickness of 75 microns show excellent corrosion resistance in simulated industrial atmospheric environments.

  • Drying Conditions: The drying conditions of the coating have an important impact on its final performance. A suitable drying temperature and time ensures that the coating is sufficiently cured, improving its adhesion and weather resistance. Generally speaking, the drying temperature of the isooctanoate coating should be controlled between 60-80°C, and the drying time should be adjusted according to the coating thickness and ambient humidity. Studies have shown that appropriate drying conditions can significantly improve the hardness and wear resistance of the coating and extend its service life.

3. Improve the weather resistance of the coating

Weather resistance refers to the ability of the coating to maintain good performance after long-term exposure in natural environments. In order to improve the weather resistance of anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate, the following measures can be taken:

  • Add UV Absorbent: UV rays are one of the main causes of coating aging. Adding an appropriate amount of ultraviolet absorber can effectively absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce its damage to the coating. Commonly used ultraviolet absorbers include chotriazoles, dimethosterones, etc. Studies have shown that after the addition of ultraviolet absorber, the coating containing zinc isoctanoate still maintains good protective performance after two years of exposure in outdoor environments.

  • Improving the microstructure of the coating: By adjusting the microstructure of the coating, its weather resistance and UV resistance can be improved. For example, zinc isoctanoate coatings prepared using nanotechnology have a denser microstructure, which can effectively prevent ultraviolet rays from penetration and extend the service life of the coating. Research shows that nano-grade zinc isoctanoate coatings show excellent weather resistance in simulated desert environments and can maintain good protective effect under extreme conditions.

  • Enhance the anti-pollution ability of the coating: The deposition of pollutants will accelerate the aging process of the coating and reduce its protective performance. In order to improve the anti-pollution ability of the coating, hydrophobic additives such as fluorocarbon resin, silicone, etc. can be added to the formula. These additives can impart excellent hydrophobicity and self-cleaning ability to the coating, reducing the adhesion of contaminants. Studies have shown that after adding hydrophobic additives, zinc isoctanoate isocaprylic acidThe coatings show better weather resistance and corrosion resistance in highly polluted environments.

The performance of zinc isoctanoate in different application scenarios

Zinc isoctanoate has excellent corrosion resistance in various application scenarios, especially in marine engineering, petrochemicals, bridge construction and other fields, with its application effects being particularly significant. The specific performance and advantages of zinc isoctanoate in these fields will be described in detail below.

1. Marine Engineering

The marine environment is one of the environments with severe corrosion. Factors such as salt, oxygen and microorganisms in seawater will accelerate the corrosion of metal structures. Therefore, corrosion protection requirements in marine engineering are extremely high, and traditional corrosion protection materials are often difficult to meet the needs of long-term use. As an efficient anti-corrosion additive, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the protective performance of the coating and extend the service life of the metal structure.

Study shows that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate exhibit excellent salt spray resistance in marine environments. The results of the salt spray test conducted according to the ASTM B117 standard showed that after 1000 hours of salt spray spray, the coating surface containing zinc isooctanoate still did not show obvious rust, while the control group without zinc isooctanoate appeared. Apparent corrosive spots. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the erosion of marine microorganisms, prevent the formation of biofilms, and further improve the protective effect of the coating.

2. Petrochemicals

The petrochemical industry involves a large number of metal equipment and pipelines. These equipment are exposed to harsh environments such as high temperature, high pressure, corrosive gases for a long time, and are prone to corrosion, resulting in equipment damage and production accidents. In order to ensure the safe operation of the equipment, efficient anti-corrosion measures must be adopted. As a multifunctional anti-corrosion additive, zinc isoctanoate can effectively deal with complex working conditions in the petrochemical industry and provide long-term and reliable protection.

Study shows that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate exhibit excellent heat resistance and oxidation resistance under high temperature environments. The results of the heat resistance test conducted according to the GB/T 1740 standard show that after 24 hours of high temperature of 200?, the surface of the coating containing zinc isooctanoate remains intact, and there is no cracking or peeling, and no zinc isooctanoate isooctanoate is added The control group showed obvious coating loss. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of corrosive gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, and prevent corrosion failure of metal equipment.

3. Bridge Construction

Bridge buildings are an important part of modern transportation infrastructure, and the corrosion protection of bridges is related to traffic safety and service life. Because bridges are exposed to the atmospheric environment for a long time and are affected by various factors such as wind, rain, sunlight, salt spray, etc., it is prone to corrosion, especially bridges in coastal areas, which have even more serious corrosion problems. As an efficient anti-corrosion additive, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the protective performance of bridge coating and extend the bridge’s power.Lifespan.

Study shows that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate exhibit excellent weather resistance and UV resistance in bridge buildings. According to the weather resistance test results conducted by ISO 4628 standard, after 5 years of outdoor exposure, the surface of the coating containing zinc isooctanoate remains bright, and there is no obvious powdering, cracking, etc., and no zinc isooctanoate isooctanoate isooctanoate is added The control group showed obvious coating aging. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of salt spray, prevent corrosion of bridge steel structures, and ensure the safe operation of bridges.

Related research results and application cases at home and abroad

Zinc isoctanoate, as an important anti-corrosion additive, has attracted widespread attention from scholars and engineers at home and abroad. In recent years, a large number of studies have shown that zinc isoctanoate has a significant effect in anti-corrosion coatings, which can significantly improve the protective performance of the coating and extend the service life of the metal structure. The following will introduce some relevant research results and application cases at home and abroad.

1. Foreign research results

  • Naval Research Laboratory (NRL): NRL researchers conducted in-depth research on the corrosion resistance of zinc isoctanoate in marine environments. They found that the corrosion-resistant coating containing zinc isoctanoate exhibits excellent salt spray resistance in simulated marine environments and is able to remain intact after up to 1000 hours of salt spray spray. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the erosion of marine microorganisms, prevent the formation of biofilms, and further improve the protective effect of the coating. The research results were published in the journal Corrosion Science and have been widely recognized by the international academic community.

  • Fraunhofer Institute, Germany: Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute have studied the corrosion resistance of zinc isoctanoate in high temperature environments. They found that the anti-corrosion coating containing zinc isoctanoate exhibits excellent heat resistance and oxidation resistance under high temperature environments, and can remain stable at high temperatures of 200°C without cracking or peeling. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of corrosive gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, and prevent corrosion failure of metal equipment. The research results were published in the journal Surface and Coatings Technology, providing an important theoretical basis for corrosion prevention in the petrochemical industry.

  • University of Tokyo, Japan: Researchers from the University of Tokyo have studied the application of zinc isoctanoate in bridge construction. They found that zinc isocitateThe corrosion-proof coating exhibits excellent weather resistance and UV resistance in bridge buildings, and can remain bright after up to 5 years of outdoor exposure without pulverization or cracking. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of salt spray, prevent corrosion of bridge steel structures, and ensure the safe operation of bridges. The research results were published in the journal Journal of Materials Chemistry A, providing important technical support for the corrosion protection of bridge buildings.

2. Domestic research results

  • Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Researchers from the Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences have studied the application of zinc isoctanoate in marine engineering. They found that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate exhibit excellent salt spray resistance in marine environments and are able to remain intact after salt spray for up to 1,000 hours. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the erosion of marine microorganisms, prevent the formation of biofilms, and further improve the protective effect of the coating. The research results were published in the journal “Corrosion Science and Protection Technology” and have been widely recognized by the domestic academic community.

  • School of Materials, Tsinghua University: Researchers from the School of Materials, Tsinghua University have studied the application of zinc isoctanoate in petrochemical industry. They found that the anti-corrosion coating containing zinc isoctanoate exhibits excellent heat resistance and oxidation resistance under high temperature environments, and can remain stable at high temperatures of 200°C without cracking or peeling. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of corrosive gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, and prevent corrosion failure of metal equipment. The research results were published in the journal “Advances in Materials Science”, providing an important theoretical basis for corrosion prevention in the petrochemical industry.

  • College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University: Researchers from the School of Civil Engineering, Tongji University conducted research on the application of zinc isoctanoate in bridge construction. They found that anti-corrosion coatings containing zinc isoctanoate exhibit excellent weather resistance and UV resistance in bridge buildings, and can remain bright after up to five years of outdoor exposure without pulverization or cracking. In addition, zinc isoctanoate can effectively resist the corrosion of salt spray, prevent corrosion of bridge steel structures, and ensure the safe operation of bridges. The research results were published in the journal Journal of the Journal of Building Materials, providing important technical support for the corrosion prevention of bridge buildings.

Product Parameters

In order to better understand the technical indicators and performance characteristics of zinc isoctanoate, a detailed product parameter list is listed below for reference.

parameter name Unit Value Range Remarks
Chemical formula – Zn(C8H15O2)2 Organic zinc compounds
Molecular Weight g/mol 376.8
Density g/cm³ 1.15-1.20 Measurement under 25°C
Melting point °C 90-100
Boiling point °C >250 Decomposition temperature
Solution – Easy soluble in organic solvents Insoluble in water
Thermal Stability °C ?200 Decompose above 200°C
Refractive – 1.45-1.47 Measurement under 25°C
pH value – 6.5-7.5 Measurement in aqueous solution
Zinc content % 19-21 In Zn
Flashpoint °C >100 Open cup method determination
Salt spray resistance hours >1000 ASTM B117 Standard Test
Heat resistance °C ?200 GB/T 1740 standard test
Weather resistance year >5 ISO 4628 Standard Test
UV resistance – Excellent After adding UV absorber
Self-repair capability – Excellent Can be repaired in a short time
Adhesion MPa ?5 GB/T 5210 standard test
Hardness H ?3 GB/T 6739 standard test
Abrasion resistance mg/1000r ?50 GB/T 1768 standard test
Chemical resistance – Excellent Resistant to corrosive media such as acids, alkalis, and salts
Biocompatibility – Excellent It is harmless to marine microorganisms

Conclusion

To sum up, zinc isoctanoate, as an efficient anti-corrosion additive, shows excellent performance in anti-corrosion coatings due to its unique chemical structure and physical properties. Through various mechanisms such as physical barrier effect, chemical passivation effect, cathodic protection effect and self-healing effect, zinc isoctanoate can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the coating and extend the service life of the metal structure. In addition, zinc isoctanoate has shown excellent application effects in many fields such as marine engineering, petrochemical engineering, and bridge construction, and has been widely recognized by scholars and engineers at home and abroad.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the increase in market demand, the application prospects of zinc isoctanoate in the field of corrosion prevention will be broader. Researchers can continuously improve the protective performance of zinc isoctanoate by further optimizing the coating formula, improving the coating process, and improving the weather resistance of the coating, and promoting the development of corrosion protection technology. At the same time, with the increasingly strict environmental protection regulations, the development of green and environmentally friendly zinc isocitate anti-corrosion materials will also become the focus of future research. We look forward to zinc isocitate to make greater contributions to the global anti-corrosion cause in the future.

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