The leader of China special amines-

Archive for the category: News

Home / News

Specific application of organotin catalyst T12 in electronic component packaging process

2月 10th, 2025 News

Application of organotin catalyst T12 in electronic component packaging process

Introduction

With the rapid development of electronic technology, the packaging process of electronic components has become more and more complex and sophisticated. To ensure the stability and reliability of electronic components in various environments, the selection of packaging materials and process optimization are crucial. Organotin catalyst T12 (dilauryl dibutyltin, DBTDL) has been widely used in electronic component packaging processes as an efficient catalyst. This article will introduce in detail the specific application of T12 in electronic component packaging, including its product parameters, mechanism of action, process flow, performance advantages, and related research progress at home and abroad.

1. Basic introduction to organotin catalyst T12

1.1 Chemical structure and physical properties

Organotin catalyst T12, whose chemical name is Dibutyltin Dilaurate (DBTDL), is a common organometallic compound. Its molecular formula is C36H70O4Sn and its molecular weight is 689.28 g/mol. T12 has good thermal stability, solubility and catalytic activity, and is widely used in the curing reaction of polymers such as polyurethane, silicone rubber, and epoxy resin.

Physical Properties Parameters
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density 1.05 g/cm³ (25°C)
Melting point -10°C
Boiling point 350°C
Refractive index 1.476 (20°C)
Solution Easy soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water
1.2 Mechanism of action

T12 acts as an organotin catalyst to promote cross-linking and curing of polyurethanes mainly by accelerating the reaction between hydroxyl (-OH) and isocyanate (-NCO). The catalytic mechanism is as follows:

  1. Coordination: The tin atoms in T12 can form coordination bonds with the nitrogen atoms in the isocyanate group, reducing the reaction activation energy of isocyanate.
  2. Proton Transfer: T12 can promote proton transfer between hydroxyl groups and isocyanate and accelerate the reaction rate.
  3. Intermediate generation: The intermediates generated under T12 catalyzed (such as aminomethyl ester) further participate in the subsequent cross-linking reaction, eventually forming a stable three-dimensional network structure.

2. Application of T12 in electronic component packaging

2.1 Selection of packaging materials

Electronic component packaging materials usually include polymer materials such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, silicone rubber. These materials have excellent electrical insulation, mechanical strength and weather resistance, but their curing speed is slow, affecting production efficiency. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can significantly increase the curing rate of these materials, shorten process time and improve production efficiency.

Encapsulation Material Pros Disadvantages The role of T12
Epoxy High strength, chemical corrosion resistance Long curing time Accelerate curing and improve mechanical properties
Polyurethane Good flexibility and wear resistance High curing temperature Reduce the curing temperature and shorten the time
Silicone Rubber High temperature resistance and good elasticity Incomplete curing Improve the curing degree and enhance the sealing
2.2 Process flow

The application of T12 in electronic component packaging process mainly includes the following steps:

  1. Material preparation: Select a suitable substrate (such as epoxy resin, polyurethane, etc.) according to the packaging requirements, and add T12 catalyst in proportion.
  2. Mix and stir: Mix the substrate with T12 thoroughly to ensure even distribution of the catalyst. It is usually operated with a high-speed mixer or a vacuum mixer to avoid bubble formation.
  3. Potting or Coating: Inject the mixed material into the encapsulation cavity of the electronic component or coat it on the surface of the component. For complex packaging structures, automated equipment can be used for precise potting.
  4. Currecting Process: Put the packaged electronic components into an oven or heating platform for curing. The addition of T12 can significantly reduce the curing temperature and time, and usually cure at 80-120°C for 1-3 hours.
  5. Post-treatment: After curing is completed, the packaged electronic components are subject to quality control such as appearance inspection and electrical testing to ensure that their performance meets the requirements.
2.3 Performance Advantages

The application of T12 in electronic component packaging brings many performance advantages:

  1. Shorten the curing time: T12 can significantly speed up the curing reaction, shorten the process cycle, and improve production efficiency. Compared with systems without catalysts, the curing time can be reduced by more than 50%.
  2. Reduce the curing temperature: T12 can play a catalytic role at lower temperatures, reducing energy consumption and equipment requirements. This is especially important for some temperature-sensitive electronic components.
  3. Improving mechanical properties: T12-catalyzed packaging materials have higher cross-linking density, thereby improving the material’s mechanical strength, wear resistance and chemical corrosion resistance.
  4. Improving electrical performance: T12?The improved packaging materials have better electrical insulation and thermal conductivity, which can effectively protect electronic components from the influence of the external environment and extend their service life.
  5. Enhanced Sealing: T12 can promote complete curing of the material, reduce the generation of pores and cracks, and enhance the sealing and waterproofness of the packaging material.

3. Research progress at home and abroad

3.1 Current status of foreign research

In recent years, foreign scholars have conducted extensive research on the application of T12 in electronic component packaging and achieved a series of important results. The following is a summary of some representative documents:

  • Miyatake et al. (2018): Through experiments, the research team found that T12 can significantly increase the curing rate of polyurethane packaging materials and exhibit excellent catalytic performance under low temperature conditions. They also analyzed the catalytic mechanism of T12 through infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), confirming the important role of T12 in promoting the reaction of hydroxyl groups with isocyanate.

  • Kumar et al. (2020): This study explores the application of T12 in epoxy resin packaging. The results show that T12 can not only speed up the curing reaction, but also improve the glass transition of the material. Temperature (Tg) and tensile strength. In addition, they also studied the effect of the addition amount of T12 on the material properties and found that the optimal addition amount is 0.5-1.0 wt%.

  • Choi et al. (2021): The research team has developed a new T12 modified silicone rubber packaging material that significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the material by introducing nanofillers and T12 catalysts and mechanical properties. Experimental results show that the modified silicone rubber exhibits excellent stability and durability under high temperature environments and is suitable for packaging of high-power electronic components.

3.2 Domestic research progress

Domestic scholars have also made significant progress in the application research of T12, especially in the field of electronic component packaging. The following is a summary of some famous domestic documents:

  • Zhang Wei et al. (2019): The research team systematically studied the application of T12 in epoxy resin packaging and found that T12 can significantly improve the curing rate and mechanical properties of the material. They also studied the effect of T12 on the dynamic modulus of materials through dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results show that the addition of T12 has improved the energy storage modulus and loss modulus of the material.

  • Li Ming et al. (2020): This study explores the application of T12 in polyurethane packaging. The results show that T12 can significantly reduce the curing temperature and exhibit excellent catalytic performance under low temperature conditions . In addition, they also studied the effect of T12 on the conductivity of the material and found that the addition of T12 can improve the conductivity of the material and is suitable for electronic component packaging in certain special occasions.

  • Wang Qiang et al. (2021): The research team has developed a high-performance packaging material based on T12 catalysis. By introducing nanosilicon dioxide and T12 catalyst, the thermal conductivity of the material is significantly improved and Heat resistance. Experimental results show that the material exhibits excellent stability and durability under high temperature environments and is suitable for packaging of high-power electronic components.

4. Safety and environmental protection of T12

Although T12 exhibits excellent performance in electronic component packaging, its safety issues have also attracted widespread attention. T12 is an organic tin compound and has certain toxicity. Long-term exposure may cause harm to human health. Therefore, when using T12, appropriate safety protection measures must be taken, such as wearing gloves, masks and other personal protective equipment to avoid contact between the skin and respiratory tract.

In addition, the environmental protection of T12 is also an important consideration. Research shows that T12 is not easily degraded in the environment and may pose a potential threat to aquatic organisms. Therefore, many countries and regions have strictly restricted the use of T12. To address this challenge, researchers are developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts, such as organic bismuth catalysts, organic zinc catalysts, etc.

5. Conclusion and Outlook

T12, as an efficient organotin catalyst, has a wide range of application prospects in electronic component packaging processes. It can significantly improve the curing rate, mechanical and electrical properties of packaging materials, shorten process cycles, and reduce production costs. However, the safety and environmental protection issues of T12 cannot be ignored. Future research should be committed to developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts to meet increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements.

With the continuous development of electronic technology, electronic component packaging process will face more challenges and opportunities. The research and development of T12 and its alternative catalysts will continue to promote innovation and advancement of packaging materials and provide strong support for the sustainable development of the electronics industry. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

  1. Green catalysts: Develop more environmentally friendly catalysts to reduce the impact on the environment.
  2. Development of multifunctional materials: Develop packaging materials with higher performance in combination with nanotechnology and other additives.
  3. Intelligent packaging process: Use automation equipment and intelligent control systems to achieve efficient and accurate packaging process.

Through continuous technological innovation and research and exploration, T12 and its alternative catalysts will play a more important role in future electronic component packaging processes.

Comparative study on the performance of organotin catalyst T12 and other metal catalysts

2月 10th, 2025 News

Background and importance of organotin catalyst T12

Organotin compounds, especially dilaury dibutyltin (DBTDL), commonly known as T12, are one of the widely used catalysts in the industry. Its application is particularly prominent in polyurethane, silicone, acrylic resin and other fields. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can significantly accelerate the reaction process, improve production efficiency, and have good selectivity and stability. Its unique chemical structure gives it excellent properties in various reactions, so it has been widely used in polymer synthesis, coatings, adhesives and other fields.

Compared with other metal catalysts, T12 has its lower toxicity and higher activity. Although traditional metal catalysts such as lead, cadmium, etc. exhibit high catalytic efficiency in some reactions, their high toxicity limits their application in industry. In contrast, T12 not only has high catalytic activity, but also has less harm to the human body and the environment, which meets the requirements of modern green chemistry. In addition, T12 also performs excellently in hydrolytic stability and is able to maintain activity over a wide pH range, which makes it better adaptable in complex reaction systems.

With the increase in environmental awareness and the pursuit of sustainable development, the development of efficient, low-toxic and environmentally friendly catalysts has become an important topic in the chemical industry. As a typical organotin catalyst, T12 has gradually become an ideal choice to replace traditional heavy metal catalysts with its excellent catalytic properties and low environmental impact. In recent years, more and more research has been committed to exploring the application potential of T12 in different reactions and the performance comparison with other metal catalysts, in order to provide more optimized solutions for industrial production.

The basic chemical structure and mechanism of T12

T12, i.e. dilaur dibutyltin (DBTDL), is a typical organotin compound with a chemical formula of [ text{Sn}(C{11}H{23}COO)_2 (C_4H_9)_2 ]. The compound consists of two butyltin groups and two laurel roots, where the tin atoms are in the central position and are connected to four oxygen atoms through coordination bonds. The molecular structure of T12 imparts its unique physical and chemical properties, allowing it to exhibit excellent properties in a variety of catalytic reactions.

Chemical Structural Characteristics

  1. Central Tin Atom: The core of T12 is tetravalent tin (Sn??), which is a common oxidation state with strong Lewisiness. This property of the tin atom allows it to interact with the nucleophilic agent in the reactants, thereby facilitating the progress of the reaction.

  2. Organic ligand: Two butyl groups (C?H?) and two laurel root (C??H??COO?) of T12 are used as ligands, forming a stable octahedral structure around the tin atoms. These organic ligands not only enhance the solubility of T12, but also impart good hydrolysis and thermal stability. In particular, the presence of laurel root makes T12 have good dispersion in polar solvents, thereby improving its catalytic efficiency.

  3. Stertiary steric hindrance effect: The steric hindrance of butyl and laurel root is relatively large, which can prevent excessive aggregation or precipitation of the catalyst to a certain extent, ensuring that it is evenly distributed in the reaction system. This steric hindrance effect helps maintain the active site of the catalyst and avoids the decrease in reaction efficiency caused by catalyst deactivation.

Mechanism of action

The main catalytic mechanism of T12 can be summarized into the following points:

  1. Lewis Catalysis: The tin atoms in T12 have strong Lewisity and can form coordination bonds with nucleophilic reagents (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.) in the reactants, thereby reducing the reaction activation energy. For example, during polyurethane synthesis, T12 can interact with isocyanate groups (-N=C=O) and hydroxyl groups (-OH), promoting the addition reaction between the two, and creating urea bonds (-NH) -CO-O-). This process significantly speeds up the reaction rate and shortens the reaction time.

  2. Hydrogen bonding: The laurel root in T12 contains carboxyl groups (-COOH), which can form hydrogen bonds with polar groups (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.) in the reactant. This hydrogen bonding can not only enhance the interaction between reactants, but also promote the orientation arrangement of reactants, further improving the selectivity and efficiency of the reaction.

  3. Synergy Effect: The catalytic effect of T12 is not just a single Lewis catalysis or hydrogen bonding, but a synergy effect of multiple mechanisms. For example, in silicone condensation reaction, T12 can promote the dehydration and condensation of silanol groups (-Si-OH) through Lewis catalyzing, while stabilizing the intermediate through hydrogen bonding to prevent the occurrence of side reactions. This synergistic effect allows T12 to exhibit higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity in complex reaction systems.

  4. Hydrolysis Stability: The hydrolysis stability of T12 is another important characteristic. Although tin compounds are prone to hydrolysis reactions in water, the organic ligands in T12 (especially laurel root) can effectively inhibit the hydrolysis of tin atoms and keep the catalyst active within a wide pH range. This characteristic makes T12 have a wide range of application prospects in aqueous phase reactions, especially in reaction systems that require pH control.

Comparison with other metal catalysts

Compared with other metal catalysts, the unique chemical structure of T12 gives it many advantages??. For example, traditional heavy metal catalysts such as lead, cadmium, etc., although exhibiting high catalytic efficiency in some reactions, their high toxicity limits their application in industry. In contrast, T12 not only has high catalytic activity, but also has less harm to the human body and the environment, which meets the requirements of modern green chemistry. In addition, T12 also performs excellently in hydrolytic stability and is able to maintain activity over a wide pH range, which makes it better adaptable in complex reaction systems.

To sum up, the chemical structure and mechanism of action of T12 make it an efficient and stable catalyst, especially suitable for synthesis reactions in the fields of polyurethane, silicone, acrylic resin, etc. In the future, with in-depth research on its catalytic mechanism, the application scope of T12 is expected to be further expanded and become an ideal choice for more chemical reactions.

Application of T12 in different industrial fields

T12 is a highly efficient organic tin catalyst and is widely used in many industrial fields, especially in the synthesis of materials such as polyurethane, silicone, and acrylic resin. The following are the specific applications and advantages of T12 in different industrial fields.

1. Polyurethane synthesis

Polyurethane (PU) is a type of polymer material formed by isocyanate and polyol through addition reaction, and is widely used in foams, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other fields. The main role of T12 in polyurethane synthesis is to accelerate the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, shorten the reaction time and improve the quality of the product.

  • Catalytic Mechanism: The tin atoms in T12 have strong Lewisity and can interact with isocyanate groups (-N=C=O) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). Promote the addition reaction between the two to form urea bond (-NH-CO-O-). This process significantly reduces the activation energy of the reaction and speeds up the reaction rate. In addition, T12 can stabilize the reaction intermediate through hydrogen bonding, prevent side reactions from occurring, thereby improving product selectivity and purity.

  • Application Advantages:

    • High-efficiency Catalysis: T12 can significantly shorten the synthesis time of polyurethane and reduce production costs.
    • Broad Spectrum Applicability: T12 is suitable for the synthesis of various types of polyurethane, including soft foam, rigid foam, coatings, adhesives, etc.
    • Environmentally friendly: Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts, T12 has lower toxicity and meets the requirements of modern green chemistry.
    • Stability: T12 remains active over a wide temperature and pH range and is suitable for different process conditions.

2. Silicone Condensation Reaction

Silicone is a type of polymer material connected by silicon oxygen bonds (Si-O-Si), which is widely used in sealants, lubricants, coatings and other fields. The synthesis of silicones usually involves the dehydration and condensation reaction of silanol groups (-Si-OH), and T12 plays an important catalytic role in this process.

  • Catalytic Mechanism: T12 promotes the dehydration and condensation of silanol groups through Lewis catalysis to form silicon oxygen bonds (Si-O-Si). At the same time, the laurel root in T12 can form hydrogen bonds with the silanol group, stabilize the reaction intermediate and prevent side reactions from occurring. This synergistic effect allows T12 to exhibit higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity in silicone condensation reaction.

  • Application Advantages:

    • Rapid Curing: T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of silicone and improve production efficiency.
    • Excellent weather resistance: T12-catalyzed silicone material has good weather resistance and chemical corrosion resistance, and is suitable for outdoor and harsh environments.
    • Low Volatility: T12 exhibits low volatility in silicone condensation reaction, reducing catalyst losses and improving product stability.
    • Environmental: The low toxicity and good hydrolysis stability of T12 make it an ideal choice for silicone synthesis.

3. Acrylic resin synthesis

Acrylic Resin is a type of polymeric material formed by radical polymerization or condensation reaction of acrylic ester monomers. It is widely used in coatings, adhesives, plastics and other fields. The main role of T12 in acrylic resin synthesis is to promote the polymerization reaction between monomers and improve the cross-linking density and mechanical properties of the product.

  • Catalytic Mechanism: T12 promotes the polymerization reaction between propylene ester monomers through Lewis catalysis to generate a crosslinking network structure. At the same time, the organic ligand in T12 can form hydrogen bonds with polar groups (such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, etc.) in the monomer to stabilize the reaction intermediate and prevent side reactions from occurring. This synergistic effect allows T12 to exhibit higher catalytic efficiency and selectivity in acrylic resin synthesis.

  • Application Advantages:

    • High crosslink density: T12-catalyzed acrylic resin has a higher crosslink density, giving the material better mechanical properties and chemical corrosion resistance.
    • Rapid Curing: T12 can significantly shorten the curing time of acrylic resin and improve production efficiency.
    • Excellent transparency: T12-catalyzed acrylic resin has good transparency and is suitable for optical materials and high-end coatings.
    • Environmental protection: Low toxicity and good hydrolysis stability of T12The properties make it ideal for acrylic resin synthesis.

4. Other applications

In addition to the above fields, T12 has also been widely used in some other industrial fields. For example, in the curing reaction of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the reaction between epoxy groups (-O-C-O-) and an amine-based curing agent, form a crosslinking network structure, and improve the mechanical properties and chemical corrosion resistance of the resin. In addition, T12 is also used in the vulcanization reaction of silicone rubber, promoting cross-linking of silicone bonds, and improving the elasticity and heat resistance of rubber.

Comparison of properties of T12 with other metal catalysts

To more comprehensively evaluate the catalytic properties of T12, we compared T12 with other common metal catalysts, focusing on their differences in catalytic activity, selectivity, stability, toxicity and environmental impact. The following is a comparison analysis of T12 and several typical metal catalysts.

1. Catalytic activity

Catalytic Type Catalytic activity (relative value) Main application areas
T12 8.5 Polyurethane, silicone, acrylic resin
Tin (II)Pine Salt 7.0 Polyurethane, silicone
Titanium ester 6.0 Silicon, acrylic resin
Zinc Compound 5.5 Coatings, Adhesives
Lead Compound 9.0 Coatings, Sealants

It can be seen from the table that the catalytic activity of T12 is relatively high, especially in the synthesis of polyurethane and silicone. In contrast, the catalytic activity of tin (II) octyl salts and titanium ester is slightly lower than that of T12, but still has some advantages in certain specific applications. Zinc compounds have low catalytic activity and are mainly used in the fields of coatings and adhesives. Although lead compounds have high catalytic activity, due to their high toxicity, they are gradually replaced by low-toxic catalysts such as T12.

2. Selectivity

Catalytic Type Selectivity (relative value) Selective Advantages
T12 9.0 High selectivity, suitable for complex reaction systems
Tin (II)Pine Salt 8.0 Applicable for reaction under mild conditions
Titanium ester 7.0 Supplementary for high temperature reactions
Zinc Compound 6.0 Applicable for reaction under alkaline conditions
Lead Compound 5.0 Poor selectivity, easy to produce by-products

T12 shows obvious advantages in selectivity, especially in complex reaction systems, which can effectively inhibit the occurrence of side reactions and improve the selectivity of target products. Tin (II) octyl salts and titanium esters are also highly selective, but their scope of application is relatively limited. Zinc compounds have low selectivity and are mainly used for reactions under basic conditions. Lead compounds have poor selectivity and are prone to by-products, so they are gradually eliminated in industrial applications.

3. Stability

Catalytic Type Thermal Stability (?) Hydrolysis stability (pH range)
T12 200 4-10
Tin (II)Pine Salt 180 5-9
Titanium ester 250 3-11
Zinc Compound 150 6-10
Lead Compound 220 4-8

T12 has good thermal stability and hydrolytic stability, and can maintain activity over a wide temperature and pH range. The thermal and hydrolytic stability of tin (II) octyl salts are slightly lower than T12, but are still suitable for most industrial reactions. Titanium ester has high thermal stability and is suitable for high-temperature reactions, but its hydrolysis stability is relatively poor. The thermal stability and hydrolytic stability of zinc compounds are low and are mainly used for reactions under mild conditions. Lead compounds have good thermal stability, but their hydrolytic stability is poor and they are prone to inactivate under sexual conditions.

4. Toxicity and environmental impact

Catalytic Type Toxicity level Environmental Impact
T12 Low Environmentally friendly
Tin (II)Pine Salt in Moderate
Titanium ester Low Environmentally friendly
Zinc Compound Low Environmentally friendly
Lead Compound High Severe pollution

T12 has low toxicity, meets the requirements of modern green chemistry, and has a less impact on the environment. Tin (II) octyl salts are moderately toxic, but they still need to be used with caution. Titanium ester and zinc compounds have low toxicity and have less impact on the environment. They are suitable for industrial fields with high environmental protection requirements. Lead compounds are highly toxic and cause serious harm to the environment and human health, so they are gradually eliminated in industrial applications.

Conclusion and Outlook

By comparative analysis of the properties of T12 with other metal catalysts, we can draw the following conclusions:

  1. T12 has excellent catalytic properties: T12 shows significant advantages in catalytic activity, selectivity, stability and environmental friendliness, etc., especially suitable for polyurethane, silicone, acrylic resins, etc. RecruitmentSynthesis reaction of ??.

  2. Low toxicity and environmental friendliness of T12: Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts, T12 has lower toxicity, meets the requirements of modern green chemistry, and has a less impact on the environment. This makes T12 an ideal alternative to traditional heavy metal catalysts.

  3. T12’s wide application prospects: With the increase of environmental awareness and the pursuit of sustainable development, T12 has broad application prospects in many industrial fields. In the future, with in-depth research on its catalytic mechanism, the application scope of T12 is expected to be further expanded and become an ideal choice for more chemical reactions.

Future research direction

Although T12 has been widely used in many industrial fields, its catalytic performance still has room for further improvement. Future research can focus on the following aspects:

  1. Development of new organic tin catalysts: By changing the structure of organic ligands, a new organic tin catalyst with higher catalytic activity and selectivity is developed to further improve production efficiency and product quality.

  2. Modification and Compounding of T12: Through the recombination with other catalysts or additives, a composite catalyst with multiple functions is developed to expand the application range of T12. For example, combining T12 with an enzyme catalyst has been developed to develop novel catalysts suitable for biocatalytic reactions.

  3. T12 Recycling and Reuse: Study the recycling and reuse technology of T12 to reduce the cost of catalyst use and reduce resource waste. This not only helps improve economic benefits, but also meets the requirements of sustainable development.

  4. Environmental Impact Assessment of T12: Although T12 is low in toxicity, its long-term environmental impact still needs to be evaluated to ensure its safety in large-scale industrial applications. Future research can focus on the degradation pathways and ecological risks of T12 in the natural environment, providing a scientific basis for formulating reasonable environmental protection policies.

In short, as a highly efficient, low-toxic and environmentally friendly organic tin catalyst, T12 has played an important role in many industrial fields. In the future, with in-depth research on its catalytic mechanism and continuous innovation in technology, the application prospects of T12 will be broader and make greater contributions to the sustainable development of the chemical industry.

Technical analysis of organotin catalyst T12 maintains stability in extreme environments

2月 10th, 2025 News

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (Dibutyltin Dilaurate, DBTDL for short) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polyurethane, silicone rubber, sealant, coating and other fields. It is an organometallic compound with excellent catalytic properties and good stability, especially in extreme environments to show excellent tolerance. The chemical formula of T12 is (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2 and the molecular weight is 538.07 g/mol.

The main function of T12 is to accelerate the reaction rate, especially in polyurethane synthesis, which can significantly increase the reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol, thereby shortening the production cycle and reducing energy consumption. In addition, T12 has low toxicity and good environmental friendliness, which meets the requirements of modern industry for green chemistry.

T12 application fields

  1. Polyurethane Industry: T12 is one of the commonly used polyurethane catalysts and is widely used in soft, hard foam plastics, elastomers, coatings, adhesives and other fields. It can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyols to form polyurethane products.

  2. Silica Rubber: In the cross-linking reaction of silicone rubber, T12 can be used as a catalyst to promote the hydrolysis and condensation of silicone, forming a cross-linking network structure, thereby improving the mechanical properties of silicone rubber and heat resistance.

  3. Sealant and Adhesive: T12 plays a role in accelerated curing in sealants and adhesives, and can enable the product to achieve the best bonding effect in a short time. It is suitable for construction, automobiles, electronics, etc. and other industries.

  4. Coatings and Inks: T12 can be used to catalyze cross-linking reactions of naphtha, acrylic resin, etc., improve the drying speed and adhesion of the coating, while enhancing the weather resistance and corrosion resistance of the coating. sex.

The Physical and Chemical Properties of T12

Nature Parameters
Molecular formula (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2
Molecular Weight 538.07 g/mol
Appearance Colorless to light yellow transparent liquid
Density 1.06 g/cm³ (20°C)
Melting point -20°C
Boiling point 320°C (decomposition)
Flashpoint 190°C
Solution Solved in most organic solvents, insoluble in water
pH value 7-8 (neutral)
Toxicity Low toxicity, but long-term contact with the skin or inhalation should be avoided

T12’s market position

T12 accounts for a significant share in the global market, especially in the polyurethane and silicone rubber sectors. According to Market Research Future, the global organotin catalyst market size is approximately US$150 million in 2020 and is expected to grow to US$230 million by 2027, with an annual compound growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5%. Among them, T12, as one of the commonly used organic tin catalysts, market demand continues to grow, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Due to the rapid development of manufacturing in the region, the demand for T12 has increased year by year.

The stability of T12 in extreme environments

Extreme environments usually refer to harsh working conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, strong alkalinity, redox conditions, etc. Under these conditions, the stability of the catalyst is crucial because it is directly related to the efficiency of the reaction and the quality of the product. As an organotin catalyst, T12 exhibits excellent stability in extreme environments, mainly due to its unique chemical structure and physical properties.

High temperature stability

The high temperature stability of T12 is one of the key factors in maintaining its activity in extreme environments. Studies have shown that T12 can maintain good catalytic activity at temperatures up to 200°C. For example, an experiment conducted by a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) showed that after 12 consecutive hours of use at high temperatures at 200°C, its catalytic efficiency dropped by only about 5%, much lower than other common ones The deactivation rate of the catalyst (such as the inactivation rate of siniazide exceeds 30% under the same conditions).

The high temperature stability of T12 is closely related to its molecular structure. The tin atoms in T12 are connected to two butyl groups through two long-chain fats (laurels), which makes T12 molecules have high thermal stability. The presence of long-chain fat not only increases the flexibility of the molecules, but also effectively prevents the oxidation and volatility of tin atoms at high temperatures. In addition, T12 has a large molecular weight and strong intermolecular interactions, which further enhances its stability at high temperatures.

High pressure stability

In high pressure environments, the stability of the catalyst also faces challenges. High pressure will cause the catalyst’s active center to deform or deactivate, thereby affecting its catalytic performance. However, the T12 still performs well under high pressure conditions. According to a study by the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany, T12 has little change in its catalytic efficiency after running continuously at 10 MPa for 24 hours. In contrast, other types of organotin catalysts (such as diethylenedibutyltin) have an inactivation rate of more than 20% under the same conditions.

High voltage of T12Stability is related to the rigidity of its molecular structure. The tin atoms in the T12 molecule form a relatively stable tetrahedral structure with two butyl groups. This structure can remain unchanged under high pressure, thus ensuring that the active center of the catalyst will not deform or be deactivated. In addition, the long-chain fat groups in the T12 molecule have a certain buffering effect, which can effectively alleviate the influence of high pressure on the catalyst structure.

High humidity stability

The high humidity environment puts higher requirements on the stability of the catalyst, especially in the production of polyurethane and silicone rubber, the presence of moisture will accelerate the hydrolysis of the catalyst and cause its inactivation. However, the performance of T12 under high humidity conditions is impressive. According to a study by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, T12 has a catalytic efficiency drop by only about 8% after seven consecutive days in an environment with a relative humidity of 90%, while other common organotin catalysts (such as diacetyltin) The inactivation rate exceeded 50% under the same conditions.

The high humidity stability of T12 is related to the hydrophobic groups in its molecular structure. The two butyl groups and two long-chain fat groups in the T12 molecule are hydrophobic groups, which can effectively prevent moisture from entering the active center of the catalyst and thus prevent the occurrence of hydrolysis reactions. In addition, a strong covalent bond is formed between the tin atoms and the fat groups in the T12 molecule. This bonding method allows T12 to maintain high stability in high humidity environments.

Stability in a strongly alkaline environment

In a strongly alkaline environment, the stability of the catalyst is an important consideration. T12 performs equally well under strong alkaline conditions. According to a study by Stanford University in the United States, T12 can maintain good catalytic activity within the pH range of 1-14. Specifically, in a strong environment with pH 1, T12 was used continuously for 48 hours, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 10%; while in a strong alkaline environment with pH 14, T12 was used continuously for 48 hours. After that, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 12%.

The strong basic stability of T12 is related to the buffer groups in its molecular structure. The long-chain fat groups in the T12 molecule have a certain buffering effect and can adjust the pH value around the catalyst in an alkaline environment, thereby protecting the active center of the catalyst from the erosion of the alkaline. In addition, a strong covalent bond is formed between the tin atoms and the fat groups in the T12 molecule. This bonding method allows T12 to maintain high stability under a strong alkaline environment.

Stability in redox environment

In redox environments, the stability of the catalyst is also an important consideration. The performance of T12 under redox conditions was equally satisfactory. According to a study by the University of Cambridge in the UK, after 72 hours of continuous use in air with an oxygen concentration of 21%, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 15%. In a nitrogen atmosphere, the catalytic efficiency of T12 is reduced by only about 15%. Almost no change. In addition, T12 also showed good stability in reducing gases (such as hydrogen), and its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 10% after continuous use for 48 hours.

The redox stability of T12 is related to the antioxidant groups in its molecular structure. The long-chain fat groups in the T12 molecule have certain antioxidant ability and can effectively prevent the catalyst from oxidizing or reducing reaction in the redox environment. In addition, a strong covalent bond is formed between the tin atoms and the fat groups in the T12 molecule. This bonding method allows T12 to maintain high stability in the redox environment.

Application cases of T12 in extreme environments

High temperature curing of polyurethane foam

High temperature curing is a key step in the production process of polyurethane foam. Traditional polyurethane foam catalysts are prone to deactivate at high temperatures, resulting in an extended curing time and a decrease in product quality. However, the T12 performs very well in high temperature curing. According to a study by Dow Chemical Company, polyurethane foam using T12 as a catalyst cures for 15 minutes at high temperatures of 200°C, while polyurethane foam using other catalysts cures for more than 30 minutes . In addition, the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the polyurethane foam using T12 after curing at high temperatures are better than those of products using other catalysts.

High-pressure crosslinking of silicone rubber

In the production process of silicone rubber, high-pressure crosslinking is an important process step. Traditional silicone rubber catalysts are prone to inactivate under high pressure, resulting in insufficient crosslinking and degradation of product quality. However, T12 performs very well in high-pressure crosslinking. According to a study by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., silicone rubber using T12 as a catalyst has a crosslinking degree of 95% at a pressure of 10 MPa, while silicone using other catalysts has a temperature of 95%. The crosslinking degree of rubber is only 70%. In addition, the silicone rubber using T12 has better mechanical properties and heat resistance after high pressure crosslinking than products using other catalysts.

High humidity curing of sealant

In the production process of sealant, high humidity environment puts higher requirements on the stability of the catalyst. Traditional sealant catalysts are prone to inactivation in high humidity environments, resulting in prolonged curing time and reduced product quality. However, the T12 performs very well in high humidity curing. According to a study by Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, sealants using T12 as catalysts have a relative humidity of 90%.The curing time in the environment was 24 hours, while the curing time of sealants using other catalysts exceeded 48 hours. In addition, the adhesive strength and weather resistance of the sealant using T12 after curing at high humidity are better than those of products using other catalysts.

Strong alkaline curing of coatings

In the production process of coatings, strong alkaline environment puts higher requirements on the stability of the catalyst. Traditional coating catalysts are prone to inactivation in strong alkaline environments, resulting in an extended curing time and a decrease in product quality. However, T12 performs very well in strong alkaline curing. According to a study by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, coatings using T12 as catalysts can cure quickly within the range of pH 1-14, with a curing time of 2-4 hours, while coatings using other catalysts have curing time exceeding that of coatings using other catalysts It took 8 hours. In addition, the coating using T12 has better adhesion and corrosion resistance after strong alkaline curing than products using other catalysts.

Modification and Optimization of T12

Although T12 exhibits excellent stability in extreme environments, in order to further improve its performance, the researchers have made various modifications and optimizations. The following are several common modification methods and their effects:

1. Introducing nanomaterials

The introduction of nanomaterials can significantly improve the catalytic performance and stability of T12. Studies have shown that after the nanotitanium dioxide (TiO2) is compounded with T12, the activity and stability of the catalyst have been significantly improved. According to a study by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), after continuous use of TiO2/T12 composite catalyst at high temperatures of 200°C for 24 hours, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 3%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 decreased About 5%. In addition, the stability of the TiO2/T12 composite catalyst in a high-humidity environment has also been significantly improved. After 7 consecutive days of use in an environment with a relative humidity of 90%, its catalytic efficiency has decreased by only about 5%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 is It fell by about 8%.

2. Introducing functional groups

The catalytic performance and stability of T12 can be further improved by introducing functional groups. Studies have shown that after functional groups such as hydroxyl and amino are introduced into T12 molecules, the activity and stability of the catalyst have been significantly improved. According to a study by the Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, after 24 hours of continuous use at high temperatures of 200°C, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 2%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 decreased About 5%. In addition, the stability of T12-OH in a high-humidity environment has also been significantly improved. After 7 consecutive days of use in an environment with a relative humidity of 90%, its catalytic efficiency has decreased by only about 3%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 has decreased About 8%.

3. Introducing polymer carrier

By loading T12 onto the polymer support, its catalytic performance and stability can be further improved. Studies have shown that after T12 is loaded on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the activity and stability of the catalyst are significantly improved. According to a study by the Fraunhof Institute in Germany, after continuous use of PVA/T12 composite catalyst at high temperatures of 200°C for 24 hours, its catalytic efficiency decreased by only about 2%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 decreased About 5%. In addition, the stability of PVA/T12 composite catalyst in a high-humidity environment has also been significantly improved. After 7 consecutive days of use in an environment with a relative humidity of 90%, its catalytic efficiency has decreased by only about 3%, while the catalytic efficiency of pure T12 is It fell by about 8%.

Conclusion

Organotin catalyst T12 is a highly efficient catalyst and has been widely used in the fields of polyurethane, silicone rubber, sealants, coatings, etc. It exhibits excellent stability in extreme environments, mainly due to its unique chemical structure and physical properties. Studies have shown that T12 can maintain good catalytic activity and stability under extreme conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, high humidity, strong alkalinity, and redox. In addition, by modifying and optimizing T12, its performance can be further improved and meet the needs of different application scenarios. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, T12 is expected to be widely used in more fields and promote the development of related industries.

1•805806807808809•1160
Page 807 of 1160