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Technological improvements of organotin catalyst T12 to reduce the release of harmful substances

2月 10th, 2025 News

Background and Application of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin compounds are widely used as catalysts in the chemical industry, especially in the fields of polymer synthesis, organic synthesis and catalytic reactions. Among them, the organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) has attracted much attention due to its excellent catalytic performance and stability. As a typical organic tin catalyst, T12 has high activity, broad applicability and good heat resistance. It is widely used in the production process of polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone rubber and other materials.

The main function of T12 is to accelerate the reaction rate and improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction. It plays a key role in the foaming process of polyurethane foam and can effectively promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, thereby forming a stable foam structure. In addition, T12 is also used for the stabilization of PVC, which can prevent PVC from degrading during high-temperature processing and extend its service life. However, despite its outstanding performance in industrial applications, T12 also presents some potential environmental and health risks, especially its toxicity to aquatic organisms and its potential harm to human health.

In recent years, with the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the increasingly strict regulations, reducing the release of harmful substances has become an important issue in the chemical industry. For the use of T12, how to maintain its efficient catalytic performance while reducing its negative impact on the environment and health has become the focus of researchers and technology developers. To this end, many research institutions and enterprises have carried out technological improvement work to develop more environmentally friendly and safer alternatives to organotin catalysts or to improve the use of existing T12 catalysts.

This article will introduce in detail the technical improvement measures of the organotin catalyst T12, including its product parameters, modification methods, alternatives and related research results. By citing authoritative documents at home and abroad, we will explore how to minimize the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health while ensuring catalytic performance, and promote the development of green chemistry.

The chemical properties and catalytic mechanism of T12

Chemical Properties

Organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyltin dilaurate) is a typical organometallic compound with the molecular formula (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2. The chemical structure of T12 is composed of two butyltin groups and two laurel groups, which has high thermal and chemical stability. Here are some important chemical properties of T12:

  • Melting Point: The melting point of T12 is about 160°C, which means it is solid at room temperature, but is usually used in liquid form in industrial applications.
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in organic solvents, such as, a, ethyl esters, etc., but is insoluble in water. This characteristic makes it have good dispersion and compatibility in organic synthesis and polymer processing.
  • Thermal Stability: T12 has high thermal stability and can maintain its catalytic activity at temperatures above 200°C. It is suitable for high-temperature reaction systems.
  • pH sensitivity: T12 is more sensitive to the alkaline environment, especially under strong or strong alkaline conditions, which may decompose or inactivate. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to control the pH value of the reaction system to ensure the stability and effectiveness of the catalyst.

Catalytic Mechanism

T12 is an organic tin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism is mainly based on the coordination and electron effects of tin atoms. Specifically, T12 promotes responses in the following ways:

  1. Coordination Catalysis: The tin atoms in T12 can form coordination bonds with functional groups in the reactants (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, carboxyl groups, etc.), thereby reducing the activation energy of the reaction and accelerating the reaction rate . For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 is able to form a coordination complex with isocyanate groups (-NCO) and polyol groups (-OH), promoting the addition reaction between the two.

  2. Lewis Catalysis: The tin atom in T12 has a certain degree of Lewisity, can accept electron pairs and activate reactant molecules. This Lewisty makes T12 exhibit strong catalytic activity in certain reactions, especially in systems involving nucleophilic addition reactions.

  3. Synergy Effect: There may be a synergistic effect between T12 and other cocatalysts or additives to further improve catalytic efficiency. For example, in the stabilization treatment of PVC, T12 can work in concert with calcium and zinc stabilizers (Ca/Zn stabilizers) to enhance the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  4. Channel Transfer Reaction: In some polymerization reactions, T12 can also regulate the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer through a chain transfer mechanism. For example, in free radical polymerization, T12 can act as a chain transfer agent to terminate the growth of active radical segments and initiate new segment generation, thereby achieving effective control of the molecular weight of the polymer.

Reaction selectivity

The catalytic mechanism of T12 can not only accelerate the reaction rate, but also improve the selectivity of the reaction. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can preferentially promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, while inhibiting the occurrence of other side reactions. This selectivity helps improve the purity and quality of the product and reduce unnecessary by-product generation. In addition, the selectivity of T12 under different reaction conditions will also vary, so in actualDuring use, it is necessary to optimize and adjust according to the specific reaction system and target products.

T12 application fields

Polyurethane Industry

Polyurethane (PU) is an important polymer material and is widely used in foam plastics, coatings, adhesives, elastomers and other fields. As a common catalyst in polyurethane synthesis, T12 is mainly used to promote the reaction between isocyanate (-NCO) and polyol (-OH) and form polyurethane segments. The efficient catalytic performance of T12 makes the synthesis process of polyurethane more rapid and controllable, especially in the foaming process of foaming plastics, T12 can significantly shorten the foaming time and improve the stability and mechanical properties of the foam.

  • Foaming: T12 plays a crucial role in the production of polyurethane foaming. It can accelerate the cross-linking reaction between isocyanate and polyol, forming a three-dimensional network structure, so that the foam has good elasticity and resilience. In addition, T12 can also adjust the density and pore size distribution of the foam to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

  • Coatings and Adhesives: During the preparation of polyurethane coatings and adhesives, T12 can promote curing reactions, shorten curing time, and improve the adhesion and wear resistance of the coating. At the same time, T12 can also improve the fluidity and coating properties of the adhesive, ensuring its uniform distribution on various substrates.

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) industry

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a common thermoplastic and is widely used in building materials, wires and cables, packaging materials and other fields. PVC is prone to degradation during high-temperature processing, resulting in a decline in material performance. To prevent thermal degradation of PVC, a heat stabilizer is usually required. As a highly efficient organotin stabilizer, T12 can effectively inhibit the decomposition reaction of PVC at high temperatures and extend its service life.

  • Thermal Stability: T12 reacts with hydrogen chloride (HCl) in PVC to form a stable tin salt, thereby preventing further release of HCl. This process not only prevents the degradation of PVC, but also reduces the corrosion effect of HCl on the equipment. In addition, T12 can also work in concert with other stabilizers (such as calcium and zinc stabilizers) to further improve the thermal stability and anti-aging properties of PVC.

  • Plasticizer migration inhibition: In PVC products, the migration of plasticizers is a common problem, which may cause the material to harden and lose its flexibility. T12 can reduce its migration rate by interacting with plasticizers, thereby maintaining the flexibility and mechanical properties of the PVC article.

Silicone Rubber Industry

Silica rubber is a polymer material with excellent heat resistance, weather resistance and insulation. It is widely used in electronics and electrical appliances, automobile industry, aerospace and other fields. T12 plays a catalyst in the crosslinking reaction of silicone rubber, can accelerate the formation of silicone (Si-O-Si) bonds, and improve the crosslinking density and mechanical strength of silicone rubber.

  • Crosslinking reaction: T12 promotes the crosslinking reaction between the crosslinking agent and the silicone by reacting with silicone hydrogen bonds (Si-H) in silicone rubber, forming a three-dimensional network structure . This process not only improves the crosslinking density of silicone rubber, but also improves its physical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength and wear resistance.

  • Vulcanization rate control: The catalytic activity of T12 can control the vulcanization rate of silicone rubber by adjusting its dosage. An appropriate amount of T12 can accelerate the vulcanization process and shorten the vulcanization time; while an excessive amount of T12 may lead to excessive vulcanization and affect the final performance of silicone rubber. Therefore, in practical applications, it is necessary to accurately control the amount of T12 according to specific needs.

Other Applications

In addition to the above main application areas, T12 has also been widely used in some other industries. For example, in organic synthesis, T12 can be used as a catalyst for Michael addition reaction, Knoevenagel condensation reaction, etc.; in the coating industry, T12 can be used as a drying agent to accelerate the oxidative polymerization of oils and resins; in the textile printing and dyeing industry Among them, T12 can be used as a dye color fixing agent to improve the color fixing effect and wash resistance of the dye.

The safety and environmental impact of T12

Although T12 performs well in industrial applications, its potential environmental and health hazards cannot be ignored. Research shows that organotin compounds (including T12) have certain biotoxicity and environmental durability, which may have adverse effects on ecosystems and human health.

Impact on aquatic organisms

T12 and its metabolites have high bioaccumulation and toxicity in the aqueous environment, especially the harm to aquatic organisms. According to multiple studies, T12 can be amplified step by step through the food chain, eventually causing serious harm to higher aquatic organisms (such as fish, shellfish, etc.). Specifically manifested as:

  • Accurate toxicity: T12 is highly acute toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause the death of fish and other aquatic animals in a short period of time. Studies have shown that the half lethal concentration of T12 (LC50) ranges from a few micrograms/liter to tens of micrograms/liter, depending on the species and exposure time.

  • Chronic toxicity: Long-term exposure to low concentrations of T12 can lead to chronic poisoning of aquatic organisms, manifested as slow growth, decreased reproductive ability, and damaged immune system. In addition, T12 may also interfere with the endocrine system of aquatic organisms and affect?Reproductive development and behavioral patterns.

  • Bioaccumulativeness: T12 has a high bioaccumulativeness in aquatic organisms and can be enriched in adipose tissue, liver and other organs. Research shows that T12’s bioaccumulation factor (BAF) can reach up to thousands, indicating its durability and potential harm in aquatic ecosystems.

Impact on human health

T12 and its metabolites may also pose a threat to human health. Although T12 has fewer opportunities for direct contact in industrial applications, it still has certain occupational exposure risks during its production and use. In addition, T12 may indirectly affect human health after entering the food chain through environmental pollution. Specifically manifested as:

  • Skin irritation and allergic reactions: T12 is irritating to the skin, and long-term contact may lead to symptoms such as redness, swelling, itching, and rashes. In addition, some people may have an allergic reaction to T12, showing respiratory symptoms such as asthma and dyspnea.

  • Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Studies have shown that T12 and its metabolites may be reproductive and developmental toxic, affecting male and female fertility. Animal experiments show that T12 exposure can lead to a decrease in sperm count and mobility in male animals, abnormal embryonic development in female animals, fetal malformations, etc.

  • Carcogenicity and Mutager: Although there is currently no conclusive evidence that T12 is carcinogenic, some studies have pointed out that T12 and its metabolites may be mutagenic and can induce cellular DNA damage. and gene mutations. Therefore, workers and residents who have been exposed to T12 for a long time still need to be alert to their potential carcinogenic risks.

Regulations and Standards

In view of the potential environmental and health hazards of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. For example, the EU Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) requires strict registration and evaluation of organotin compounds and limit their scope of use. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has also set strict standards for T12 emissions, requiring companies to take effective pollution control measures during the production process to reduce the environmental release of T12.

Technical improvement measures for T12

To reduce the adverse environmental and health effects of T12, researchers and technology developers have proposed a variety of technical improvement measures aimed at improving its catalytic performance while reducing its toxicity and environmental risks. Here are some major technical improvement directions:

Modified T12 catalyst

By chemically modifying T12, its toxicity and environmental durability can be reduced while maintaining its efficient catalytic properties. Common modification methods include:

  • Introduction of functional groups: By introducing specific functional groups (such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, etc.), the chemical structure of T12 can be changed and its bioaccumulative and toxicity can be reduced. For example, studies have shown that reacting T12 with a hydroxyl-containing compound can form a more stable complex, reducing its solubility and bioavailability in an aqueous environment.

  • Nanoization treatment: Nanoization of T12 can improve its catalytic activity and dispersion while reducing its use. Nanoified T12 has a larger specific surface area and higher reactivity, and can exert the same catalytic effect at lower concentrations. In addition, the nano T12 has a small particle size and is not easy to accumulate in the environment, reducing its toxicity to aquatic organisms.

  • Supported Catalyst: Supporting T12 on porous support (such as activated carbon, silica, zeolite, etc.) can effectively improve its catalytic performance and stability, while reducing its in-environmental release. Supported T12 catalysts not only improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction, but also reduce their environmental impact through recycling and regeneration processes.

Development of alternative catalysts

In addition to modifying T12, developing new alternative catalysts is also an important way to reduce their environmental risks. In recent years, researchers have been committed to finding more environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to replace traditional organotin catalysts. Here are some promising alternative catalysts:

  • Metal Organic Frames (MOFs): Metal Organic Frames (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with a highly ordered structure, which are composed of metal ions and organic ligands connected by coordination bonds. MOFs have a large specific surface area and abundant active sites, and can be used as efficient catalysts for organic synthesis and polymerization reactions. Studies have shown that some MOFs catalysts have excellent catalytic properties in polyurethane synthesis, and are environmentally friendly and have good application prospects.

  • Enzyme Catalyst: Enzyme catalysts are a class of biocatalysts composed of proteins, which are highly specific and selective. Compared with traditional organotin catalysts, enzyme catalysts have lower toxicity and environmental risks and are suitable for green chemical processes. For example, lipase can be used as a highly efficient catalyst in polyurethane synthesis to promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyols to produce high molecular weight polyurethane. In addition, enzyme catalysts can also improve their stability and reusability through immobilization technology, further reducing their cost and ring??Impact.

  • Non-metallic catalysts: In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of non-metallic catalysts, such as organophosphorus catalysts, organo nitrogen catalysts, etc., to replace traditional organotin catalysts. These non-metallic catalysts have low toxicity and environmental risks and exhibit excellent catalytic properties in some reactions. For example, an organophosphorus catalyst can be used for thermal stabilization of PVC, effectively inhibiting the release of HCl and extending the service life of PVC.

Process Optimization and Emission Reduction Technology

In addition to improving the catalyst itself, optimizing production processes and adopting emission reduction technologies are also important means to reduce the environmental impact of T12. Here are some common process optimization and emission reduction measures:

  • Confined production: By using sealed production equipment, the volatility and leakage of T12 during the production process can be effectively reduced and its pollution to the air and water environment can be reduced. Sealed production can also improve raw material utilization, reduce waste generation, and meet the requirements of green chemistry.

  • Exhaust Gas Treatment: During the production and use of T12, exhaust gas containing T12 may be generated. By installing waste gas treatment devices (such as activated carbon adsorption, wet scrubbing, catalytic combustion, etc.), T12 in the waste gas can be effectively removed and its pollution to the atmospheric environment can be reduced. Studies have shown that the removal rate of T12 by activated carbon adsorption method can reach more than 90%, which has good application effect.

  • Wastewater Treatment: T12 may enter wastewater during the production process, resulting in water pollution. By adopting advanced wastewater treatment technologies (such as membrane separation, advanced oxidation, biodegradation, etc.), T12 in wastewater can be effectively removed and its impact on the water environment can be reduced. For example, the ozone oxidation method can decompose T12 into harmless small molecule substances, which has high processing efficiency and environmental friendliness.

  • Recycling: By establishing a recycling and reuse system for T12, its one-time use can be reduced, resource consumption and environmental pollution can be reduced. Studies have shown that some T12 catalysts can restore their catalytic activity through a simple regeneration process and have high recovery value. In addition, the recovered T12 can also be used in other fields, such as soil repair, heavy metal adsorption, etc., to achieve comprehensive utilization of resources.

Conclusion and Outlook

Organotin catalyst T12 has a wide range of uses and excellent catalytic properties in industrial applications, but also has certain risks in terms of environment and health. To achieve sustainable development, reducing the release of harmful substances from T12 has become the focus of current research. By modifying T12 catalysts, developing new alternative catalysts, and optimizing production processes and emission reduction technologies, the adverse impact of T12 on the environment and health can be minimized while maintaining catalytic performance.

Future research should further focus on the following aspects:

  1. In-depth exploration of T12’s environmental behavior and toxicological mechanisms: Although a large number of studies have shown that T12 has potential harm to aquatic organisms and human health, further research on its behavior in complex environments is still needed. The rules and toxicological mechanism provide a basis for formulating more scientific and reasonable control measures.

  2. Develop efficient and environmentally friendly alternative catalysts: Although some alternative catalysts have shown good application prospects, their catalytic performance and stability still need to be improved. In the future, we should continue to explore the design and synthesis methods of new catalysts, develop more efficient and environmentally friendly alternatives, and promote the development of green chemistry.

  3. Strengthen the formulation and implementation of policies and regulations: Governments should strengthen the supervision of organotin compounds, formulate stricter laws, regulations and standards to limit their use and emissions. At the same time, enterprises should be encouraged to adopt advanced technology and management measures to reduce the environmental impact of T12 and promote the green transformation of the industry.

In short, through technological innovation and policy guidance, we are confident that while ensuring industrial production efficiency, we can achieve environmentally friendly applications to T12 and contribute to the construction of a beautiful earth.

Exploration of the application of organic tin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production process

2月 10th, 2025 News

Introduction

Organotin catalyst T12 (dilauryl dibutyltin, DBTDL) is a highly efficient and stable catalyst and has a wide range of applications in the chemical industry. With the continuous improvement of global environmental awareness, the high pollution and high energy consumption problems in traditional production processes have gradually become bottlenecks that restrict the development of the industry. Therefore, the development and application of environmentally friendly production processes has become a consensus among all industries. Against this background, the organotin catalyst T12 has become one of the hot spots of research due to its excellent catalytic properties and low environmental impact.

This article aims to explore the application of organotin catalyst T12 in environmentally friendly production processes, analyze its specific performance in different fields, and combine new research results at home and abroad to provide reference for researchers and practitioners in related fields. The article will elaborate on the basic properties, catalytic mechanism, application fields, environmental impact and future development direction of T12, and strive to fully demonstrate the potential and challenges of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes.

Basic Properties of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12, i.e. dilaury dibutyltin (DBTDL), is a commonly used organometallic compound with the chemical formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2. It belongs to an organic tin catalyst and has the following basic physical and chemical properties:

1. Physical properties

  • Appearance: T12 is usually a colorless to light yellow transparent liquid with good fluidity.
  • Density: Approximately 0.98 g/cm³ (25°C).
  • Melting point: -10°C.
  • Boiling point:>200°C (decomposition temperature).
  • Solubilization: T12 is easily soluble in most organic solvents, such as A, etc., but is insoluble in water.
  • Volatility: T12 has low volatility, but it may experience a certain degree of volatility at high temperatures.

2. Chemical Properties

  • Stability: T12 is relatively stable at room temperature, but will decompose under high temperature or strong and strong alkali conditions. Its decomposition products mainly include butyl tin oxide, laurel and other by-products.
  • Reaction activity: T12 has high catalytic activity, especially in esterification, condensation, addition and other reactions. It can effectively reduce the reaction activation energy, accelerate the reaction process, and shorten the reaction time.
  • Coordination capability: The tin atoms in T12 have strong coordination capability and can form coordination bonds with multiple functional groups, thereby enhancing their catalytic effect.

3. Product parameters

To better understand the performance of T12, the following are its main product parameters:

parameter name parameter value
Molecular formula (C11H23COO)2SnBu2
Molecular Weight 667.24 g/mol
Purity ?98%
Moisture content ?0.5%
Heavy Metal Content ?10 ppm
value ?0.5 mg KOH/g
Viscosity 20-30 cP (25°C)
Flashpoint >100°C

These parameters show that T12 has high purity and stability, and is suitable for use in areas such as fine chemical engineering and polymer material synthesis that require high catalysts.

Catalytic Mechanism of T12

T12 is an organotin catalyst, and its catalytic mechanism mainly involves the interaction between tin atoms and reactants. Research shows that the catalytic effect of T12 is mainly achieved through the following mechanisms:

1. Lewis Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 have strong Lewisity and can form coordination bonds with nucleophilic reagents (such as hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.) in the reactant, thereby reducing the reaction barrier of the reactant. This mechanism is particularly common in esterification reactions. For example, during the synthesis of polyurethane, T12 can promote the reaction between isocyanate and polyol to form aminomethyl ester bonds. This process not only increases the reaction rate, but also reduces the generation of by-products.

2. Coordination Catalysis

The tin atoms in T12 can also form coordination bonds with functional groups such as carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the reactant, further enhancing its catalytic effect. This coordination effect can stabilize the transition state, reduce the reaction activation energy, and accelerate the reaction process. For example, during the curing process of epoxy resin, T12 can promote the ring opening reaction between the epoxy group and the amine-based curing agent through coordination, significantly increasing the curing speed.

3. Free radical initiation

In certain polymerization reactions, T12 can also promote the reaction by free radical initiation. Studies have shown that T12 may decompose under high temperature or light conditions to form free radical intermediates. These radicals can induce polymerization of monomers, thereby accelerating the polymerization process. For example, in the synthesis of polyvinyl chloride, T12 can act as a free radical initiator to promote the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomers.

4. Dual-function catalysis

T12 also has the characteristic of bifunctional catalysis, that is, it can act as both a versatile and basic catalyst. This dual-functional characteristic allows T12 to exhibit excellent catalytic effects in complex multi-step reactions. For example, in some condensation reactions, T12 can promote both catalytic dehydration reactions and base-catalyzed addition reactions, thereby achieving efficient one-step synthesis.

Application of T12 in environmentally friendly production processes

T12?? It is an efficient organic tin catalyst, which has been widely used in many fields, especially in environmentally friendly production processes. The following are the specific applications of T12 in several important fields:

1. Polyurethane synthesis

Polyurethane (PU) is an important type of polymer material and is widely used in coatings, adhesives, foam plastics and other fields. Traditional polyurethane synthesis processes usually use more toxic organic mercury catalysts, which not only pollutes the environment, but also poses a threat to human health. In contrast, as an environmentally friendly catalyst, T12 has low toxicity and high efficiency characteristics, and can significantly reduce environmental pollution during production.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in polyurethane synthesis and can complete the reaction in a short time. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular weight and cross-linking density of polyurethane, thereby improving the mechanical properties and weather resistance of the product. For example, the study by Kwon et al. (2018) [1] shows that polyurethane foam materials using T12 as catalyst have better elasticity and compressive strength, and the VOC (volatile organic compounds) emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Polyurethane Synthesis Efficient catalysis, reduce VOC emissions, and improve product performance The cost is high, and it may produce a small amount of by-products

2. Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy resin is an important thermoset polymer material and is widely used in electronic packaging, composite materials, coatings and other fields. Traditional epoxy resin curing processes usually use amine-based curing agents, but these curing agents have problems such as strong volatile and high toxicity. As an efficient curing accelerator, T12 can significantly increase the curing speed of epoxy resin while reducing the emission of harmful gases.

Study shows that T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties during the curing process of epoxy resin and can achieve rapid curing at lower temperatures. In addition, T12 can improve the toughness, heat resistance and corrosion resistance of the epoxy resin. For example, Li et al. (2020) [2] found that epoxy resin materials using T12 as curing accelerator have higher impact strength and lower water absorption, and have less heat exogenous during curing, It is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Epoxy resin curing Improve curing speed, improve product performance, and reduce harmful gas emissions May affect the transparency of the material

3. Bio-based material synthesis

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development and application of bio-based materials have attracted widespread attention. As a highly efficient catalyst, T12 has shown great potential in the synthesis of materials such as bio-based polyesters and bio-based polyurethanes. For example, in the synthesis of biobased polyesters, T12 can promote the esterification reaction between vegetable oil-derived binary and diol to form a biobased polyester material with good mechanical properties.

Study shows that T12 has a high catalytic efficiency in the synthesis of bio-based materials and can achieve efficient conversion under mild reaction conditions. In addition, T12 can effectively control the molecular structure of bio-based materials, thereby improving its processing performance and application range. For example, Wang et al. (2021) [3]’s study shows that bio-based polyurethane materials using T12 as catalyst have excellent flexibility and biodegradability, and the carbon emissions during the production process are significantly reduced.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Bio-based material synthesis Efficient catalysis, improve product performance, and reduce carbon emissions The source of raw materials is limited and the cost is high

4. Green chemical process

The application of T12 in green chemical processes has also attracted much attention. Green Chemistry emphasizes reducing or eliminating the use and emissions of harmful substances, and T12, as a low-toxic and efficient catalyst, meets the requirements of green chemistry. For example, in organic synthesis reactions, T12 can replace traditional toxic catalysts to reduce pollution to the environment. In addition, T12 can also be used in combination with other green solvents (such as ionic liquids, supercritical carbon dioxide, etc.) to further increase the degree of greening of the reaction.

Study shows that T12 has broad application prospects in green chemical processes. For example, Chen et al. (2019) [4] found that transesterification reaction using T12 as a catalyst can be carried out efficiently in ionic liquids, and the catalyst after the reaction can be recovered and reused through a simple separation method, achieving resource Recycling.

Application Fields Pros Disadvantages
Green Chemical Process Reduce the use of harmful substances and improve resource utilization Recycling and reuse technology needs to be further improved

Environmental Impact of T12

Although T12 shows many advantages in environmentally friendly production processes, its potential environmental impact still needs attention. The tin element in T12 may cause certain harm to ecosystems and human health in the environment. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on environmental behavior and risk assessment of T12.

1. Toxicity and bioaccumulation

Study shows that T12 is relatively low in toxicity, but it still needs to be used with caution. The tin element in T12 may have a toxic effect on aquatic organisms at high concentrations, especially on fish and plankton. In addition, the tin element in T12 has a certain degree of bioaccumulation and may be enriched step by step in the food chain, eventually posing a threat to human health. Therefore, when using T12, the dosage should be strictly controlled to avoid excessive emissions.

2. Environment migration and transformation

T12’s migration and transformation in the environment is a complex process. Studies have shown that T12 is easily adsorbed on suspended particles in water and then settles into the sediment. In the sediment, T12 may decompose, forming oxides of tin or other compounds. The environmental behavior and toxic effects of these decomposition products are not fully understood and further research is needed.

In addition, T12 has low mobility in the soil, but leaching may occur under certain conditions (such as sexual soil) and enter the groundwater system. Therefore, in areas where T12 is used, monitoring of soil and groundwater should be strengthened to prevent the spread of pollutants.

3. Risk Assessment and Management

In order to assess the environmental risks of T12, many countries and regions have formulated relevant regulations and standards. For example, the EU’s REACH regulations impose strict restrictions on the production and use of organotin compounds, requiring companies to conduct a comprehensive assessment of their environmental and health risks. China is also gradually strengthening the supervision of organotin compounds and has issued relevant documents such as the “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals”.

In practical applications, enterprises should take effective risk management measures, such as optimizing production processes, reducing the use of T12, strengthening wastewater treatment, etc., to minimize its environmental impact. In addition, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is also an important direction in the future.

Future development direction

With the increasingly stringent environmental protection requirements, T12 has broad application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes, but it also faces some challenges. Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Develop new catalysts

Although T12 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in many fields, its potential environmental impact cannot be ignored. Therefore, developing more environmentally friendly alternative catalysts is an important direction in the future. For example, researchers can explore catalysts based on non-metallic elements, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, etc., which have low toxicity and good environmental compatibility. In addition, the application of nanotechnology also provides new ideas for the development of new catalysts. Nanocatalysts have higher specific surface area and stronger catalytic activity, and can achieve efficient catalytic effects at lower doses.

2. Improve the catalytic process

To further improve the catalytic efficiency of T12 and reduce its usage, researchers can try to improve the catalytic process. For example, the use of new technologies such as microwave assist and ultrasonic enhancement can significantly increase the reaction rate and shorten the reaction time. In addition, combined with new reaction equipment such as continuous flow reactors, the reaction process can be automated and intelligent, improving production efficiency while reducing pollutant emissions.

3. Strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials

With the popularization of the concept of sustainable development, the research and development of environmentally friendly materials such as bio-based materials and degradable materials has become a hot topic. T12 has important application prospects in the synthesis of these materials. Future research should focus on how to achieve efficient synthesis and performance optimization of bio-based materials through the catalytic action of T12. In addition, the development of smart materials with functions such as self-healing and shape memory is also an important direction in the future.

4. Promote the development of green chemistry

Green chemistry is an important way to achieve sustainable development. T12 has broad application prospects in green chemistry processes, and future research should further promote its application in green chemistry. For example, explore the synergy between T12 and other green solvents and green additives to develop a more environmentally friendly reaction system. In addition, studying T12 recycling and reuse technology and realizing the recycling of resources is also an important topic in the future.

Conclusion

To sum up, the organic tin catalyst T12 has a wide range of application prospects in environmentally friendly production processes. It has excellent catalytic performance in polyurethane synthesis, epoxy resin curing, bio-based material synthesis, etc., which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce environmental pollution. However, the potential environmental impact of T12 cannot be ignored. Future research should focus on the development of new catalysts, improve catalytic processes, strengthen the research and development of environmentally friendly materials, and promote the development of green chemistry. Through continuous technological innovation and management optimization, T12 will surely play a more important role in the future environmentally friendly production processes.

References

  1. Kwon, H., et al. (2018). “Enhanced Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Journal of Applied Polymer Scien ce, 135(15), 46732.
  2. Li, J., et al. (2020). “Dibutyltin Dilaurate as an Efficient Curing Promoter for Epoxy Resins.” Polymer Engineering & Science, 60(1), 123-130.
  3. Wang, Y., et al. (2021). “Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polyurethanes Using Dibutyltin Dilaurate as a Catalyst.” Green Chemistry, 23(5), 1876-1884.
  4. Chen, X., et al. (2019). “Green Synthesis of Esters in Ionic Liquids Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dilaurate.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 363, 1234-1241.

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The way to reduce production costs and improve production efficiency by organotin catalyst T12

2月 10th, 2025 News

Overview of Organotin Catalyst T12

Organotin catalyst T12 (dibutyl tin, Dibutyl Tin Dilaurate) is a highly efficient catalyst widely used in polymer processing, polyurethane reaction, PVC stabilizer and other fields. It has excellent catalytic activity, good thermal stability and wide applicability, which can significantly improve production efficiency and reduce production costs. As one of the organotin compounds, T12 has a chemical structure of (C4H9)2Sn(OOC-C11H23)2, a molecular weight of 685.07 g/mol, a melting point of 175-180°C, and a density of 1.06 g/cm³. The catalyst is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder at room temperature, which is easily soluble in organic solvents, such as methane, dichloromethane, etc., but is insoluble in water.

The main function of T12 is to accelerate the progress of chemical reactions, especially in the process of polyurethane synthesis, PVC processing and silicone rubber vulcanization. Its unique chemical structure enables it to effectively promote reactions at lower temperatures, reduce reaction time, and thus improve production efficiency. In addition, T12 also has good heat resistance and anti-aging properties, which can maintain a stable catalytic effect under high temperature environments, extend the service life of the catalyst, and further reduce production costs.

In industrial applications, T12 can not only improve product quality, but also reduce the generation of by-products, reduce energy consumption and waste of raw materials. Therefore, as an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 plays a crucial role in modern chemical production. Next, we will explore in detail how T12 can reduce production costs and improve production efficiency through a variety of ways.

The application and advantages of T12 in polyurethane synthesis

Polyurethane (PU) is a polymer material produced by the reaction of isocyanate and polyols. It is widely used in coatings, foams, elastomers, adhesives and other fields. In the synthesis of polyurethane, the choice of catalyst is crucial because it directly affects the reaction rate, product performance, and production costs. As a highly efficient catalyst, the organotin catalyst T12 shows significant advantages in polyurethane synthesis.

1. Accelerate the reaction rate and shorten the production cycle

The synthesis of polyurethanes is usually a complex multi-step reaction process involving the addition reaction between isocyanate and polyols. As a strongly basic organotin catalyst, T12 can significantly reduce the activation energy of the reaction and accelerate the reaction rate between isocyanate and polyol. According to literature reports, when using T12 as a catalyst, the reaction time of polyurethane can be shortened to 1/3 or even shorter (Smith et al., 2018). This means that more polyurethane products can be produced within the same time, which greatly improves production efficiency.

Table 1: Effects of different catalysts on polyurethane reaction rate

Catalytic Type Reaction time (min) yield rate (%)
Catalyzer-free 120 85
Tin and zinc 90 90
T12 40 95

It can be seen from Table 1 that when using T12 as a catalyst, the reaction time is significantly shortened, and the yield is also improved. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces the equipment time and reduces production costs.

2. Improve product quality and reduce by-product generation

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, the selection of catalyst not only affects the reaction rate, but also has an important impact on the quality of the product. As an efficient catalyst, T12 can accurately control the reaction conditions and avoid excessive crosslinking and side reactions. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a catalyst, the molecular weight distribution of polyurethane products is more uniform, and the mechanical properties and weather resistance are significantly improved (Li et al., 2019). In addition, T12 can reduce the generation of by-products, especially avoiding the self-polymerization of isocyanate, thereby improving the purity and stability of the product.

Table 2: Effects of different catalysts on the quality of polyurethane products

Catalytic Type Molecular Weight Distribution (Mw/Mn) Mechanical Strength (MPa) Purity (%)
Catalyzer-free 2.5 20 80
Tin and zinc 2.0 25 85
T12 1.5 30 95

It can be seen from Table 2 that when using T12 as a catalyst, the molecular weight distribution of polyurethane products is narrower, the mechanical strength is higher, and the purity is significantly improved. These advantages make T12 an ideal catalyst choice for polyurethane synthesis.

3. Reduce energy consumption and reduce waste of raw materials

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, reaction temperature and time are key factors affecting energy consumption and raw material utilization. As a highly efficient catalyst, T12 can promote reactions at lower temperatures, reducing heating time and energy consumption. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a catalyst, the reaction temperature of polyurethane synthesis can be reduced to below 100°C, which is about 20-30°C compared to traditional catalysts (such as tin and zinc) (Wang et al., 2020 ). This not only reduces energy consumption, but also reduces wear and maintenance costs of equipment.

In addition, T12 can also improve the utilization rate of raw materials and reduce the generation of by-products. Because T12 can accurately control the reaction conditions, excessiveCross-linking and side reactions occur, thus reducing waste of raw materials. It is estimated that when using T12 as a catalyst, the utilization rate of raw materials can be increased by 10-15%, which means huge cost savings for large-scale industrial production.

4. Improve the utilization rate of production equipment

In the process of polyurethane synthesis, the length of reaction time directly affects the utilization rate of production equipment. When using T12 as a catalyst, due to the significant shortening of the reaction time, the turnover speed of the production equipment is accelerated, and more products can be produced per unit time. This not only improves the utilization rate of the equipment, but also reduces the idle time of the equipment and reduces fixed costs. In addition, the efficient catalytic performance of T12 makes the reaction conditions more mild, reduces the wear and maintenance needs of the equipment, and further reduces production costs.

To sum up, T12, as a highly efficient organotin catalyst, has shown significant advantages in polyurethane synthesis. It can not only accelerate the reaction rate and shorten the production cycle, but also improve product quality, reduce by-product generation, reduce energy consumption and raw material waste, and improve the utilization rate of production equipment. These advantages make T12 an ideal catalyst choice in polyurethane synthesis, which can effectively reduce production costs and improve production efficiency.

The application and advantages of T12 in PVC processing

Polid vinyl chloride (PVC) is a plastic material widely used in construction, packaging, wires and cables. During the processing of PVC, the choice of heat stabilizer is crucial because it directly affects the processing performance, thermal stability and the quality of the final product. As a highly efficient thermal stabilizer, the organotin catalyst T12 shows significant advantages in PVC processing.

1. Improve the thermal stability of PVC and extend the processing window

PVC is prone to degradation at high temperatures, resulting in product discoloration and brittleness, so it is necessary to add a heat stabilizer to improve its thermal stability. As an efficient organic tin heat stabilizer, T12 can effectively inhibit the degradation reaction of PVC at high temperatures and extend its processing window. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a thermal stabilizer, the thermal decomposition temperature of PVC can be increased from 200°C to above 220°C (Chen et al., 2017). This means that in the process of extrusion, injection molding, etc. of PVC, higher processing temperatures can be used to improve production efficiency.

Table 3: Effects of different thermal stabilizers on thermal stability of PVC

Thermal stabilizer type Thermal decomposition temperature (°C) Machining window (°C)
No stabilizer 180 180-200
Lead Salt 200 200-220
T12 220 220-240

It can be seen from Table 3 that when using T12 as the thermal stabilizer, the thermal decomposition temperature of PVC is significantly increased, and the processing window is also expanded accordingly. This not only improves the processing flexibility of PVC, but also reduces product quality problems caused by temperature fluctuations.

2. Improve the processing flowability of PVC and reduce energy consumption

In the process of PVC processing, the quality of fluidity directly affects the product’s forming quality and production efficiency. As an efficient organic tin heat stabilizer, T12 can improve the processing flowability of PVC and reduce the melt viscosity, thereby making PVC smoother during extrusion, injection molding and other processing processes. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a thermal stabilizer, the melt flow index (MFI) of PVC can be increased from 1.5 g/10 min to 2.5 g/10 min (Zhang et al., 2018). This means that under the same processing conditions, PVC has better fluidity, faster forming speed and higher production efficiency.

Table 4: Effects of different thermal stabilizers on PVC melt flow index

Thermal stabilizer type Melt Flow Index (g/10min) Energy consumption (kWh/kg)
No stabilizer 1.0 0.5
Lead Salt 1.5 0.4
T12 2.5 0.3

It can be seen from Table 4 that when using T12 as the thermal stabilizer, the melt flow index of PVC is significantly improved and the energy consumption is correspondingly reduced. This not only improves production efficiency, but also reduces energy consumption and reduces production costs.

3. Reduce volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions from PVC

In the process of PVC processing, the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) not only causes pollution to the environment, but may also cause harm to human health. As an efficient organic tin heat stabilizer, T12 can effectively reduce the VOC emissions of PVC during processing. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a thermal stabilizer, the VOC emissions of PVC can be reduced from 50 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg (Liu et al., 2019). This means that during the PVC processing process, the pollution to the environment can be significantly reduced, meet environmental protection requirements, and also reduce the environmental protection costs of enterprises.

Table 5: Effects of different thermal stabilizers on PVC VOC emissions

Thermal stabilizer type VOC emissions (mg/kg) Environmental protection cost (yuan/ton)
No stabilizer 100 1000
Lead Salt 50 800
T12 20 500

It can be seen from Table 5 that when using T12 as the thermal stabilizer, the VOC emissions of PVC are significantly reduced.The insurance cost is also reduced accordingly. This not only helps companies meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations, but also reduces their operating costs.

4. Improve the weather resistance and anti-aging properties of PVC

PVC is easily affected by factors such as ultraviolet rays and oxygen during long-term use, resulting in the aging and degradation of the material. As an efficient organic tin heat stabilizer, T12 can effectively improve the weather resistance and anti-aging properties of PVC. Studies have shown that when using T12 as a thermal stabilizer, the weather resistance of PVC can be extended from 6 months to more than 12 months (Wu et al., 2020). This means that when used outdoors, PVC products can better resist ultraviolet and oxygen erosion, extend their service life, reduce replacement frequency, and thus reduce maintenance costs.

Table 6: Effects of different thermal stabilizers on PVC weather resistance

Thermal stabilizer type Weather resistance (month) Maintenance cost (yuan/year)
No stabilizer 3 5000
Lead Salt 6 3000
T12 12 1500

It can be seen from Table 6 that when using T12 as the thermal stabilizer, the weather resistance of PVC is significantly improved and the maintenance cost is also reduced accordingly. This not only extends the service life of the product, but also reduces the maintenance costs of the enterprise and further reduces production costs.

Application and advantages of T12 in other fields

In addition to its wide application in polyurethane synthesis and PVC processing, the organotin catalyst T12 has also shown excellent performance in many fields, including silicone rubber vulcanization, coating curing, epoxy resin curing, etc. These applications not only expand the scope of use of T12, but also provide more possibilities for its promotion in different industries.

1. Silicone rubber vulcanization

Silicone Rubber is a polymer material with excellent heat resistance, cold resistance, insulation and elasticity, and is widely used in electronics, automobiles, medical and other fields. In the vulcanization process of silicone rubber, the choice of catalyst is crucial because it directly affects the vulcanization rate, crosslinking density and final product performance. As an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 can significantly accelerate the vulcanization reaction of silicone rubber, shorten vulcanization time, and improve production efficiency.

Study shows that when using T12 as a catalyst, the vulcanization time of silicone rubber can be shortened from 60 minutes to 30 minutes, and the crosslinking density is also significantly improved (Kim et al., 2016). This means that in the production process of silicone rubber, production efficiency can be greatly improved, equipment occupation time can be reduced, and production costs can be reduced. In addition, T12 can also improve the mechanical properties and heat resistance of silicone rubber, so that it maintains stable performance in high temperature environments and extends its service life.

Table 7: Effects of different catalysts on vulcanizing properties of silicone rubber

Catalytic Type Vulcanization time (min) Crosslinking density (mol/L) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
Catalyzer-free 120 0.5 20
Tin and zinc 90 0.6 25
T12 30 0.8 30

It can be seen from Table 7 that when using T12 as a catalyst, the vulcanization time of silicone rubber is significantly shortened, and the crosslinking density and mechanical strength are also significantly improved. These advantages make T12 an ideal catalyst choice for vulcanization of silicone rubber.

2. Coating curing

Coatings are materials used to protect and decorate surfaces and are widely used in construction, automobiles, furniture and other fields. During the curing process of the coating, the choice of catalyst directly affects the curing rate, coating hardness and adhesion properties. As an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 can significantly accelerate the curing reaction of the coating, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency.

Study shows that when using T12 as a catalyst, the curing time of the coating can be shortened from 24 hours to 6 hours, while the coating hardness and adhesion are also significantly improved (Yang et al., 2017). This means that in the production process of coatings, production efficiency can be greatly improved, equipment occupation time can be reduced, and production costs can be reduced. In addition, T12 can improve the weather resistance and anti-aging properties of the coating, so that it maintains stable performance in outdoor environments and extends its service life.

Table 8: Effects of different catalysts on coating curing properties

Catalytic Type Currecting time (h) Coating hardness (Shore D) Adhesion (N/mm²)
Catalyzer-free 48 60 5
Tin and zinc 24 70 7
T12 6 80 10

It can be seen from Table 8 that when using T12 as a catalyst, the curing time of the coating is significantly shortened, and the coating hardness and adhesion are also significantly improved. These advantages make T12 an ideal catalyst choice for coating curing.

3. Epoxy resin curing

Epoxy Resin is a polymer material with excellent mechanical properties, electrical properties and chemical corrosion resistance. It is widely used in electronics, aerospace, building materials and other fields. During the curing process of epoxy resin, the catalystSelection directly affects the curing rate, crosslinking density and final product performance. As an efficient organic tin catalyst, T12 can significantly accelerate the curing reaction of epoxy resin, shorten the curing time and improve production efficiency.

Study shows that when using T12 as a catalyst, the curing time of epoxy resin can be shortened from 48 hours to 12 hours, while crosslinking density and mechanical properties have also been significantly improved (Li et al., 2018). This means that in the production process of epoxy resin, production efficiency can be greatly improved, equipment occupation time can be reduced, and production costs can be reduced. In addition, T12 can also improve the heat resistance and anti-aging properties of epoxy resin, so that it maintains stable performance in high temperature environments and extends service life.

Table 9: Effects of different catalysts on curing properties of epoxy resins

Catalytic Type Currecting time (h) Crosslinking density (mol/L) Mechanical Strength (MPa)
Catalyzer-free 72 0.5 50
Tin and zinc 48 0.6 60
T12 12 0.8 70

It can be seen from Table 9 that when using T12 as a catalyst, the curing time of the epoxy resin is significantly shortened, and the crosslinking density and mechanical strength are also significantly improved. These advantages make T12 an ideal catalyst choice for epoxy resin curing.

The role of T12 in environmental protection and sustainable development

With the global emphasis on environmental protection and sustainable development, the green transformation of the chemical industry has become an inevitable trend. As an efficient catalyst, the organic tin catalyst T12 also plays an important role in environmental protection and sustainable development. First of all, T12 has low toxicity. Compared with traditional heavy metal catalysts such as lead and cadmium, T12 will not cause serious harm to the environment and human health. Secondly, T12 can reduce the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and reduce pollution to the atmospheric environment. In addition, T12 can improve production efficiency, reduce energy consumption and waste of raw materials, and meet the requirements of green manufacturing.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, the application prospects of T12 will be broader. On the one hand, researchers will continue to explore the application of T12 in new materials and processes, and develop more high-performance and low-toxic catalysts. On the other hand, with the increasingly strict environmental regulations, the advantages of T12 as an environmentally friendly catalyst will be further highlighted and is expected to be widely used in more fields.

Conclusion

To sum up, the organotin catalyst T12 has shown significant advantages in many fields, which can effectively reduce production costs and improve production efficiency. In polyurethane synthesis, T12 can accelerate the reaction rate, shorten the production cycle, improve product quality, reduce by-product generation, reduce energy consumption and raw material waste, and improve the utilization rate of production equipment. In PVC processing, T12 can improve the thermal stability of PVC, extend the processing window, improve processing flow, reduce energy consumption, reduce VOC emissions, improve weather resistance and anti-aging performance. In addition, T12 has also shown excellent performance in the fields of silicone rubber vulcanization, coating curing, epoxy resin curing, etc., further expanding its application range.

In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology and the improvement of environmental protection requirements, the advantages of T12 as an environmentally friendly catalyst will be further highlighted and is expected to be widely used in more fields. Enterprises can optimize production processes, reduce costs, improve competitiveness, and achieve sustainable development by introducing T12.

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